List of Puerto Rico state forests

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Example of a state forest landmark sign, this one for the Cueva Ventana in Guajataca. Guajataca DiscoverPuertoRico1.jpg
Example of a state forest landmark sign, this one for the Cueva Ventana in Guajataca.

Puerto Rico state forests (Spanish: Bosques estatales de Puerto Rico), sometimes referred to as Puerto Rico Commonwealth forests in English, [1] [2] are protected forest reserves managed by the government of Puerto Rico, particularly by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. In addition to their function as protected forest reserves, many of the forests are analogous to state parks in other states and territories of the United States, as they also function as management units that cater to recreational, educational and cultural activities. [3] [4] Additionally, state forests in Puerto Rico can contain units with additional protection designations within their boundaries, as is the case of La Parguera Natural Reserve within Boquerón State Forest, [5] for example. There are currently 20 units in the Puerto Rico state forest system. [6]

Contents

History

The first protected forests in Puerto Rico were designated not for their ecological value but for their industrial timber utility in the form of Spanish Crown Lands under the Inspección de Montes, the equivalent of the Spanish Colonial Forest service. El Yunque, for example, was the first forested area to receive this designation in Puerto Rico. [7]

Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War in 1898 and, in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt set aside these former timberlands to proclaim the Luquillo Forest Reserve, the first ecologically protected area in the island. [8] Meanwhile, on the state level, colonial governor Arthur Yager set aside mangrove forests along the coasts of Puerto Rico for their ecological value between 1918 and 1919: Aguirre, [9] Boquerón, [10] Ceiba, [11] and Guánica. [12] The latter had its boundaries extended in order to protect a large tract of dry forest, a type of ecosystem that used to be common in the Caribbean but had now almost completely disappeared. [13] These became the first state or territorial-level protected forests in the island and, in December 1919, ownership of the federally protected forest tract in the westernmost portion of the Cordillera Central passed to the territorial government, making the Maricao Forest the first woodland to receive this designation. [14]

By 1935 all the newly protected woodlands of Puerto Rico under were consolidated as part of the Caribbean National Forest, which was then divided into the areas of the Sierra de Luquillo (El Yunque) and the Cordillera Central (Guilarte and Toro Negro). [14] [15] In addition to their natural resources these areas were also managed as tourist attractions, something that is evident in the territory-wide construction projects of visitor infrastructure by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s Roosevelt presidency. Many of these structures and buildings today possess historical and architectural value, and some are listed in the National Register of Historic Places as New Deal Era Constructions in the Forest Reserves of Puerto Rico (1933-1942). [16] [17] A notable example of these is the Santa Ana Observation Tower, popularly called La Torre de Piedra. [18] It was during this time that the ownership of the western portions of the Caribbean National Forest passed to the territorial government, creating Toro Negro in 1934 and Guilarte, which was separated from the latter, in 1935. [19] [20] In the following decades, previously designated natural reserves such as Carite, Guajataca and Rio Abajo were given the additional designation of state forest. Several of the forest, such as Bosque del Pueblo , San Patricio and Monte Choca, have gained their protected designation thanks to the actions of grassroots movements and local community actions. [21] [22]

List of Puerto Rico state forests

The following are Puerto Rico state forests. [note 1]

No.State ForestImageMunicipalitiesEst.Area
(acres)		Area RefDescription (and Facilities)
1 Aguirre Punta Petrona.jpg Guayama and Santa Isabel 19182390 [23] Mangrove forest includes the Punta Petrona Natural Reserve, a number of offshore keys and portions of the former Central Aguirre. [9] Borders the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Reserve in Salinas. (B, F, G, K, O)
2 Boquerón Cabo Rojo Lighthouse, PR-301, Boqueron, Cabo Rojo 00622, Puerto Rico - panoramio (1).jpg Cabo Rojo and Lajas 19184,630 [24] Subtropical dry and mangrove forests, incl. the Finca Belvedere, Cayo Ratones, Joyuda Lagoon and La Parguera natural reserves, the Iris Alameda Wildlife Refuge, and the Cabo Rojo National Natural Landmark. [10] Borders the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge.

