List of aircraft structural failures

See also: List of airliner shootdown incidents

1952 International Aviation Exposition:
Northrop F-89 Scorpion wing failure during flypast.

Main article: List of structural failures and collapses

The list of aircraft accidents and incidents caused by structural failures summarizes notable accidents and incidents such as the 1933 United Airlines Chesterton Crash due to a bombing and a 1964 B-52 test that landed after the vertical stabilizer broke off. Loss of structural integrity during flight can be caused by:

• faulty design
• faulty maintenance
• manufacturing flaws
• pilot error
• weather conditions
• sabotage (e.g., an airliner bombing or takeover by a skyjacker).

List of aircraft accidents and incidents caused by structural failure

Date	Accident/incident	Location	Aircraft	Cause	Fatalities	Notes
1913-08-07	Death of S F Cody	UK	Cody Floatplane	"inherent structural weakness"	2	Broke up
1919-08-02	Airliner crash at Verona	Italy	Caproni Ca.48	Wing flutter followed by wing collapse	14, 15, or 17 (sources vary)	The crash killed all aboard
1921-08-23	1921 Humber crash	UK: Hull	R38 (ZR-2)	Weather combined with weakened hull	44	Deformation followed by fire & explosion
1925-09-03	Crash of the USS Shenandoah	Caldwell, Ohio, USA	USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)	Severe weather	14	Torn apart by turbulence
1930-07-23	Meopham air disaster	Meopham, Kent	Junkers F.13	Overload/metal fatigue	6	Tailplane weakened by turbulence and flutter
1933-10-10	United Airlines Chesterton Crash	USA: Indiana	Boeing 247	Sabotage	7	Explosion severed tail section
1935-02-12	Loss of USS Macon (ZRS-5)	off California	Akron class airship	Weather combined with unrepaired damage	2	Wind shear caused structural failure of the tail which damaged gas cells
1943-08-01	1943 Lambert Field CG-4A crash	USA: St. Louis	Waco CG-4 [N 1]	Manufacturing flaw	10	Loss of right-hand wing due to failure of defective wing strut fitting [1]
1947-10-24	United Airlines Flight 608	USA: about 1.5 Miles southeast of Bryce Canyon Airport	Douglas DC-6	Pilot error and design flaw	52	Fire caused by failure of pilots to stop fuel transfer and design flaw. Fire eventually lead to an in-flight breakup.
1952-08-30	1952 F-89 airshow crash	USA: Detroit	F-89 Scorpion	Design flaw	2	Wing broke off during flypast [2]
1952-09-06	1952 Farnborough Airshow DH.110 crash	UK: Farnborough, Hampshire	de Havilland DH.110	Design flaw	31	Leading edge aeroelastic flutter caused the aircraft to breakup and crash into the crowd
1953-02-06	National Airlines Flight 470	Gulf of Mexico	Douglas DC-6	Severe weather	46	Loss of control and structural failure in severe turbulence
1954-01-10	BOAC Flight 781	Mediterranean Sea	de Havilland Comet	Design flaw	35	Near Elba: roof fatigue fracture lead to decompression
1954-04-08	South African Airways Flight 201	Mediterranean Sea	de Havilland Comet	Design flaw	21	Near Naples: decompression due to fatigue
1957-04-17	1957 Aqaba Valetta accident	Jordan: near Aqaba	Vickers Valetta	Severe weather	27	Design strength of left-hand wing exceeded during probable loss of control in severe clear-air turbulence [3]
1957-05-31	1957 McNabs Island RCN Banshee crash	Canada: near Halifax, Nova Scotia	F2H-3 Banshee	Manufacturing flaw	1	Loss of outer starboard wing due to improperly manufactured fittings in folding wing mechanism [4]
1958-09-20	1958 Vulcan crash at RAF Syerston	UK: RAF Syerston	Avro Vulcan prototype	Pilot error	7	Flew too fast during low pass exceeded g-limit of leading edge structure, aircraft disintegrated [5]
1959-10-01	1959 Lightning crash	UK: Irish Sea	Lightning T.4 (first aircraft)	Fin collapse due to inertia coupling during high speed tests	0	first supersonic ejection by a UK pilot (M 1.7) [6] Fin enlarged
1963-01-24	1963 Elephant Mountain B-52 crash	USA: Maine	B-52 Stratofortress	Unknowingly exceeded design capability	7	Loss of vertical stabilizer
1963-01-30	1963 B-52 crash in New Mexico	USA: New Mexico	B-52 Stratofortress	Unknowingly exceeded design capability	2	Near Mora: [7] loss of vertical stabilizer [8]
1964-01-04	1964 B-57 crash	USA: Dayton	NRB-57 Canberra	Mis-management of fuel system, causing CofG to be beyond its safe rearward limit	2	Both wings failed
1964-01-10	B-52 flight test of vertical stabilizer	USA: New Mexico	B-52 Stratofortress	Unknowingly exceeded design capability	0	Loss of vertical stabilizer, landed safely
1964-01-13	1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash	USA: Maryland	B-52 Stratofortress	Unknowingly exceeded design capability	3	Loss of vertical stabilizer
1964-01-04	1964 USAF Thunderbird crash	USA: California	F-105 Thunderchief	Design flaw	1	Spine failure during 6G pitch-up at air show
1965-07-06	1965 Little Baldon Hastings accident	England: near RAF Abingdon, Oxfordshire	Handley Page Hastings	Design flaw	41	Right-hand elevator became uncontrollable due to metal fatigue-related failure of two bolts in elevator system [9]
1966-03-05	BOAC Flight 911	Japan: Mount Fuji	Boeing 707-436	Severe weather	124	Severe clear-air turbulence, gust load over design limit lead to in-flight breakup
