Ontario Highway 407

Last updated

Ontario 407.svg

Highway 407

Ontario Highway 407
Highway 407 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by
Province of Ontario
407 ETR Concession Company Limited
Length151.4 km [1] [2]  (94.1 mi)
History
Major junctions
West endOntario 403 crown.svg Ontario QEW crown.svg  Highway 403  / Queen Elizabeth Way in Burlington
Major intersections
East endOntario 35 crown.svg Ontario 115 crown.svg  Highway 35  / Highway 115 in Clarington
Location
Country Canada
Province Ontario
Highway system
Ontario 406.svg Highway 406 Ontario 409.svg Highway 409

King's Highway 407, commonly referred to as Highway 407 and colloquially as the "four-oh-seven", is a tolled 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. Comprising a privately leased segment as well as a publicly owned segment, the route spans the entire Greater Toronto Area (GTA) around the city of Toronto, travelling through the suburbs of Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Brampton, Vaughan, Markham, Pickering, Whitby, and Oshawa before ending in Clarington, north of Orono. At 151.4 km long, this is the fourth-longest freeway in Ontario's 400 series network, after Highways 417, 400, and 401. The segment between Burlington and Brougham in Pickering is leased to and operated by the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited and is officially known as the 407 Express Toll Route (407 ETR). It begins at the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) and Highway 403 in Burlington, and travels 108.0 km (67.1 mi) across the GTA to Brock Road in Pickering. East of Brock Road, the tollway continues east as Highway 407 (referred to as Highway 407 East during development to distinguish it from the 407 ETR), a toll route operated by the provincial government, for 43.4 km (27.0 mi) to Highway 35/115 in Clarington. The route interchanges with nine freeways: the QEW, Highway 403, Highway 401, Highway 410, Highway 427, Highway 400, Highway 404, Highway 412, and Highway 418. Highway 407 is an electronically operated toll highway; there are no toll booths along the length of the route. Distances are calculated automatically using transponders or automatic number-plate recognition, which are scanned at entrance and exit portals.

Contents

Highway 407 was planned in the late 1950s as a freeway bypassing the Toronto segment of Highway 401, the busiest highway in North America. [9] [10] However, construction did not begin until 1987. During the early 1990s, the provincial government proposed tolling the highway to alleviate a revenue shortfall. The central sections of Highway 407 opened in 1997, and the remaining sections were built quickly over the following four years, with the final segment opening in mid-2001. [4] Despite being included in the 400-series network, the Highway 407 ETR section is not considered part of the provincial highway network due to it now being privately operated. [11] The segment is operated privately under a 99-year lease agreement with the provincial government, which was sold in 1999 for about C$3.1 billion to a consortium of Canadian and Spanish investors operating under the name 407 International Inc. [12] The privatization of the Highway 407 ETR section has been the source of significant criticism, [13] especially regarding the increases in tolls, plate denial, and false charges. In addition, the safety of segments constructed following the sale of the freeway has been called into question.

Phase 1 of a provincially owned and tolled extension of the route, known solely as Highway 407 (and not as Highway 407 ETR), opened to traffic from Brock Road in Pickering to Harmony Road in Oshawa on June 20, 2016. Included as part of this extension was construction of a tolled north–south link between Highways 401 and 407 known as Highway 412. [6] Phase 2 later extended the provincially owned portion of Highway 407 to Highway 35  / Highway 115 in Clarington. This construction was completed in two stages, with Phase 2A opening on January 2, 2018, as a 9.6 km (6.0 mi) extension to Taunton Road, [7] and Phase 2B opening on December 9, 2019, as a 23.3 km (14.5 mi) extension to Highway 35 and Highway 115. Included as part of this extension was construction of another tolled north–south link between Highways 401 and 407 known as Highway 418. [8]

Unusually, the highway does not reach or pass through any of its three control cities: Hamilton, Toronto, or Peterborough. Hamilton is accessed by following either the QEW or Highway 403 beyond its western terminus in Burlington. Toronto proper is bypassed, but is used as a control city due to the similar sizes of the suburban municipalities the highway passes through in Halton and Durham Regions. In the east, Peterborough is reached by briefly following the Highway 35/Highway 115 concurrency north, and then continuing northeast on Highway 115 alone.

Route description

Highway 407 begins at the Highway 403/Queen Elizabeth Way junction in Burlington 407ETR Terminus.jpg
Highway 407 begins at the Highway 403/Queen Elizabeth Way junction in Burlington

Highway 407 is a 151.4-kilometre (94.1 mi) [1] controlled-access highway that encircles the GTA, passing through Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Brampton, Vaughan, Markham, Pickering, Whitby, Oshawa, and Clarington, as well as travelling immediately north of Toronto. [14] [15] Although the general public felt that tolling made the highway a luxury rather than its original purpose of relieving traffic on Highway 401, [16] [17] Highway 407 ETR has had average daily trip counts of over 350,000 vehicles in June 2014. [18] The 407 ETR is contractually responsible for maintaining high traffic levels as justification for increasing tolls, but conduct their own traffic studies. [16] Despite increased usage, parallel roads that Highway 407 was intended to supplement continue to grow congested, forcing the MTO to revisit costly widening projects of Highway 401 and the QEW. [16]

Highway 407 has been designed with aesthetics and environmental concerns in mind by featuring landscaped embankments, 79 storm drainage ponds, as well as a curb and gutter system. [19] Unlike most other Ontario highways, it features concrete pavement as opposed to top-coated asphalt. Because of this, the high-mast lighting along the urban portions of the route feature fewer luminaires than asphalt-surfaced freeways. [20]

Burlington–Vaughan

Highway 407 begins in Burlington within Halton Region at the Freeman Interchange between Highway 403 and the QEW, from which it branches off northward. The six-lane route passes under Brant Street, Upper Middle Road, and Guelph Line (Halton Regional Road 1) before it interchanges with Dundas Street (Halton Regional Road 5, formerly Highway 5). It briefly enters greenspace as it curves gently to the northeast, avoiding the nearby Niagara Escarpment. The route is crossed by Walkers Line, east of which residential subdivisions line the south side and green space lines the north. At an interchange with Appleby Line (Halton Regional Road 20), the highway straightens and travels parallel to Dundas Street before passing over Bronte Creek and under the Canadian National Railway's (CN) Halwest Subdivision. [14] [15]

Highway 407 south of Highway 401; this section follows a north-south alignment to Highway 403 Highway 407ETR at Highway 401.jpg
Highway 407 south of Highway 401; this section follows a north–south alignment to Highway 403

East of Bronte Creek, Highway 407 enters an agricultural area, interspersed with woodlots. It enters Oakville at the Tremaine Road (Halton Regional Road 22) overpass, then gradually swerves to the north as it encounters an interchange with Bronte Road (Halton Regional Road 25, formerly Highway 25). The route crosses Sixteen Mile Creek just north of Glenarchy Conservation Area, then travels parallel to the creek for several kilometres. It swerves north after an interchange with Neyagawa Boulevard, near the hamlet of Glenarchy. After diverging from the creek, it curves northeast, parallel to and north of Burnhamthorpe Road, where it interchanges with Trafalgar Road (Halton Regional Road 3). Highway 407 then encounters Highway 403, where it curves sharply to the northwest, while Highway 403 curves from the southeast to the northeast; resulting in both highways meeting and deflecting at a 90° angle and not crossing each other. [14] [15]