(G, H, K, O, P, R, S, W)

3 Cambalache Arecibo and Barceloneta 19731,019 [25] Subtropical moist forest and mogotes (karstic hills) in the Northern Puerto Rico karst, portions also designated a natural reserve. Small section is open to the public. [26] (C, G, H, O, P, W)
4 Carite 2022bosquecarite2.jpg Caguas, Cayey, Guayama, Patillas and San Lorenzo 19756,499 [27] Subtropical moist forest of the Sierra de Cayey, centered around the Cerro La Santa massif. Incl. the Jorge Sotomayor del Toro Protected Natural Area, and the Guavate and Charco Azul recreational areas. (C, G, H, O, P, S, W) [28]
5 Ceiba Ceiba State Forest Natural Reserve.tiff Ceiba and Fajardo 1918352 [29] Mangrove forest, incl. the Medio Mundo and Daguao Protected Natural Area and the Ensenada Honda area. Bordered by Roosevelt Roads. [11] (B, F, G, K, O, P, S)
6 Cerrillos Cerrillos lake and dam.jpg Ponce 1996194 [30] Subtropical moist forest in the Cordillera Central foothills, surrounds Lake Cerrillos. (B, F, G, H, K, O, P, R, W) [31]
7 del Pueblo Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus) (6499240363).jpg Adjuntas 1995737 [32] Subtropical moist forest in the Cordillera Central. Important migratory passerine bird area. Officially one of the 20 state forests owned by the DRNA but this one is locally managed by the Taller de Arte y Cultura community-based group at Casa Pueblo. [33] (C, G, H, O, P, S, W) [33]
8 Guajataca Guajataca DiscoverPuertoRico2.jpg Isabela 19432,286 [34] Subtropical moist forest and mogotes (karstic hills) in the Northern Puerto Rico karst, home to numerous caves, canyons and sinkholes. [35] (C, G, H, O, P, W)
9 Guánica Bosque Estatal de Guanica en Boca, Guayanilla, Puerto Rico.jpg Guánica, Guayanilla, Yauco, Peñuelas and Ponce [36] [37] 191910,670 [36] [37] Largest protected tract of dry forest in the Caribbean, [13] also mangrove forests; home to endangered and endemic species (i.e. Puerto Rican crested toad). Incl. Punta Ballenas Natural Reserve and the Caña Gorda Cays. [12] Designated UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. [38] (G, H, K, O, P, R, S, W)
10 Guilarte Guilarte Forest.jpg Adjuntas, Peñuelas and Yauco 19354,822 [39] Subtropical moist forest of the Cordillera Central, centered around Monte Guilarte. High density of endemic species, it is the last home of the rare and endangered Monte Guilarte hollyfern. [40] (G, H, O, W)
11 Los Tres Picachos Picachos Jayuya.jpg Ciales and Jayuya [41] 19992,289 [42] Subtropical moist forest of the Cordillera Central, centered around Los Tres Picachos. Important geological transition zone between the karst and cordillera geographical regions. [43] (H, O, W) [44]
12 Maricao Monte del Estado.jpg Maricao, Sabana Grande, San Germán 191910,478 [45] Second largest rainforest in the island after El Yunque National Forest. Centered around the Santa Ana Peak, also known as Monte del Estado. Incl. Monte del Estado ecological park and recreational areas, waterfalls and charcos, and the Maricao Fish Hatchery. [46] [14] (C, G, H, O, P, S, W)
13 Monte Choca Monte Choca.jpg Corozal [47] 2003238 [48] Tropical moist forest. Officially one of the 20 state forests owned by the DRNA but this one is locally managed by the Civic and Cultural Recreational Club of Palos Blancos. [49] (G, H, O, R, W)
14 Nuevo Milenio Bosque Estatal Nuevo Milenio 01.jpg San Juan 1998388 [50] Urban secondary forest. Research forest used to study the effects of hurricanes on tropical forests. Part of the Northern Puerto Rico karst and the San Juan Ecological Corridor. [51] Bordered by the University of Puerto Rico Botanical Garden. (R)
15 Piñones Playa de Isla Verde y Pinones en Puerto Rico.jpg Carolina and Loiza [52] 19751,515 [52] Largest state-managed mangrove forest. Also, home to a subtropical forest, lagoons, sand dunes and marine ecosystems. Last home of the rare and endangered araña tree. [53] (C, G, K, O, P, R, S, W)
16 Rio Abajo Utuado, Puerto Rico - panoramio (1).jpg Arecibo and Utuado 19435,607 [54] Subtropical moist forest and mogotes (karstic hills) in the Northern Puerto Rico karst, home to numerous caves and sinkholes. [55] Critical Puerto Rican parrot reintroduction area. [56] Designated a National Natural Landmark since 1980. [57] (G, H, O, R, W)
17 San Patricio Bosque San Patricio aerial view.jpg San Juan [58] 200068 [59] Urban secondary forest centered around the Mogote de San Patricio. Research forest used to study reforestation in urban areas. Part of the Northern Puerto Rico karst. [60] (G, O, R, W)
18 Susúa Tabonuco, Sabana Grande 00637, Puerto Rico - panoramio - ibertog4 (3).jpg Sabana Grande and Yauco19353,241 [61] Important transition zone between the tropical dry forest and the tropical rainforest in the foothills of the Cordillera Central. Home to the endangered Puerto Rican nightjar. [62] (G, H, O, P, R, W)
19 Toro Negro Cordillera Central Puerto Rico.JPG Ciales, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Orocovis and Ponce [63] 19347,968 [64] Subtropical moist forest centered around the Toro Negro massif of the Cordillera Central that contains the highest peaks in Puerto Rico, including Cerro de Punta. [65] Incl. protected natural reserves and recreational areas. (B, C, F, G, H, K, O, P, S, W) [66]
20 Vega La Vega Forest.jpg Vega Alta and Vega Baja [67] 19751,150 [67] Subtropical moist forest and mogotes (karstic hills) in the Northern Puerto Rico karst. Only a small section is open to the public. [68] (G, O, R, W)