1966-08-06	Braniff Airways Flight 250	USA: Nebraska	BAC One-Eleven 203AE	Severe weather	42	Horizontal and vertical stabilizers detached in severe turbulence
1967-03-05	Lake Central Flight 527	USA: Ohio	Convair CV-580	Propeller manufacturing defect	38	Propeller broke apart; one of the blades punctured the fuselage, causing the forward section to break away
1967-06-23	Mohawk Airlines Flight 40	USA: Pennsylvania	BAC One-Eleven 204AF	Mechanical failure	34	Valve in the auxiliary power unit suffered a complete failure, spreading fire to the tailplane and causing a loss of pitch control
1967-11-15	X-15 Flight 3-65-97	USA: Edwards AFB	North American X-15	Pilot error	1	Loss of control followed by airframe failure
1970-07-05	Air Canada Flight 621	Brampton, Ontario	McDonnell Douglas DC-8	Pilot error	109	Hard landing caused by crew error, causing engine No.4 and pylon to separate; further damage to the right wing caused leaking fuel to ignite and explode, causing the wing to break up and lead to the crash
1971-03-05	BEA Flight 706	Belgium	Vickers Vanguard	Inadequate maintenance: undetected corrosion	63	Near Aarsele: rear pressure bulkhead failure caused loss of tailplane
1972-06-12	American Airlines Flight 96	USA: Detroit	MD DC-10	Design flaw	0	Cargo door locking mechanism failed causing door to separate from the aircraft and causing further damage; landed safely
1973-05-18	Aeroflot Flight 109	Soviet Union: Chita	Tupolev Tu-104	Terrorist bombing	81	Bomb put on board by hijacker
1974-03-03	Turkish Airlines Flight 981	France: Picardy	MD DC-10	Design flaw	346	Cargo door locking mechanism failed allowing door to separate from the aircraft; cabin floor collapsed, control cables severed, crashed into a forest
1976-04-14	Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales	Argentina: near Cutral-Co	Hawker Siddeley 748	Improper maintenance: undetected metal fatigue	34	Starboard wing failed outboard of engine
1977-05-14	1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash	Near Lusaka Airport, Lusaka, Zambia	Boeing 707	Metal fatigue and aircraft design flaw	6	Structural failure of the right horizontal stabiliser due to metal fatigue and aircraft design flaw
1978-06-26	Helikopter Service Flight 165	Norway: North Sea	Sikorsky S-61	Fatigue	18	Rotor blade loosened after fatigue to the knuckle joint: crashed into the sea [10]
1979-05-25	American Airlines Flight 191	USA: Chicago	MD DC-10	Improper maintenance	271 + 2 on ground	No.1 engine broke off due to faulty maintenance procedure; slats retracted, leading the plane to stall and crash
1981-06-02	NLM CityHopper Flight 431	Netherlands: Moerdijk	Fokker F28 Fellowship	Severe weather	17	Starboard wing detached from airframe due to loads exceeding design limits after the aircraft entered a tornado.
1982-03-11	Widerøe Flight 933	Norway: Gamvik	de Havilland Canada Twin Otter	Severe weather	15	Vertical stabilizer and rudder failed during clear-air turbulence [11]
1985-06-23	Air India Flight 182	Atlantic Ocean off County Cork	Boeing 747	Terrorist bombing	329	Terrorist bomb placed in cargo hold
1985-08-12	Japan Airlines Flight 123	Japan: Mount Osutaka	Boeing 747SR	Improper maintenance	520	Faulty repair after same plane suffered a tailstrike: the rear bulkhead failed which caused the tail fin to fall off and rupture all four hydraulic systems. The crash remains the deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history.
1987-11-28	South African Airways Flight 295	Indian Ocean, 134 nautical miles (248 km) north-east of Mauritius, 19°10′30″S 59°38′0″E	Boeing 747	Fire	159	Catastrophic and contained cargo fire in rear cargo deck lead to the separation of tail section, an in-flight break up and a high-speed dive into ocean
1988-04-28	Aloha Airlines Flight 243	USA: Hawaii	Boeing 737	Improper adhesive bonding of fuselage lap joints	1	Corrosion and fatigue: 18 ft of roof separated from fuselage
1988-12-21	Pan Am Flight 103	UK: Lockerbie	Boeing 747	Terrorist bombing	259 + 11 on ground	Terrorist bomb in the forward luggage hold
1989-02-24	United Airlines Flight 811	USA: Hawaii	Boeing 747	Dirt on microswitch/short circuit	9	Cargo door opened (electrical fault), causing surrounding structure to fail leaving large hole; landed safely
1989-09-08	Partnair Flight 394	Denmark: 18 km north of Hirtshals	Convair 580	Improper maintenance: use of counterfeit aircraft parts	55	Highest death toll involving a Convair 580; loosening of vertical stabilizer due to excessive wear on mounting bolts
1989-09-19	UTA Flight 772	Ténéré, Niger 16.86493°N 11.953712°E, Sahara Desert	McDonnell Douglas DC-10	Terrorist bombing	170	Bomb hidden in forward cargo hold detonated at 35,000 feet leading to in-flight break-up scattering debris over a wide area across the Sahara
1990-04-12	Widerøe Flight 839	Norway: Værøy	de Havilland Canada Twin Otter	Severe weather	5	Rudder and tailplane cracked during extreme winds [12]
1990-06-10	British Airways Flight 5390	Great Britain: Didcot	BAC One-Eleven	Faulty maintenance	0	Window separated from plane causing the pilot to be sucked out. First Officer successfully landed the plane in Southampton