Now travelling parallel to and immediately west of the Halton–Peel regional boundary and Oakville–Mississauga city limits, the six-lane Highway 407 progresses northwest alongside a power transmission corridor, with residential areas to the east and farmland to the west. The route continues as such northwest to Highway 401, passing under Lower Base Line and Eglinton Avenue and interchanging at Britannia Road and Derry Road before crossing the Canadian Pacific Railway's (CP) Galt Subdivision. At Highway 401, the route makes a sharp curve to the northeast, while interconnecting ramps weave across both freeways over several kilometres. It enters Peel Region at the Winston Churchill Boulevard (Peel Regional Road 19) overpass and follows another power transmission corridor just north of the Brampton–Mississauga boundary. [14] [15]

Highway 407 and Derry Road, facing southwest; this section of Highway 407 parallels the boundary between Mississauga (at left) and Milton (at right). Derry and 407.jpg
Highway 407 and Derry Road, facing southwest; this section of Highway 407 parallels the boundary between Mississauga (at left) and Milton (at right).

Highway 407 swerves east and encounters an interchange with Mississauga Road (Peel Regional Road 1) just prior to crossing the Credit River and the Orangeville Brampton Railway, after which it enters the urban GTA. After passing interchanges with Mavis Road (Peel Regional Road 18) and Hurontario Street (formerly Highway 10), the route encounters Highway 410 at another sprawling interchange located over Etobicoke Creek. Over the next 7 kilometres (4.3 mi), the route nudges northward into Brampton, interchanging with Dixie Road (Peel Regional Road 4) and Bramalea Road and meeting another CN railway line, before crossing Steeles Avenue (Peel Regional Road 15). Highway 407 curves back to the northeast as it interchanges with Airport Road (Peel Regional Road 7) and passes beneath another CN line, before encountering the final interchange in Peel Region at Goreway Drive. It crosses the West Humber River and former Highway 50 in Claireville Conservation Area before curving east into Vaughan, in York Region. [14] [15]

Vaughan–Pickering

Highway 407 facing east toward Pine Valley Drive, in Vaughan Highway 407 Overview.jpg
Highway 407 facing east toward Pine Valley Drive, in Vaughan

Immediately after crossing into Vaughan, Highway 407 encounters the first of three large interchanges with other 400-series highways in York Region. The Highway 427 interchange is a four-level partial stack located just north of Steeles Avenue in Vaughan and adjacent to the 407 ETR Concession Company offices. The interchange features weaved ramps which connect to former Highway 27, located just to the east. The route continues eastward, parallel to and between Steeles Avenue and Highway 7. It dives through the Humber River valley alongside a CN line and along the northern border of Thackeray Conservation Lands, passing beneath a CP line. After an interchange with Pine Valley Drive (York Regional Road 57), the route becomes sandwiched between the industrial lands of the Pine Valley Business Park and the Emery Creek Corporate Park. A partial interchange with Weston Road (York Regional Road 56) lies just west of the large four-level stack interchange with Highway 400, the only of its kind in Canada. An interchange with Jane Street (York Regional Road 55) is interwoven into the east side of the Highway 400 interchange, below which pass the tunnels of the Line 1 Yonge–University subway, with the Highway 407 station (with its large commuter parking lot and GO Transit bus terminal serving the highway corridor) located to the south. [14] [15]

Highway 407 at Woodbine Avenue Highway407andWoodbine.JPG
Highway 407 at Woodbine Avenue

Still travelling alongside a power transmission corridor, Highway 407 crosses a complex rail wye which provides access to the CN freight yards to the north. After interchanging with Keele Street (York Regional Road 6), the route gently curves northward, passing under the CN Newmarket Subdivision, which carries the GO Transit Barrie Line and crossing the Don River. It curves back eastward as it interchanges with Dufferin Street (York Regional Road 53), travelling adjacent to and south of Highway 7. After interchanges with Bathurst Street (York Regional Road 38) and Yonge Street (York Regional Road 1), Highway 407 crosses the CN Bala Subdivision, which carries the GO Transit Richmond Hill Line. After an interchange with Bayview Avenue (York Regional Road 34), the highway swerves south and enters Markham. A partial interchange with Leslie Street (York Regional Road 12) precedes the third and final large freeway–freeway junction at Highway 404. [14] [15]

East of Highway 404, the freeway travels generally parallel to the Rouge River. It interchanges with Woodbine Avenue (York Regional Road 8) and Warden Avenue (York Regional Road 65), east of which the route travels alongside a CN line and crosses the GO Transit Unionville Line. Highway 407 continues straight eastward into a residential area, interchanging with Kennedy Road (York Regional Road 3), McCowan Road (York Regional Road 67), and Markham Road (York Regional Road 68), where it crosses the river and diverges from both the CN line and power transmission corridor. The route interchanges with Ninth Line (York Regional Road 69) and Donald Cousens Parkway (York Regional Road 48) before exiting the urban GTA and curving northeast over a CP line and into Rouge Park. [14] [15]

Construction in 2015 of the overpass and off-ramp at Harmony Road in Durham Region, the temporary terminus of the highway from June 20, 2016, until January 2, 2018. Ontario Highway 407 Construction at Harmony Road.JPG
Construction in 2015 of the overpass and off-ramp at Harmony Road in Durham Region, the temporary terminus of the highway from June 20, 2016, until January 2, 2018.

Until the opening of the first phase of 407E in June 2016, the final interchange along Highway 407 was with York–Durham Line (York/Durham Regional Road 30), the boundary between York Region and Durham Region as well as Markham and Pickering. [14] [15]

The route curves eastward, then crosses West Duffins Creek north of the community of Whitevale, south of the future Pickering Airport and the planned community of Seaton. Sandwiched between farm fields, the highway is crossed by North Road, before interchanging with Whites Road (formerly Sideline 26), an interchange which opened in February 2021. [21] Highway 407 ended just south of Brougham at a signalized intersection with Brock Road (Durham Regional Road 1) until the end of 2015, where it continued eastward as Highway 7. [14] [15] A new interchange has been built in conjunction with the provincially maintained and tolled extension, Highway 407E, which was constructed east of this point, and ties in with the current freeway, eliminating the at-grade intersection. [22]

Pickering–Clarington

Sign for the transition between 407 ETR and 407 East, two kilometres west of Brock Road in Pickering. 407 ETR Ends where ON 407 begins.jpg
Sign for the transition between 407 ETR and 407 East, two kilometres west of Brock Road in Pickering.

Immediately east of Brock Road, drivers enter the provincially operated portion of the highway. Right before Brock Road, the freeway turns northeast. After interchanging with Brock Road, the freeway is crossed by Highway 7 and Sideline 14 before it slowly eases due east. The freeway is flanked by farmland is then crossed by Westney Road, Salem Road, where there is a maintenance depot, and Kinsale Road, before interchanging with Lake Ridge Road, which forms the border between Pickering and Whitby. Immediately east of Lake Ridge Road, the freeway meets with Highway 412 at a large Y-interchange.