Key:
B = Boating
C = Camping
F = Fishing
G = Photography
H = Hiking
K = Kayaking
O = Nature Observation
P = Picnicking
R = Scientific Research
S = Swimming
W = Bird Watching

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Note on the area: As of August 2013, the Government of Puerto Rico is engaged in an ongoing plan of land purchase for the purpose of increasing its inventory of state forest land area. As a result the area figures given in this table should only be taken as approximations. Also, land measurements in Puerto Rico are given in cuerdas (one cuerda equals to 0.97 acres), and, as such, references to forest size below have been converted to acres to keep all such measurements standard throughout this article.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)</span> Mountain range in Puerto Rico

The Cordillera Central, is the main mountain range in Puerto Rico. The range crosses the island from west to east and divides it into its northern and southern coastal plains. The Cordillera Central runs eastward from the municipality of Maricao in the west to Aibonito in the central eastern region, and on to the Caribbean in the southeast through the Sierra Cayey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Tres Picachos</span> Mountain in Puerto Rico

Tres Picachos is one of the highest peaks in Puerto Rico at 968 meters (3,176 ft). It is located on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya in the central part of the island, and is part of the Cordillera Central.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guánica State Forest</span> State forest in Puerto Rico

The Guánica State Forest, popularly known as the Guánica Dry Forest is a subtropical dry forest located in southwest Puerto Rico. The area was designated as a forest reserve in 1919 and a United Nations Biosphere Reserve in 1981. It is considered the best preserved subtropical dry forest and the best example of dry forest in the Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maricao State Forest</span> State forest in Puerto Rico

Maricao State Forest is a state forest located in the eastern Cordillera Central mountains of Puerto Rico. It is commonly known as Monte del Estado due to the fact that it was one of the first forest reserves in Puerto Rico to be designated a state forest in its official name. With an area of 10,803 acres (43.72 km2), the Maricao State Forest is the largest of the 20 forestry units of the Puerto Rico state forest system.

The Aguirre State Forest is a 2,393-acre (9.68 km2) nature reserve on the south coast of Puerto Rico and one of the commonwealth's 20 state forests. It mainly consists of mangroves and floodplain forests, and it borders the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Aguirre State Forest is owned and administered by Puerto Rico. It was established in 1918 by Puerto Rico governor Arthur Yager to protect the mangrove forests areas between the municipalities of Guayama and Santa Isabel.

Cambalache State Forest and Reserve is a nature reserve and one of the 20 state forests in the territory of Puerto Rico. The Cambalache State Forest is located in the municipalities of Arecibo and Barceloneta in northern Puerto Rico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morrillito</span> Uninhabited island of Puerto Rico

Morrillito is a small uninhabited island off the southern coast of Puerto Rico. The island is protected by the Reserva Natural Caja de Muertos natural reserve because of its native turtle traffic. Together with Caja de Muertos, Gatas, Ratones, Cardona, Isla del Frio, and Isla de Jueyes, Morrillito is one of seven islands ascribed to the municipality of Ponce.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerrillos State Forest</span> State forest in Puerto Rico

