HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.
Legend
Converter technology:
Thury = Series-connected generators as designed by René Thury
Built as 250kV 600MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB
Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB
From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai
Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou
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Nanhui Wind Farm Integration
China
China
8.4 (8.4/0)
30
18
2011
IGBT
Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers.
Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
2 As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.[157] 3 Caithness Moray HVDC serves a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map[141] 4 Contracts due to be placed in 2016. 5 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017. 6 Date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.[158] 7 Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.
Transmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, General Electric In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens
Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Original supplier: English Electric. In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom. In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens.
A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system (DC) for electric power transmission, in contrast with the more common alternating current (AC) transmission systems.
The Moyle Interconnector is a 500megawatt (MW) HVDC link between Scotland and Northern Ireland, running between Auchencrosh in Ayrshire and Ballycronan More in County Antrim. It went into service in 2001 and is owned and operated by Mutual Energy.
NorNed is a 580-kilometre (360 mi) long high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Feda in Norway and the seaport of Eemshaven in the Netherlands, which interconnects both countries' electrical grids. It was once the longest submarine power cable in the world. Budgeted at €550 million, and completed at a cost of €600m, the NorNed cable is a bipolar HVDC link with a voltage of ±450 kV and a capacity of 700 MW. NorNed is a joint project of the Norwegian transmission system operator Statnett and its Dutch counterpart TenneT. The cable system itself and the two converter stations were produced by ABB.
Directlink (Terranora)Interconnector is a mixed buried and above ground 59 kilometre (37 mi) High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electricity transmission cable route from near Lavertys Gap (28°34′15″S153°27′8″E), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) Southwest of Mullumbimby, New South Wales and Bungalora (28°15′20″S153°28′20″E) & connected via a 3.5km (2.2mi) AC Overhead Transmission Line to the NorthEast to the Terranora Electrical Substation (28°14′28.3″S153°30′12.7″E) @ Terranora, New South Wales New South Wales in Eastern Australia. The DC cables alternate between above ground in a galvanised steel trough and below ground with depths up to 1m.
A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water. These are called "submarine" because they usually carry electric power beneath salt water but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath fresh water. Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the St. Lawrence River.
The East–West Interconnector is a 500MW high-voltage direct current submarine and subsoil power cable which connects the Irish and British electricity markets. The project was developed by the Irish national grid operator EirGrid.
NordBalt is a submarine power cable between Klaipėda in Lithuania and Nybro in Sweden. The purpose of the cable is to facilitate the trading of power between the Baltic and Nordic electricity markets, and to increase the supply and energy security in both markets.
The synchronous grid of Continental Europe is the largest synchronous electrical grid in the world. It is interconnected as a single phase-locked 50 Hz mains frequency electricity grid that supplies over 400 million customers in 24 countries, including most of the European Union. In 2009, 667 GW of production capacity was connected to the grid, providing approximately 80 GW of operating reserve margin. The transmission system operators operating this grid formed the Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), now part of the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E).
TenneT is a transmission system operator in the Netherlands and in a large part of Germany.
A wide area synchronous grid is a three-phase electric power grid that has regional scale or greater that operates at a synchronized utility frequency and is electrically tied together during normal system conditions. Also known as synchronous zones, the most powerful is the Northern Chinese State Grid with 1,700 gigawatts (GW) of generation capacity, while the widest region served is that of the IPS/UPS system serving most countries of the former Soviet Union. Synchronous grids with ample capacity facilitate electricity trading across wide areas. In the ENTSO-E in 2008, over 350,000 megawatt hours were sold per day on the European Energy Exchange (EEX).
The Great Belt power link, also known as the Great Belt electricity link, is a high-voltage direct-current interconnection across the Great Belt between Funen and Zealand connecting two power transmission systems in Denmark.
BritNed is a 1,000MW high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine power cable between the Isle of Grain in Kent, the United Kingdom; and Maasvlakte in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
The North Sea Link is a 1,400MW high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Norway and the United Kingdom.
The Great Sea Interconnector, formerly known as the EuroAsia Interconnector is a planned HVDC interconnector between the Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids via the world's longest submarine power cable, with a length of 310 kilometres (190 mi) from Israel to Cyprus and 898 kilometres (558 mi) from Cyprus to Greece for a total of 1,208 kilometres (751 mi).
Shetland HVDC Connection is a high-voltage direct current submarine power cable under construction to connect Shetland to the British mainland.
COBRAcable is a ±320 kV, 700 MW HVDC submarine power cable pair between Eemshaven, the Netherlands and Endrup near Esbjerg, Denmark. The cable is jointly owned by Energinet.dk and TenneT. Its purpose is to improve the European transmission grid and thus increase the amount of variable wind power in the system while improving supply reliability. Its 700 MW capacity corresponds to an annual transmission capacity of 6.1 TWh.
Viking Link is a 1,400 MW HVDC submarine power cable between the United Kingdom and Denmark completed in 2023.
Nemo Link is a 1,000MegaWatt HVDC submarine power cable between Richborough Energy Park in Kent, the United Kingdom and Zeebrugge, Belgium. The project is a joint venture between British National Grid and Belgian Elia. The 400kV electrical interconnector is the first between the two countries, with an annual transmission capacity of 8.76TWh. The link has been fully operational since 31 January 2019, and has transported 29 TWh during its first 5 years; 24.75 TWh to the UK and 4.25 to Belgium with an availability above 99%.
EuroAfrica Interconnector is a planned HVDC interconnector and submarine power cable between the Greek, Cypriot, and Egypt power grids. The Interconnector is an energy highway bridging Africa and Europe. It will have a capacity to transmit 2,000 megawatts of electricity in either direction. Annual transmission capacity will be rated at 17.5 TWh, much more than the annual production at the Aswan Dam power stations. President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades and Prime Minister of Greece Kyriakos Mitsotakis, issued a joint declaration at the conclusion of the 7th Trilateral Summit, held in Cairo on October 8, 2019, in which they expressed their desire to continue strengthening their cooperation in matters of energy. In particular, the joint declaration by the three leaders stated they recognised the importance of establishing an electrical grid between Egypt, Cyprus and Greece, building on the framework agreement between the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company and the Euro Africa Interconnector Company on 22 May 2019.
↑ "Mutual Energy". Mutual Energy. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Working Group on HVDC and FACTS Bibliography and Records (2008-07-07). "HVDC PROJECTS LISTING"(PDF). IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
↑ "REE on INELFE". Spain-France underground interconnection. Red Eléctrica da España. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
↑ "INEFE ready for testing". HVDC link between France and Spain. Siemens. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
↑ "Nemo Link". Nemo Link. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
↑ "Siemens re Nemo Link". Siemens wins major HVDC order to connect British and Belgian power grid. Siemens. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
↑ "ALEGrO Project". ALEGrO Project. Elia. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
↑ "EU PCI 2013 - see Cyprus"(PDF). EU Projects of Common Interest. European Commission. Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
↑ Westerweller T., Friedrich, K., Armonies, U., Orini, A., Parquet, D., Wehn, S., Trans Bay cable – world's first HVDC system using multilevel voltage-sourced converter, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 2010, paper reference B4-101
↑ "NECPL Submarine Cable Installation"(PDF). New England Clean Power Link: Project Development Portal. TDI New England. 2014-10-09. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
↑ "SOO Green HVDC Link". SOO Green HVDC Link. Direct Connect Development Company. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
Vijay K. Sood (31 May 2004). HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications Of Static Converters In Power Systems. Springer-Verlag. p.2. ISBN978-1-4020-7890-3.
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