Highway 407 then curves southeast to bypass the town of Brooklin. It is crossed by Highway 7 once again before interchanging with Highway 12/Baldwin Street and Thickson Road. The freeway becomes parallel with a hydro line briefly. The freeway once again curves northeast, crossing the Whitby/Oshawa border, passing over Thornton Road and Winchester Road before interchanging with Simcoe Street and Harmony Road. The freeway then curves sharply southeast, crossing under the hydro lines it was just parallel to, crossing Winchester Street for the last time, and crossing the Oshawa/Clarington border. The freeway then is crossed by Langmaid Road and Concession Road 6 before turning due east and interchanging with Enfield Road. The freeway passes south of the hamlet of Solina before meeting Highway 418 at another large Y-interchange.

Highway 407 then jogs north of the hamlet of Hampton before interchanging with Bowmanville Avenue. The freeway is crossed by Middle Road, Liberty Street, and Bethesda Road before it turns slightly northeast. The freeway interchanges with Darlington-Clarke Townline with a B4 Parclo interchange, which is the last interchange on the freeway. The freeway then crosses Leskard Road and Best Road, before ending at Highway 35/115 with a modified trumpet interchange.

Both Phase 1 of the 407 East Extension, as far as Harmony Road in Oshawa and Highway 412 opened to traffic on June 20, 2016. [6] Phase 2A of the 407 East Extension, as far as Taunton Road in Clarington opened to traffic on January 2, 2018. [7] Both Phase 2B of the 407 East Extension, as far as Highway 35 and Highway 115 in Clarington and Highway 418 opened to traffic on December 9, 2019. [8]

Tolls

407 Transponder.jpg
Electronic Toll Equipment in Ontario.jpg
Along with transponders, The 407 uses cameras and licence plate recognition technology to toll vehicles

Unlike most other toll highways, Highway 407 features no toll booths. Rather, a system of cameras and transponders allows for automatic toll collection. It is one of the earliest examples of a highway to exclusively use open road tolling. Highway 407 is otherwise designed as a normal freeway; interchanges connect directly to crossroads. A radio antenna detects when a vehicle with a transponder has entered and exited the highway, calculating the toll rate. For vehicles without a transponder, an automatic license plate recognition system is used. In both cases, monthly statements are mailed to users. The automatic plate recognition system is linked to several provincial and U.S. state motor vehicle registries. [23] Toll rates are set by both the 407 ETR and the Province of Ontario for each of the respective sections they own. However, the province set out limitations in the 407 ETR lease contract for maintaining traffic volumes to justify toll rates. Despite this, rates have increased annually against the requests of the provincial government, resulting in several court battles and the general public regarding the route as a luxury. [17]

Plate denial

As part of the contractual agreement with the government, the MTO is required to deny licence plate validation stickers to drivers who have an outstanding 407 ETR bill over 125 days past due. [24] This process was temporarily halted in February 2000 due to numerous false billing claims. Following a judicial decision by the Ontario Divisional Court on November 7, 2005, the Ontario Registrar of Motor Vehicles was ordered to begin denying the validation or issue of Ontario licence plates and vehicle permits for 407 ETR users who have failed to pay owed fees. On November 22, 2005, the MTO announced that it would appeal the decision but would begin to deny plates until the appeal was decided. On February 24, 2006, the Ontario Court of Appeals denied the government leave to appeal the 2005 decision. As a result, plate denial remains in place. [25]

Rates

407 ETR

All dollar amounts listed are Canadian dollars. EB = eastbound, WB = westbound

The rate rose for tolls in 2019 and again in 2020. On December 31, 2019, it was announced that the highway would have seasonal toll rates. [27]

As of February 1, 2020, the base tolls for driving on the 407 ETR are as follows: [28]

Duty ClassLight [29] Heavy [30] Heavy Multi-unit [31]
Zone123412341234
Timeoff-peak25.29¢/km50.58¢/km75.87¢/km
06:00–07:00WB
EB
42.85
43.76
42.83
48.29
46.31
47.43
44.86
42.04
85.70
87.52
85.66
96.58
92.62
94.86
89.72
84.08
128.55
131.28
128.49
144.87
138.93
142.29
134.58
126.12
07:00–09:30WB
EB
48.74
55.13
50.89
56.44
54.43
56.43
54.93
47.83
97.48
110.26
101.78
112.88
108.86
112.86
109.86
95.66
146.22
165.39
152.67
169.32
163.29
169.29
164.79
143.49
09:30–10:30WB
EB
42.53
45.45
44.02
48.29
46.58
47.43
46.58
42.04
85.06
90.90
88.04
96.58
93.16
94.86
93.16
84.08
127.59
136.35
132.06
144.87
139.74
142.29
139.74
126.12
10:30–14:30WB
EB
39.0739.07
40.17
40.17
40.90
39.07
38.47
78.1478.14
80.34
80.34
81.80
78.14
76.94
117.21117.21
120.51
120.51
122.70
117.21
115.41
14:30–15:30
18:00–19:00
WB
EB
51.93
44.04
50.55
48.98
51.01
51.92
43.62
48.61
103.86
88.08
101.10
97.96
102.02
103.84
87.84
97.22
155.79
132.12
151.65
146.94
153.03
155.76
130.86
145.83
15:30–18:00WB
EB
61.14
50.10
55.45
59.00
58.99
62.24
49.56
58.48
122.28
100.20
110.90
118.00
117.98
124.48
99.12
116.96
183.42
150.30
166.35
177.00
176.97
186.72
148.68
175.44
Midday (weekends & holidays)WB
EB
34.63
35.96
35.96¢/km34.6369.26
71.92
71.92¢/km69.26103.89
107.88
107.88¢/km103.89
Minimum charge
(vehicle with transponder)
PeakN/A$19.85/journey$36.95/journey
Off peak$12.80/journey$23.85/journey
Accessory ChargeTrip toll$1/journey$2/journey$3/journey
Additional Charge
Journey without transponder
Video toll$4.20/journey*$50.00/journey**$50.00/journey**
Account fee$3.95
Transponder LeaseAnnually$24.50
Monthly$3.95
  • Starting February 1, 2018, there are 4 zones: 1 from QEW/403 to 401, 2 from 401 to 427, 3 from 427 to 404 and 4 from 404 to 407E (Brock Rd.)
  • The toll rate that applies to a specific trip is determined by the time at which a vehicle enters the highway.
  • Off peak rates are in effect 19:00–06:00 Monday to Friday except public holidays, and 19:00–11:00 Saturday, Sunday and holidays.
  • Midday weekday rates are in effect 10:00–14:30, Mondays to Fridays except for holidays.
  • Midday weekend/holiday rates are in effect 11:00–19:00, Saturday, Sunday and holidays.
  • Peak period rates are in effect 06:00–07:00, 09:00–10:00, 14:30–15:30 and 18:00–19:00, Monday to Friday except for public holidays.
  • Peak hours rates are in effect 07:00–09:00 and 15:30–18:00, Mondays to Fridays except for public holidays.
  • Heavy goods vehicles and lorries are assessed a minimum toll regardless of the length of their trip.
* Light goods vehicles without transponders are assessed an additional video toll. Motorcycles are not charged a video toll because there is rarely a suitable place to mount a transponder.
** Heavy duty vehicles are legally required to have transponders in order to use the highway; offenders may be penalized under the Highway Traffic Act.