Cerrillos State Forest is one of the 21 state forests in Puerto Rico. It is located in barrio Maragüez, in the municipality of Ponce, and covers 200 cuerdas of valleys and mountains in the foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain range. The forest has several trails, observation areas, several picnic areas, complete with gazeebos and a man-made reservoir, Lake Cerrillos and the Lake Cerrillos dam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas</span> Nature reserve in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas is a nature reserve in Barrio Canas, Ponce, Puerto Rico. It consists of both a land area component as well as an offshore marine area. The land component has an area of 698 cuerdas while the marine component has an expanse of 3,516 cuerdas, for a total area of 4,214 cuerdas. The Reserve consists of mangrove ecosystems, coastal sand dunes, a saline lagoon known as Laguna Las Salinas, open water, and a century-old local community. The lagoon occupies and area of 347,898 m2 Ecological protection is managed and enforced by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Eight activities are allowed at the Reserve: scuba diving, boating, fishing, hiking, sun bathing, photography, bird watching and canoeing. Activities prohibited are: Camping, crabbing/trapping, horseback riding, water crafting, and hunting. Pets, ATVs, and fireplaces are also prohibited.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guilarte State Forest</span> State forest in Puerto Rico

Guilarte State Forest is one of the 20 forests that make up the public forests system in Puerto Rico. The forest is located in the eastern half of the Central Mountain Range or Cordillera Central. The main geographical feature of the forest reserve is Monte Guilarte, which is Puerto Rico's 7th highest mountain at 3,950 feet above sea level. While Monte Guilarte is located in the municipality of Adjuntas, the forest's borders also include parts of Guayanilla, Peñuelas and Yauco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuevo Milenio State Forest</span> State forest in San Juan, Puerto Rico

Nuevo Milenio State Forest is one of the 20 forests that make up the public forest system of Puerto Rico. The forest is located east of the University of Puerto Rico Botanical Garden in the Sabana Llana Sur district of San Juan, making it one of the two state forests located within the capital's municipal boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guajataca State Forest</span> State forest in Puerto Rico

Guajataca State Forest is one of the 20 forests that make up the public forest system of Puerto Rico. The Guajataca Forest is located in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico, along the Northern Karst zone in the municipality of Isabela and municipality of Quebradillas, and is near Camuy and San Sebastián. The forest is renowned for its ecological diversity, the mogotes and karstic formations, and its numerous caves and canyons. It also has the largest trail system of any Puerto Rican state forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosque del Pueblo</span> Forest in Puerto Rico

Bosque del Pueblo is one of the 20 forest units that make up the public forest system of Puerto Rico. The 738-acres forest is located in the municipality of Adjuntas and it comprises a preserved zone which was endangered of being developed as a quarry between the years 1980 and 1995. The forest is located in lands shared by the Adjuntas barrios or districts of Vegas Arriba, Vegas Abajo and Pellejas de Adjuntas. In addition to preserving the forest, the reserve is important to the preservation of the hydrological basins of the Pellejas and Viví Rivers, and many of the tributaries of the Arecibo River have their sources in the forest lands. The forest also functions as an ecological corridor between the Guilarte, Río Abajo and Toro Negro Forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susúa State Forest</span>

Susúa State Forest is one of the 20 forest units that make up the public forest system of Puerto Rico. This forest is located in the southeastern foothills of the Central Mountain Range or Cordillera Central, in the municipalities of Sabana Grande and Yauco. Most of the forest, particularly the lower parts, are of secondary growth as the land had originally been deforested and used for cattle grazing, timber production and agriculture. The forest is an important habitat for the endangered Puerto Rican nightjar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piedras River (San Juan, Puerto Rico)</span> River in San Juan, Puerto Rico

The Piedras River, better known as Río Piedras in Spanish, is a river of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The river gives its name to Río Piedras, a former town and municipality, today a district of San Juan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cueva del Indio (Arecibo)</span> Cave on the coast of Islote, Arecibo, Puerto Rico

Cueva del Indio is a seaside cave located along limestone cliffs in Islote, Arecibo along Puerto Rico's Atlantic coast. The cave and its surroundings are protected by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA) as the Cueva del Indio Nature Reserve. The cave gets its name after the numerous petroglyphs created by the Taínos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vega State Forest</span> Forest in Vega Alta and Vega Baja, Puerto Rico