1991-05-26	Lauda Air Flight 004	Phu Toei National Park, Amphoe Dan Chang, Suphanburi Province, Thailand	Boeing 767-300ER	Manufacturing error: faulty thrust reverser	223	Thrust reverser in No.1 engine unexpectedly deployed while cruising at 35,000 ft causing it to bank sharply to the left and enter a high-speed dive and breaking up at roughly 4000 ft scattering wreckage over a wide area
1991-09-11	Continental Express Flight 2574	Texas	Embraer 120 Brasilia	Improper maintenance	14	Failure of the horizontal stabilizer during flight due to misunderstanding during maintenance
1992-10-04	El Al Flight 1862	Bijlmermeer	Boeing 747	Corrosion in pylon fuse pin leading to metal fatigue	4 on board, 39 on ground	Engine No.3 separated from its pylon which caused the adjacent engine No.4 to also fall off, taking the slats with them; stall and crash on attempted landing
1996-07-17	TWA Flight 800	Moriches Inlet, near East Moriches, New York	Boeing 747	Fuel tank explosion	230	Exploded, broke up, and crashed off the coast of Long Island 30 minutes after taking off from New York bound for Paris due to a catastrophic central fuel tank explosion resulting in the forward fuselage section, which included the main flight deck first class and a portion of business class, separating and causing the remaining section to climb, abruptly stall, and enter a high speed dive, causing the left wing to also separate and plunge into the Atlantic Ocean in flames
1997-06-26	Helikopter Service Flight 451	Norway: Norwegian Sea	Eurocopter AS 332L1 Super Puma	Fatigue	12	The accident was caused by a fatigue crack in the spline, which ultimately caused the power transmission shaft to fail. The helicopter crashed into the sea. [13]
1997-12-19	SilkAir Flight 185	Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia	Boeing 737-300	Pilot suicide (disputed by NTSC)	104	Entered a high-speed vertical dive and broke up on its way down into the Musi River
1999-01-31	EgyptAir Flight 990	Atlantic Ocean, 100 km (62 mi) S of Nantucket	Boeing 767-300ER	Pilot suicide (disputed)	217	Abruptly descended rapidly before rapidly climbing before finally entering a high-speed dive, causing the No.1 engine and portions of the wings to break off on its way down towards the ocean
2000-01-31	Alaska Airlines Flight 261	Pacific Ocean near Anacapa Island	McDonnell Douglas MD-83	Maintenance intervals extended beyond safe limit	88	Lack of lubrication causing structural failure of the jackscrew on the horizontal stabiliser resulting in aircraft descending inverted into sea
2001-11-12	American Airlines Flight 587	Queens, New York City	Airbus A300	Pilot error	265	Overuse of rudder leading to loss of vertical stabilizer
2002-04-30	2002 Eglin Air Force Base F-15 crash	USA: Gulf of Mexico	F-15 Eagle	Undetected corrosion	1	Near Eglin AFB: port fin leading edge failed during test dive
2002-05-25	China Airlines Flight 611	Taiwan: Taiwan Strait near Penghu Islands	Boeing 747	Faulty maintenance, metal fatigue	225	Tailstrike leading to faulty repair: tail section broke off, causing aircraft to disintegrate
2003-02-01	Space Shuttle Columbia disaster	USA: Texas	Space Shuttle	Design flaw	7	Damaged TPS during launch, breakup during reentry
2005-12-19	Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101	USA: Miami Beach, Florida	Grumman Turbo-Mallard	Improper maintenance	20	In-flight wing failure due to metal fatigue
2007-01-01	Adam Air Flight 574	Makassar Strait off Majene, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Black boxes at 03°41′02″S 118°08′53″E and 03°40′22″S 118°09′16″E	Boeing 737-400	Pilot error	102	Spatial disorientation, inertial reference system (IRS) malfunction gradually banked to the left and entered a high-speed dive and broke up on its way down
2008-05-30	Pilatus EC-JXH crash	Spain	Pilatus PC-6	[14]	2	Wing failure
2014-10-31	VSS Enterprise crash	USA: Near the Mojave Desert, California	Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo	Pilot error and design flaw	1	Premature activation of the air brake device used for atmospheric re-entry lead to an in-flight breakup
2015-10-31	Metrojet Flight 9268	Egypt: North Sinai Governorate	Airbus A321-200	Terrorist bombing	224	Bomb that was smuggled into rear cargo hold disguised as a soft drink can contained four packs of dynamite, causing the tail section to separate and lead to an in-flight break up, scattering the wreckage in the Sinai Desert
2016-05-19	EgyptAir Flight 804	Mediterranean Sea, 33.6757°N 28.7924°E	Airbus A320-200	Explosion/fire caused by oxygen leak	66	Accident was caused by oxygen leak in the cockpit; the following combustion and explosion ignited by the pilot's cigarette caused a fire and the break-up of the airplane into the Mediterranean Sea
2017-10-07	2017 United States Marine Corps KC-130 crash	Leflore County, Mississippi	Lockheed KC-130T Hercules	Improper maintenance	16	Accident was caused by improper repairs conducted in 2011 on a corroded propeller blade