Provincially operated section

Highway 407 shield in Oshawa ON 407 Shield June 2016.jpg
Highway 407 shield in Oshawa

To compensate for opening delays, tolling of both the Highway 407 extension and Highway 412 did not commence until February 2017. The tolls also applied to Highway 418 when first opened in December 2019. [26] On April 5, 2022, Highways 412 and 418 became toll-free, however the tolls on the 407 East Extension remained. [32] As of June 1, 2019, the following tolls applies for motorists utilizing this section of the 407. The rate stayed the same in 2018 and rose in 2019.: [33]

Time periodDuty class
Light [33] Heavy [33] Heavy Multi-unit [33]
Peak (weekdays)
(6am–10am and 3pm–7pm)
29.66 ¢/km59.32 ¢/km88.97 ¢/km
Midday (weekdays)
(10am–3pm)
23.52 ¢/km47.04 ¢/km70.57 ¢/km
Midday (weekends & holidays)
(11am–7pm)
22.50 ¢/km45.00 ¢/km67.50 ¢/km
Off-peak (weekdays)
(7pm–6am)
19.43 ¢/km38.86 ¢/km58.29 ¢/km
Off-peak (weekends & holidays)
(7pm–11am)
19.43 ¢/km38.86 ¢/km58.29 ¢/km
  • All end times displayed are rounded up to the nearest minute for simplicity (i.e. 06:00 is actually 5:59:59)
  • The toll rate that applies to a specific trip is determined by the time at which a vehicle enters the highway.
  • Heavy goods vehicles and lorries are assessed a minimum toll regardless of the length of their trip: $3.00 off peak, $5.00 during peak hours.
  • As seen above, the costs of utilizing these provincially owned tollways are less than that of the 407 ETR.
  • Light vehicles without transponders may be assessed an additional video toll.
  • Vehicles weighing over 5,000 kilograms are divided into two categories: Heavy Single Units and Heavy Multiple Units. Heavy Multiple Unit Vehicles will be charged two or three time the passenger rate, depending on the size of the vehicle. [34]
  • All Heavy Unit vehicles are legally required to have transponders in order to use the highways; offenders may be penalized under the Highway Traffic Act.

Financial

Lease ownership

As of August 2022 [35] and unchanged since 2019, [36] ownership of the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited ("407 ETR"), the operator/manager of the highway, is as follows:

Revenue and profit

The concession has been called a "cash cow" for SNC-Lavalin, [38] while local media has commented on the "huge jump" [39] or "soar" [40] in profits.

Income 407
YearRevenue
(millions)
Net Income
(millions)
Annual Net income
increase (decrease)
Interest expense
(millions)
Dividends paid
(millions)
Cumulative
Dividends paid
(millions)
Long-term
debt outstanding (millions)
Approx Average
interest rate
on long-term debt
Net long-term
debt added
(issued - repaid
in millions)
Dividend payout ratio EBIT
(millions)
Times interest earned
(Interest Coverage Ratio)
Expenses (millions)Operating Expenses (millions)
1999$112($50.5)$110$2,890$2,811 [41] [42] $510.561.140.7
2000$189.5($87.3)$166$3,3566.6%$450 [43] [42] $910.598.964.2
2001$244($96.5)$197$0$3,6636.3%$656.8 [43] [44] $1270.6117.469.3
2002$311($99.1)$252$48.5$3,5566.3%($0.2) [45] [44] $1590.6151.6103.5
2003$343.3($75.2)$268$55.3$103.8$3,9236.2%$72 [46] [47] $1870.7162.8109.9
2004$383($86.7)$310$62.9$166.7$4,2685.8%$236 [46] [47] $2230.7160.4105.8
2005$420.2($27.5)$287$85$251.7$4,3475.8%($6.4) [48] [49] $2610.9158.9104.0
2006$455.7$48.5$247$145$397$4,4776.0%$98 [48] [49] 276%$2901.2165.3103.0
2007$519$60.324%$282$120$517$4,5945.2%$113 [50] [51] 199%$3391.2179.9111.3
2008$546.5$11997%$234$135$652$4,6815.6%$67 [50] [51] 113%$3421.5204.2132.2
2009$560$58.2(49%)$372$190$842$4,1035.4%$92 [52] [53] 326%$3831.0177.4116
2010$624$7732%$333$300$1,142$5,2555.4%$317 [52] [53] 389%$4431.3181.1124.2
2011$675$128.367%$335$460$1,602$5,3655.2%$41.7358%$4951.5179.6121.2 [54] [55]
2012$734$174.436%$314$600$2,202$5,7735.0%$390344%$5481.7186.4125.8 [54] [55]
2013$801$248.743%$273$690$2,892$6,2045.0%$460277%$6022.2199136.4 [56] [57]
2014$887$222.9(10%)$365$730$3,622$6,7994.8%$552327%$6571.8230.3151.9 [56] [57]
2015$980$311.239%$336$750$4,372$7,1334.7%$336.7241%$7322.2248.2162.2 [58] [59]
2016$1,101.5$372.920%$383$790$5,162$7,7354.5%$570.8211%$8472.2254.6149.7 [58] [59]
2017$1,267.7$470.126%$372$845$5,607$8,2984.5%$558180%$9982.7269.7163.9 [60] [61] f>
2018$1,390.3$539.014%$390$920$6,927$8,3684.5%$66170%$1,1032.8287179.7 [60] [61]
2019$1,505.3$575.77%$445$1,050$7,977$8,9134.4%$512182%$1,2042.7301.7196.2 [62] [63]
2020$908.6$148.0(74%)$457$563$8,540$9,6274.1%$705.4380%$6431.4266.1168.7 [64]
2021$1,023.1$212.444%$470$600$9,140$9,6814.1%($14.2)282%$7571.6266.3164.1 [65]
2022$1,327.2$435.3105%$470$750$9,890$10,0924.1%$359.8172%$1,0392.2288.4188.4 [66]
Total$17,309$3,679$7,668$9,890N/AN/AN/A$9,444 [61] 269%$12,521N/A$4,796$3,092

Market Valuation

Initial construction cost was pegged at 1.5 billion. [67] The toll concession was sold for $3.1 billion. [67]

In 1998, MPP E. J. Douglas Rollins claimed that the province had as much as $104 billion invested in the highway. [68] [ dubious ]

On October 5, 2010, the Canadian Pension Plan announced that an agreement was reached with the owners of the roadway to purchase 10% stake for $894 million. [69] This implied a value of close to $9 billion for the highway in its then-current state.

