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The Karen or Karenic languages are tonal languages spoken by some 4.5 million Karen people. They are of unclear affiliation within the Sino-Tibetan languages. The Karen languages are written using the Karen script. The three main branches are Sgaw, Pwo and Pa'O. Karenni and Kayan are a branch of Karen languages. They are unusual among the Sino-Tibetan languages in having a subject–verb–object word order; other than Karen, Bai and the Chinese languages, Sino-Tibetan languages have a subject–object–verb order. This is likely due to influence from neighboring Mon and Tai languages.
Southern Anung[ɑ31 nuŋ35], is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Nung people in Fugong County, China and Kachin State, Myanmar. The Anong language is closely related to the Derung and Rawang languages. Most of the Anung speakers in China have shifted to Lisu although the speakers are being classified as Nu nationality. The northern Anung people speak a dialect of Derung which is also called Anung actively, but is not the same Anung discussed in this article.
Rawang, also known as Krangku, Kiutze (Qiuze), and Ch’opa, is a Sino-Tibetan language of India and Burma.
The Pa'O language ; Burmese: ပအိုဝ်းဘာသာ), sometimes called Taungthu, is a Karen language spoken by one and a half million Pa'O people in Myanmar.
Karenni or Red Karen, known in Burmese as Kayah, is a Karen dialect continuum spoken by over half a million Kayah people in Burma.
Padaung or Padaung Karen, also known as Kayan, is a Karen language of Burma, spoken by the Kayan people.
Matu, also known as Matu Chin (Matupi) or Nga La, is a Kuki-Chin-Mizo language spoken in Matupi township, Chin State, Burma, and also in Mizoram, India by the Matu people. The "Matu/Batu" dialect is the most common used dialect in Matupi(formerly known as Batupuei), and is the official language of Matupi township other than Bamar or Burmese language, which is the official language of Myanmar.
Riang is a Palaungic language of Burma and China. Speakers are culturally assimilated with the Karen, but are Palaung by ancestry and their language is unrelated. Riang Lang and Riang Lai (Yinchia) are sometimes considered distinct languages.
Danau, also spelt Danaw, is a Mon–Khmer language of Myanmar (Burma). It is the most divergent member of the Palaungic branch. Danau is spoken by about 5,000 people near Aungban, Kalaw Township, Shan State. Danaw was classified as a "critically endangered" language in UNESCO's 2010 Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.
The Waic languages are spoken in Shan State, Burma, in Northern Thailand, and in Yunnan province, China.
Geko is a Karen language of Burma. Yinbaw is reportedly a variety. Speakers of Geko and Yinbaw are ethnically Kayan, as are speakers of Lahta and Padaung.
Mok, also known as Amok, Hsen-Hsum, and Muak, is a possibly extinct Angkuic language spoken in Shan State, Myanmar and in Lampang Province, Thailand. In Lampang, 7 speakers were reported by Wurm & Hattori (1981).
Chepya is a Southern Loloish language of northern Laos.
Koki, or Koki Naga, is an unclassified Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Burma. Speakers are included under the wider Naga ethnicity. It has been documented in Shintani (2018).
Makury, or Makury Naga, is a Naga language of India and Myanmar. Shi (2009:3) and Saul (2005:25) suggest that Makury may be an Ao language.
Phongku is a Loloish language of Phongsaly Province, northern Laos. David Bradley (2007) lists as the autonym.
Laoseng is a Loloish language of northern Laos. David Bradley (2007) lists law21 sɛŋ21 as the autonym.
Tadahiko Shintani is a Japanese linguist and Professor Emeritus of the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, specializing in the phonology of New Caledonian languages and Southeast Asian languages.
Proto-Karenic or Proto-Karen is the reconstructed ancestor of the Karenic languages.
Blimaw is a Karenic language of Myanmar.
References
- ↑ Zayein at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Lahta at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) - ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ↑ Shintani Tadahiko. 2014. The Zayein language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 102. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