Vega State Forest is a state forest of Puerto Rico located in the municipalities of Vega Alta and Vega Baja. The subtropical moist forest is located in the northern coast of Puerto Rico in the middle of the karst zone known as the Carso Norteño, and it contains features typical of such geography such as sinkholes, caves and mogotes. It was designated a nature reserve in 1952 and it is fully protected by the Puerto Rico Forest laws of 1975. The forest has a total area of 1,150 acres divided into six forest units throughout the municipalities of Vega Alta and Vega Baja.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maricao Fish Hatchery</span> United States historic place

The Maricao Fish Hatchery, also known as the Insular Fish Hatchery, is a historic 3.32 acre fish hatchery located along the Río Rosario in the Maricao Afuera district (barrio) of the Puerto Rican municipality of Maricao, within the Maricao State Forest jurisdiction. The hatchery is located at approximately 1,500 feet above sea level, 1.2 kilometers from downtown Maricao.

Nature Reserve of Puerto Rico is a title and special designation given by the upper house of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico to specific natural areas or features throughout the territory. All nature reserves in Puerto Rico are protected by Puerto Rico Law #150, first approved on August 8, 1988, better known as the Puerto Rico Natural Heritage Program Act that seeks to protect the natural resources of the island for the purpose of natural preservation and tourism. These are managed by different agencies within the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, public-private partnerships such as the Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico and its management unit Para la naturaleza, and other grassroots and community institutions and programs.