In April 2019, SNC-Lavalin Group Inc. announced the sale of 10.01% of the highway to the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (OMERS) for $3.25 billion, implying a $32.5 billion valuation of the entire highway. After the sale, the company would own only 6.76% of the highway. [70] In August 2019, a court cleared the sale of the 10% SNC stake to CPPIB instead of OMERS. [37]

History

Planning and initial construction

Although construction of Highway 407 did not begin until 1987, planning for the bypass of Highway 401 north of Toronto began in the late 1950s. Concepts for the new "dual highway" first appeared in the 1959 plan for Metropolitan Toronto. [3] Land adjacent to several hydro corridors was acquired for the future freeway in the 1960s, but sat vacant as the Ontario Department of Highway (predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO)) opted instead to widen Highway 401 to a twelve-lane collector-express system. The Highway 401 expansion project was considered a success and construction of Highway 407 was shelved for almost thirty years. The plan was revisited in the mid-1980s as congestion in Toronto pushed roads beyond capacity. In 1986, Premier David Peterson was given a helicopter tour of the city during rush-hour; construction of the highway was announced soon thereafter, and began in 1987. [3]

The Ontario government's normal process for highway construction was not possible given the financial constraints of the recession of the early 1990s. The Peterson government sought out private sector partnerships and acquired innovative electronic tolling technology. Two firms bid on the project, with the Canadian Highways International Corporation being selected as the operator of the highway. [71] Financing for the highway was to be paid by user tolls lasting 35 years, after which it would return to the provincial system as a toll-free 400-series highway. [16] The succeeding government of Bob Rae announced on March 31, 1995, that the corridor reserved for Highway 403 between Burlington and Oakville would instead be built as a western extension of Highway 407. [72]

The first segment of Highway 407, between Highway 410 and Highway 404, was ceremonially opened to traffic on June 7, 1997; no tolls were charged for a month to allow motorists to test-drive the freeway. [4] Several other sections were well underway at this point. A 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) extension westwards to Highway 401 was opened just months later on December 13, 1997. [73] That section was connected with Highway 403 to the south on September 4, 1998, [5] with a temporary two lane ramp connecting to Trafalgar Road. [74] In the east, an extension to Markham Road, at what was then the southern terminus of Highway 48, was completed in early 1998. However, due to the protest of local residents and officials concerning traffic spill-off (a scenario revisited with the extension to Oshawa [75] ), the freeway was opened only as far as McCowan Road on February 18. [76] The short segment from McCowan Road to Markham Road remained closed for over a year, as locals feared the funneling of traffic onto Main Street, which is named Markham Road south of the freeway. Both Markham and McCowan were widened to four lanes between Highway 407 and Steeles Avenue at this time. This did not alleviate concerns, but on June 24, 1999, the extension opened to continued protest regardless. [77]

In 2000, the 407 consortium had planned to extend the four lane highway by 16 kilometres eastward from Markham to Brock Road in Pickering by the end of the following year. [78]

The 16 kilometre segment of Highway 407 from Markham to Brock Road in Pickering opened on August 24, 2001. [79]

Privatization and original extensions

407 International Inc. /
407 ETR Concession Company Ltd.
Headquarters,
Owners

When Mike Harris was elected Premier in 1995 on his platform of the Common Sense Revolution, the Ontario government faced an $11 billion annual deficit and a $100 billion debt. Seeking to balance the books, a number of publicly owned services were privatized over the following years. Although initially spared, Highway 407 was sold quickly in the year leading up to the 1999 provincial elections. The highway was leased to a conglomerate of private companies for $3.1 billion. The Ontario corporation, known as 407 International Inc., was initially owned by the Spanish multinational Ferrovial through their subsidiary Cintra Infraestructuras (61.3%), the Montreal-based engineering firm SNC-Lavalin (22.6%) as well as CDP Capital (16.1%). [80] The deal included a 99-year lease agreement with unlimited control over the highway and its tolls, dependent on traffic volume; however, the government maintains the right to build a transport system within the highway right-of-way. [16] It is today described as a "value generating monster" and "cash cow" for SNC-Lavalin, [38] and one of the "worst financial missteps" from any government in Ontario's history. [81] [82]

When purchased, the highway travelled from the junction of Highway 403 in Mississauga to Markham Road in Markham. Extensions westward to the QEW and eastward to Highway 7 and Brock Road in Pickering were constructed by the corporation, as mandated in the lease agreement. [83] The western extension, from Highway 403 southwest to the QEW, was not part of the original Highway 407 concept in 1987; rather, the corridor was originally intended to connect the Hamilton and Mississauga sections of Highway 403. Highway 407 was originally slated to assume the temporary routing for Highway 403 along the Mississauga-Oakville boundary to end at the QEW. However, the Bob Rae led Ontario government altered these plans in 1995, [72] and the corporation constructed this section quickly upon obtaining the lease. Sections opened throughout the middle of 2001: between Neyagawa Boulevard and Highway 403 on June 17; between Bronte Road and Neyagawa Boulevard on June 29; between Dundas Street and Bronte Road on July 18; and between the Freeman Interchange and Dundas Street on July 30. In the east, a final extension between Markham Road and Highway 7 opened a month later on August 30. [5]

Highway 407 East project

Routing of the 407 East project, including two north-south connector freeways in Durham Region, as part of the eastern extension. Highway-407-extensions.png
Routing of the 407 East project, including two north–south connector freeways in Durham Region, as part of the eastern extension.
ON 407's extension in June 2016, before its opening ON 407E extension.jpg
ON 407's extension in June 2016, before its opening

A provincially operated 65-kilometre (40 mi) long extension to the 407 ETR, known as Highway 407 East (or 407E) during planning, began construction in 2012, with the project undertaken in two separate phases. Phase 1 was opened on June 20, 2016, consisting of a 22-kilometre (14 mi) extension to Harmony Road in Oshawa, as well as the 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) Highway 412. [6] The extension was free of tolls until February 1, 2017. [84] Phase 2A, which opened on January 2, 2018, added a 9.6-kilometre (6.0 mi) extension to Taunton Road at the future Highway 418 interchange. [7] Phase 2B, which opened on December 9, 2019, added a 23.3-kilometre (14.5 mi) extension to Highway 35 and Highway 115, as well as the 12.8-kilometre (8.0 mi) Highway 418. [8]

An environmental assessment (EA) to analyze the proposed extension was undertaken in the early 2000s. The assessment also included studies of the two north–south connectors. A preferred route was announced in June 2007, [85] and the EA was completed in June 2009. On March 6, 2007, as part of the FLOW initiative, the Government of Canada and the Province of Ontario confirmed the extension of the 407 to Highway 35 and Highway 115 in Clarington, including the connector highways, with an announced completion date of 2013. [86] On January 27, 2009, the provincial government announced that the extension would be a tolled highway but owned by the province and with tolls set by the province. The announcement also indicated that the province expected to issue a Request for Proposals later in the year. [87] The contract, which is valued at $1.6 billion and includes construction and operation of the highway, was eventually awarded to the same consortium that owns 407 ETR. [88] [89]

A bridge under construction along Highway 7 west of Brooklin in 2012; this was the first project along the new extension. Highway 7 over future 407 panorama.png
A bridge under construction along Highway 7 west of Brooklin in 2012; this was the first project along the new extension.