References

Notes

1. Accident aircraft 42-78839 had been built under license by contractor Robertson Aircraft Corporation.

Citations

1. Gero 2010, pp. 24–25.
2. "WORK IN PROGRESS – More to add". Ejection-history.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
3. Gero 2010, p. 75.
4. Mills, Carl (1991). Banshees of the Royal Canadian Navy. Willowdale, ON: Banshee Publication. pp. 280–281. ISBN   978-0-9695200-0-9.
5. "Anniversary of Vulcan crash." BBC News, 19 September 2008.
6. "2005". Ejection-history.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
7. "B-52_Stratofortress". Ejection-history.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
8. "Look mom, I lost my tail! We gotta bring this Buff in anyway". TalkingProud.us. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
9. Gero 2010, p. 95.
10. "Rapport om luftfartsulykke i Nordsjøen den 26. juni 1978 ca. kl. 1115 med helikopter S-61 LN-OQS, tilhørende K/S Helikopter Service A/S" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Accident Investigation Board Norway. 17 January 1980. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
11. Parliament of Norway (20 September 2005). "Rapport til Stortingets presidentskap fra Stortingets granskningskommisjon for Mehamn-ulykken" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
12. Accident Investigation Board Norway (1991). "Rapport of luftfartsulykke ved Værøy lufthavn den 12. april 1990 med Twin Otter LN-BNS" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (pdf) on 2012-07-17.
13. "Report on the air accident 8 September 1997 in the Norwegian sea approx. 100 NM west north west of Brønnøysund, involving Eurocopter AS 332L1 Super Puma, LN-OPG, operated by Helikopter Service AS" (PDF). Accident Investigation Board Norway. November 2001. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
14. Ranter, Harro. "Accident Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo Porter EC-JXH, 30 May 2008". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

Bibliography

• Gero, David B. (2010). Military Aviation Disasters: Significant Losses Since 1908. Haynes Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84425-645-7.