References

  1. ↑ USDA, FOREST SERVICE. "Fauna - Threatened, Endangered, and Species of Conservation Concern". fs.usda.gov.
  2. ↑ Martinuzzi, Sebastian; Gould, William A.; Lugo, Ariel E.; Medina, Ernesto (2009). "Conversion and recovery of Puerto Rican mangroves: 200 years of change" (PDF). Forest Ecology and Management. 2 (257): 75–84 – via ufl.edu.
  3. ↑ "Los Bosques de Puerto Rico - EnciclopediaPR". 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  4. ↑ "Parques y reservas". Discover Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  5. ↑ Gobierno de Puerto Rico, DEPARTAMENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AMBIENTALES (June 2000). "DOCUMENTO DE DESIGNACION PARA LA EXTENSION DE LA RESERVA NATURAL LA PARGUERA" (PDF). drna.pr.gov.
  6. ↑ DEPARTAMENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AMBIENTALES (DRNA), NEGOCIADO DEL SERVICIO FORESTAL (June 2015). "Directorio de Bosques Estatales".
  7. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. "History & Culture". fs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-12-11.
  8. ↑ Davis, Richard C. (2009-09-29). "National Forests of the United States" (PDF). The Forest History Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-28.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. 1 2 "El Bosque estatal de Aguirre" (PDF). Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-24.
  10. 1 2 "El Bosque Estatal de Boquerón". DRNA. 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  11. 1 2 "Bosque estatal de Ceiba Puerto Rico". www.prfrogui.com. Retrieved 2021-10-09.
  12. 1 2 Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (2008). "Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Guánica" (PDF).
  13. 1 2 Ewel, J.L. & J.L. Whitmore. 1973. The ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. ITF-18.
  14. 1 2 3 "12 Jun El Bosque Estatal de Maricao". Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  15. ↑ "HIJOS DE MARICAO". HIJOS DE MARICAO. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  16. ↑ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (September 27, 2007). "NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FOR" (PDF). fs.usda.gov.
  17. ↑ USDA, FOREST SERVICE. "El Yunque's Historic Properties". fs.usda.gov.
  18. ↑ "Casa De Piedra". Discover Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  19. ↑ "Bosque Estatal de Guilarte" (PDF). Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. December 2008.
  20. ↑ "Puerto Rico's Rich History and Natural Resources". North American Forest Commission. North American Forest Commission Conference. June 8–13, 2008. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
  21. ↑ "Puerto Rico". National Association of State Foresters. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  22. ↑ "Parks & Preserves". Discover Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  23. ↑ Principales ecosistemas de puerto rico bosque de los Tres Picachos. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  24. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Boqueron. PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-036. January 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2013
  25. ↑ Bosques y Reservas Naturales de Puerto Rico. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Susana M. Rivera Colon. Escuela de Artes Plasticas de Puerto Rico. November 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  26. ↑ "Bosque Estatal de Cambalache".
  27. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Carite. PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-024. January 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  28. ↑ Mountain Forests: Highest peaks. Puerto Rico's Forest Reserves and Wildlife Sanctuaries. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  29. ↑ Bosque Estatal de Ceiba. PRGROGUI. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  30. ↑ Bosque Estatal de Cerrillos. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. April 2009. Publication # P-039. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Cerrillos: Refugio de Vida Silvestre Embalse Cerrillos. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication P-039. April 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  32. ↑ En las entrañas de Adjuntas un bosque para el pueblo. Revista Atabey. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  33. 1 2 Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque del Pueblo. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Issue P-042. June 2009. Accessed 24 January 2022. Archived.
  34. ↑ Bosques y Reservas Naturales de Puerto Rico. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Susana M. Rivera Colon. Escuela de Artes Plasticas de Puerto Rico. November 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  35. ↑ Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. "Bosque Estatal de Guajataca" (PDF). drna.pr.gov.
  36. 1 2 El Bosque Estatal de Guánica es la reserva forestal más compleja de Puerto Rico en términos de su flora y fauna: Reserva ecologica de renombre mundial. Carla Mendez Marti. El Nuevo Día. 8 Septiembre 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2013
  37. 1 2 El Bosque Estatal de Guánica es la reserva forestal más compleja de Puerto Rico en términos de su flora y fauna: Reserva ecologica de renombre mundial. Coalición Pro Bosque Seco Ventanas Verraco. 8 September 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  38. ↑ "2006 Federal Register, 71 FR 48883". Archived from the original on September 30, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  39. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Guilarte. Archived 2014-10-22 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-035. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  40. ↑ "Elaphoglossum serpens (no common name), Polystichum calderonense (no common name), Tectaria estremerana (no common name). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office. 2010.
  41. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal Los Tres Picachos. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-040. April 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  42. ↑ Los Bosques de Puerto Rico. Buenas Tareas. October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  43. ↑ Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. "Bosque Estatal Los Tres Picachos" (PDF). drna.pr.gov.
  44. ↑ Bosque Estatal Los Tres Picachos. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-040. April 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  45. ↑ Bomberos forestales combaten incendio en bosque de Maricao. Primera Hora. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  46. ↑ "Vivero de Peces de Maricao". Discover Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  47. ↑ Los Bosques de Puerto Rico. PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-020. November 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  48. ↑ Los Bosques de Puerto Rico. PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-010. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  49. ↑ "Acuerdos colaborativos" (in Spanish). DRNA. 27 May 2015.
  50. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal del Nuevo Milenio. [ permanent dead link ] PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # 043. July 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  51. ↑ Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. "Bosque Estatal del Nuevo Milenio" (PDF). drna.pr.gov.
  52. 1 2 NUESTROS BOSQUES - PUERTO RICO: CAMPUS ECOLÓGICO. PRFROGUI. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  53. ↑ Rivera, Marelisa; Fish and Wildlife Service (19 April 1991), "RIN 1018-AB42 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the plant Schoepfia arenaria" (PDF), Federal Register, vol. 56, no. 76, pp. 16021–16024, retrieved 27 December 2021
  54. ↑ Reserva Forestal de Río Abajo. DRNA. (UPR-Mayagüez Department of Biology Herbarium (MAPR). Departamento de Biología. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez.) October 1976. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  55. ↑ "EL Bosque Estatal de Río Abajo" (PDF). drna.gobierno.pr (in Spanish). P.R. Department of Resources. December 1, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  56. ↑ "Celebran la liberación de 10 cotorras puertorriqueñas a estado silvestre en el Bosque Estatal de Río Abajo". drna.pr.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  57. ↑ "National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  58. ↑ Los Bosques de Puerto Rico. University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  59. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de San Patricio. PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-026. March 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  60. ↑ "El Bosque de San Patricio". DRNA. 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2021-10-09.
  61. ↑ Susúa: para quienes buscan 'otra cosa'. Héctor L. Sánchez. La Perla del Sur. Ponce. Puerto Rico. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  62. ↑ Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. "Bosque Estatal de Susúa" (PDF). drna.pr.gov.
  63. ↑ EyeTour - an independent guide to Puerto Rico sponsored by the Government of Puerto Rico Tourism Company Archived 2012-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 27, 1020.
  64. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro. Archived 2015-08-07 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. July 2008. Publication # P-030. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  65. ↑ "Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro". PRFROGUI. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  66. ↑ Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro. Archived 2015-08-07 at the Wayback Machine PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. July 2008. Publication # P-030. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  67. 1 2 Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Vega. PR DRNA. Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. Publication # P-033. October 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  68. ↑ Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (2008). "Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Vega" (PDF). drna.pr.gov.
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