On June 9, 2010, the MTO approved the extension as far east as Simcoe Street in Oshawa, announcing plans to phase construction of the extension. Local residents and politicians rejected the plan, as had happened with the section between McCowan Road and Markham Road. [75] [76] A motion was proposed in the Ontario Legislature to build the full extension in one project, but failed to pass. Instead, a compromise was issued on March 10, 2011: the first phase would extend Highway 407 to Harmony Road in Oshawa by 2015, including Highway 412; the second phase would then complete the extension to Highway 35 / 115 by 2020, including Highway 418. [90] This timeline was confirmed by Premier Dalton McGuinty on May 24, 2012, [91] and construction began in the first quarter of 2013. [92]

In early December 2015, it was announced that contractor delays would push the opening of the first phase from December 18 to the spring of 2016. [93] The extension did not open until the morning of June 20, 2016, in the last hours of Spring 2016. [6]

On December 9, 2019, the final portion of the 407 East highway, the section of the highways east of and all of Ontario Highway 418 opened to the public, marking the end of the 407 East project. The final portion was originally projected to be completed in 2020. Unlike when the extension originally opened, tolling started immediately on the final portion. The highway now extends east to Ontario Highway 115, providing more options for people living in and around Peterborough to get into Toronto and the western part of the Greater Toronto Area. [94] [95]

Highway widening

Between 2018 and 2019, Highway 407 was widened between Markham Road and Brock Road. The first project, widening the highway to 6 lanes between York-Durham Line and Brock Road, began in Spring 2018 and was completed in August 2018. [96] The second project, which widened the highway to 8 lanes between Markham Road and York-Durham Line, was completed in September 2019. [97]

Controversies

Signage on eastbound Highway 403 in Burlington approaching the Freeman Interchange, where motorists wanting to take 407 ETR must exit to the left. This can potentially cause problems for drivers, such as weaving across traffic to avoid exiting and being billed for accidentally driving on the highway. Ontario-403East to 407ETR-QEW.jpg
Signage on eastbound Highway 403 in Burlington approaching the Freeman Interchange, where motorists wanting to take 407 ETR must exit to the left. This can potentially cause problems for drivers, such as weaving across traffic to avoid exiting and being billed for accidentally driving on the highway.

Highway 407 ETR has been the subject of several controversies over its two decades of existence.

Privatization

The privatization of the road, the toll rate increases, and the 99-year lease period have been widely criticized. [98] :Chapter 2

Safety concerns and PEO report

Cost-savings measures and the ensuing safety concerns resulted in an independent Ontario Provincial Police investigation shortly before the opening of the freeway. [101] An expert panel of engineers, assembled by the Professional Engineers Ontario, released a report outlining concerns regarding the decreased loop ramp radii and a lack of protective guardrail at sharp curves, in addition to the lack of a concrete median barrier to separate the opposite directions of travel. However, it was also argued that the large grass median was sufficient to prevent cross-over collisions, given that Highway 410 has a similar median. [101] [102]

Toll rate approval

The Ontario provincial government has quarrelled with 407 ETR over toll rates and customer service, but is largely tied down by the lease contract. On February 2, 2004, the government delivered notice to 407 ETR that they are considered to be in default of their contract because of 407 ETR's decision to raise toll rates without first obtaining provincial clearance. The court's initial decision sided with 407 ETR: on July 10, 2004, an independent arbitrator affirmed that 407 ETR has the ability to raise toll rates without first consulting the government. The government filed an appeal of this decision but was overruled by an Ontario Superior Court decision released on January 6, 2005; however, a subsequent ruling by the Ontario Court of Appeal on June 13, 2005, granted the government permission to appeal the decision. [103]

The government also faced off against 407 ETR in court regarding plate denial around this time. [25]

The public has accused the 407 ETR of predatory billing practices, including false billing and continued plate denial after bankruptcy. [88] [104] In 2016, after a 4-year legal battle, consumers won an $8 million class action lawsuit. [105]

Comparative toll rates

The 407 ETR and Cobequid Pass Toll Highway (Trans Canada Highway in Nova Scotia) are the only two toll highways (not counting toll bridges on highways) in Canada. [106]

Some other toll rates are:

Future

The future town of Seaton is currently under development with the release of development lands in Durham north of the Gatineau Hydro Corridor and west of Brock Road. This development will include the future Pickering Airport, slated for construction in 2020. Interchanges with future extensions of Rossland Road (at the current North Road overpass, near Whitevale) and Whites Road (which is currently Sideline 26) will be built as part of the large road network planned for the development. [109]

Exit list

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 407, as noted by the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited. [1]  

DivisionLocationkm [1] miExitDestinationsNotes
Halton Burlington 0.0–
1.1
0.0–
0.68
Ontario QEW crown.svg  Queen Elizabeth Way Niagara – Hamilton, Niagara Falls 407 Express Toll Route Traffic Sign.svg 407 ETR western terminus; no access to QEW Toronto-bound; QEW exit 100
Fairview Street, Plains RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
1Ontario 403 crown.svg  Highway 403Hamilton, Brantford Highway 403 exit 80
6.03.75Halton RR 5 jct.svg  Regional Road 5 (Dundas Street)Formerly Highway 5
9.96.29Halton RR 20 jct.svg  Regional Road 20 (Appleby Line)
Oakville 14.08.713Halton RR 25 jct.svg  Regional Road 25 (Bronte Road) – Oakville, Milton Formerly Highway 25
18.911.718Halton RR 4 jct.svg  Regional Road 4 (Neyagawa Boulevard)
22.213.821Halton RR 3 jct.svg  Regional Road 3 (Trafalgar Road) – Oakville, Halton Hills
HaltonPeel boundary MiltonMississauga boundary24.815.424Ontario 403 crown.svg  Highway 403 - Hamilton, Toronto Highway 403 exit 109
28.817.928Halton RR 6 jct.svg  Regional Road 6 west / Peel RR 3 jct.svg  Regional Road 3 east (Britannia Road)
31.919.831Halton RR 7 jct.svg  Regional Road 7 west / Peel RR 5 jct.svg  Regional Road 5 east (Derry Road)
Milton – Mississauga – Halton Hills tripoint 33.9–
35.8
21.1–
22.2
34Ontario 401 crown.svg  Highway 401Toronto, London Signed as exits 34A (east) and 34B (west) eastbound; no access from westbound Highway 407 to eastbound Highway 401 or westbound Highway 401 to eastbound Highway 407; Highway 401 exit 330
34.6–
35.8
21.5–
22.2
 Ontario 413 crown.svg  Highway 413 Possible interchange location for proposed freeway; connection to be incorporated into the Highway 401 interchange complex. [110]
Peel Brampton–Mississauga boundary39.724.739Peel RR 1 jct.svg  Regional Road 1 (Mississauga Road)
Brampton 42.926.742Peel RR 18 jct.svg Regional Road 18 (Mavis Road)
45.228.144 Hurontario Street Formerly Highway 10
47.329.446Ontario 410 crown.svg  Highway 410 Highway 410 exit 5
49.630.848Peel RR 4 jct.svg  Regional Road 4 (Dixie Road)
51.131.850Bramalea RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
54.233.753Peel RR 7 jct.svg  Regional Road 7 (Airport Road)
55.734.654Goreway DriveWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
York Vaughan 58.936.658Ontario 427 crown.svgOntario M502.svg Highway 427  Toronto, Pearson International Airport Highway 427 exit 19
60.237.459RR 27 jct.svg  Regional Road 27 (Highway 27) – Toronto, Barrie Formerly Highway 27
64.239.963RR 57 jct.svg Regional Road 57 (Pine Valley Drive)Changeable message sign eastbound prior to overpass
66.441.365RR 56 jct.svg  Regional Road 56 (Weston Road)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
67.141.766Ontario 400 crown.svg  Highway 400Toronto, Barrie No access to Regional Road 7 (Highway 7) or RR 72 jct.svg  Regional Road 72 (Langstaff Road) via Highway 400; Highway 400 exits 26 (northbound) and 28 (southbound)
68.342.467RR 55 jct.svg  Regional Road 55 (Jane Street)
70.543.869RR 6 jct.svg  Regional Road 6 (Keele Street)
74.046.073RR 53 jct.svg  Regional Road 53 (Dufferin Street)
76.247.375RR 38 jct.svg  Regional Road 38 (Bathurst Street)
Richmond HillMarkham–Vaughan tripoint78.448.777RR 1 jct.svg  Regional Road 1 (Yonge Street)Former Highway 11
Markham80.349.979RR 34 jct.svg  Regional Road 34 (Bayview Avenue)Changeable message sign eastbound prior to overpass
82.451.281RR 12 jct.svg  Regional Road 12 (Leslie Street)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
83.451.883Ontario 404 crown.svg  Highway 404Toronto, Newmarket No access to Regional Road 7 (Highway 7) via Highway 404; Highway 404 exit 26
84.452.484RR 8 jct.svg  Regional Road 8 (Woodbine Avenue)
86.553.786RR 65 jct.svg  Regional Road 65 (Warden Avenue)
88.454.988RR 3 jct.svg  Regional Road 3 (Kennedy Road)
90.556.290RR 67 jct.svg  Regional Road 67 (McCowan Road)
92.657.592RR 68 jct.svg  Regional Road 68 (Markham Road)Former Highway 48
94.758.894RR 69 jct.svg  Regional Road 69 (Ninth Line)New ramps added 2009 - Westbound ramp from northbound Ninth Line. No access to Highway 407 eastbound from Ninth Line northbound, but a ramp is planned to be constructed in 2032–2041 [111]
96.459.995RR 48 jct.svg  Regional Road 48 (Donald Cousens Parkway)No entrance ramps from Donald Cousens Parkway northbound. A ramp from Donald Cousens Parkway Northbound to Highway 407 Eastbound is to be constructed in 2022–2026 [111]
York–Durham boundaryMarkham–Pickering boundary99.461.898RR 30 jct.svg  Regional Road 30 (York–Durham Line)
DurhamPickering100.862.6100Rossland RoadFuture interchange on existing freeway; currently North Road [109]
102.363.6102RR 38 jct.svg  Regional Road 38 (Whites Road)Opened February 2021. Formerly Sideline 26 [109] [112]
106.566.2 RR 1 jct.svg  Regional Road 1 (Brock Road)At-grade intersection closed late 2015; corresponding segments of Brock Rd. now Mowbray Street and Elsa Storry Avenue
108.067.1105RR 1 jct.svg  Regional Road 1 (Brock Road)
107.366.7 Ontario 7 crown.svg  Highway 7 / Sideline 16At-grade intersection with former Brock Rd. alignment closed 2015; former eastern terminus of 407 (2001–2016)
108.067.1407 Express Toll Route Traffic Sign.svg 407 ETR eastern limit ● Ontario 407 Toll.svg Highway 407 western limit
111.269.1108RR 31 jct.svg  Regional Road 31 (Westney Road)Future interchange on existing freeway
112.970.2109Salem RoadFuture interchange on existing freeway. Currently eastbound off/on ramps used by service vehicles only to maintenance facility with no access to Salem Road.
Pickering–Whitby boundary115.371.6111RR 23 jct.svg  Regional Road 23 (Lake Ridge Road)
Whitby116.272.2112Ontario 412 crown toll.svg  Highway 412 Connector freeway to Highway 401
120.374.8118Ontario 12 crown.svg  Highway 12 Orillia
RR 12 jct.svg  Regional Highway 12 (Baldwin Street)
121.875.7120RR 26 jct.svg  Regional Road 26 (Thickson Road)
Oshawa 123.676.8122Thornton RoadFuture interchange on existing freeway
125.477.9124RR 2 jct.svg  Regional Road 2 (Simcoe Street)
128.780.0127RR 33 jct.svg  Regional Road 33 (Harmony Road)Former Eastern Terminus of 407E (Phase One)
Clarington 133.783.1132RR 34 jct.svg  Regional Road 34 (Enfield Road)Opened January 2, 2018
137.085.1135Ontario 418 crown toll.svg  Highway 418 Connector freeway to Highway 401
138.385.9 RR 4 jct.svg  Regional Road 4 (Taunton Road)*Temporary terminus of Highway 407, from January 2, 2018 to September 2019 (Phase 2A)
Phase 2B (2019): Removal of direct 407 access to/from Taunton Road. North–south section of freeway renamed as part of Highway 418. [113]
139.786.8138RR 57 jct.svg  Regional Road 57 (Bowmanville Avenue)Opened on December 9, 2019
146.390.9145Darlington–Clarke TownlineOpened on December 9, 2019
151.494.1Ontario 35 crown.svg Ontario 115 crown.svg  Highway 35  / Highway 115Peterborough, Kingston Ontario 407 Toll.svg Highway 407 eastern terminus; Highway 115 exit 14; Opened on December 9, 2019
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clarington</span> Municipality in Ontario, Canada

Clarington is a lower-tier municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham in Ontario, Canada. It was incorporated in 1973 as the town of Newcastle with the merging of the town of Bowmanville, the Village of Newcastle and the townships of Clarke and Darlington, and was established on January 1 1974. In 1993, the town was renamed Clarington, a portmanteau of the names of the two former townships. Darlington today is largely suburban, while Clarke remains largely rural. Bowmanville is the largest community in the municipality and is the home of the municipal offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regional Municipality of Durham</span> Regional municipality in Ontario, Canada

The Regional Municipality of Durham, informally referred to as Durham Region, is a regional municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada. Located east of Toronto and the Regional Municipality of York, Durham forms the east-end of the Greater Toronto Area and part of the Golden Horseshoe region. It has an area of approximately 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi). The regional government is headquartered in Whitby.

King's Highway 401, commonly referred to as Highway 401 and also known by its official name as the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway or colloquially referred to as the four-oh-one, is a controlled-access 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It stretches 828 kilometres (514 mi) from Windsor in the west to the Ontario–Quebec border in the east. The part of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto is North America's busiest highway, and one of the widest. Together with Quebec Autoroute 20, it forms the road transportation backbone of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, along which over half of Canada's population resides. It is also a Core Route in the National Highway System of Canada. The route is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. The speed limit is 100 km/h (62 mph) throughout its length, with the only exceptions the posted 80 km/h (50 mph) limit westbound in Windsor and in most construction zones, along with a 110 km/h (68 mph) speed limit between Windsor and Tilbury.

The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario linking Toronto with the Niagara Peninsula and Buffalo, New York. The freeway begins at the Peace Bridge in Fort Erie and travels 139.1 kilometres (86.4 mi) around the western end of Lake Ontario, ending at Highway 427 as the physical highway continues as the Gardiner Expressway into downtown Toronto. The QEW is one of Ontario's busiest highways, with an average of close to 200,000 vehicles per day on some sections. Major highway junctions are at Highway 420 in Niagara Falls, Highway 405 in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Highway 406 in St. Catharines, the Red Hill Valley Parkway in Hamilton, Highway 403 and Highway 407 in Burlington, Highway 403 at the Oakville–Mississauga boundary, and Highway 427 in Etobicoke. Within the Regional Municipality of Halton the QEW is signed concurrently with Highway 403. The speed limit is 100 km/h (62 mph) throughout most of its length, with the exceptions being between Hamilton and St. Catharines where the posted limit is 110 km/h (68 mph).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">400-series highways</span> Ontario freeway network

The 400-series highways are a network of controlled-access highways in the Canadian province of Ontario, forming a special subset of the provincial highway system. They are analogous to the Interstate Highway System in the United States or the Autoroute system of neighbouring Quebec, and are regulated by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO). The 400-series designations were introduced in 1952, although Ontario had been constructing divided highways for two decades prior. Initially, only Highways 400, 401 and 402 were numbered; other designations followed in the subsequent decades. The network is situated almost entirely in Southern Ontario, although Highway 400 extends into the more remote northern portion of the province.

The Provincial Highway Network consists of all the roads in Ontario maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO), including those designated as part of the King's Highway, secondary highways, and tertiary roads. Components of the system—comprising 16,900 kilometres (10,500 mi) of roads and 2,880 bridges —range in scale from Highway 401, the busiest highway in North America, to unpaved forestry and mining access roads. The longest highway is nearly 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) long, while the shortest is less than a kilometre. Some roads are unsigned highways, lacking signage to indicate their maintenance by the MTO; these may be remnants of highways that are still under provincial control whose designations were decommissioned, roadway segments left over from realignment projects, or proposed highway corridors.

King's Highway 115, commonly referred to as Highway 115, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects Peterborough with Toronto via Highway 401. The highway begins at a junction with Highway 401 southwest of Newcastle and ends at an at-grade intersection with Highway 7 east of Peterborough.

King's Highway 427, also known as Highway 427 and colloquially as the 427, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that runs from the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) and Gardiner Expressway in Toronto to Major Mackenzie Drive in Vaughan. It is Ontario's second busiest freeway by volume and the third busiest in North America, behind Highway 401 and Interstate 405 in California. Like Highway 401, a portion of the route is divided into a collector-express system with twelve to fourteen continuous lanes. Notable about Highway 427 are its several multi-level interchanges; the junctions with the QEW/Gardiner Expressway and Highway 401 are two of the largest interchanges in Ontario and were constructed between 1967 and 1971, while the interchanges with Highway 409 and Highway 407 were completed in 1992 and 1995, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ontario Highway 7</span> Ontario provincial highway

King's Highway 7, commonly referred to as Highway 7 and historically as the Northern Highway, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. At its peak, Highway 7 measured 716 km (445 mi) in length, stretching from Highway 40 east of Sarnia in Southwestern Ontario to Highway 17 west of Ottawa in Eastern Ontario. However, due in part to the construction of Highways 402 and 407, the province transferred the sections of Highway 7 west of London and through the Greater Toronto Area to county and regional jurisdiction. The highway is now 535.7 km (332.9 mi) long; the western segment begins at Highway 4 north of London and extends 154.1 km (95.8 mi) to Georgetown, while the eastern segment begins at Donald Cousens Parkway in Markham and extends 381.6 km (237.1 mi) to Highway 417 in Ottawa.

King's Highway 404, also known as Highway 404 and colloquially as the 404, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. A continuation of the municipal Don Valley Parkway (DVP) north of Highway 401, it connects Toronto with East Gwillimbury. The 50.1-kilometre (31.1 mi) controlled-access freeway also connects with Highway 407 in Markham, which formed the northeastern ring road of the Greater Toronto Area until the opening of Highway 412 in 2016. Highway 404 provides access to the eastern edge of Richmond Hill, Aurora and Newmarket and the western edge of Whitchurch-Stouffville, in addition to the southern edge of Keswick.

King's Highway 400, commonly referred to as Highway 400, historically as the Toronto–Barrie Highway, and colloquially as the 400, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario linking the city of Toronto in the urban and agricultural south of the province with the scenic and sparsely populated central and northern regions. The portion of the highway between Toronto and Lake Simcoe roughly traces the route of the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, a historic trail between the Lower and Upper Great Lakes. North of Highway 12, in combination with Highway 69, it forms a branch of the Trans-Canada Highway (TCH), the Georgian Bay Route, and is part of the highest-capacity route from southern Ontario to the Canadian West, via a connection with the mainline of the TCH in Sudbury. The highway also serves as the primary route from Toronto to southern Georgian Bay and Muskoka, areas collectively known as cottage country. The highway is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police and has a speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph), except for the section south of Highway 401, where the speed limit is 80 km/h (50 mph).

King's Highway 403, or simply Highway 403, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that travels between Woodstock and Mississauga, branching off from and reuniting with Highway 401 at both ends and travelling south of it through Hamilton and Mississauga. It is concurrent with the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) for 22 km (14 mi) from Burlington to Oakville. The Highway 403 designation was first applied in 1963 to a short stub of freeway branching off the QEW, and the entire route was completed on August 15, 1997, when the section from Brantford to the then-still independent Town of Ancaster was opened to traffic. The section of Highway 403 between Woodstock and Burlington was formally dedicated as the Alexander Graham Bell Parkway on April 27, 2016, in honour of Alexander Graham Bell.

King's Highway 420, commonly referred to as Highway 420, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) with downtown Niagara Falls. It continues east as a limited-access expressway named Niagara Regional Road 420 to connect with the Rainbow Bridge international crossing between Canada and the United States over the Niagara River; this was part of Highway 420 until 1998. West of the QEW, the freeway ends at an at-grade intersection with Montrose Road. The highway has a speed limit of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), making it the only 400-series highway to have a speed limit less than 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) for its entirety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cancelled expressways in Toronto</span> Unbuilt freeways in Toronto, Canada

The cancelled expressways in Toronto were a planned series of expressways in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that were only partially built or cancelled due to public opposition. The system of expressways was intended to spur or handle growth in the suburbs of Toronto, but were opposed by citizens within the city of Toronto proper, citing the demolition of homes and park lands, air pollution, noise and the high cost of construction. The Spadina Expressway, planned since the 1940s, was cancelled in 1971 after being only partially constructed. After the Spadina cancellation, other expressway plans, intended to create a 'ring' around the central core, were abandoned.

King's Highway 48, also known as Highway 48, is a provincially maintained highway in southern Ontario that extends from Major Mackenzie Drive in Markham, through Whitchurch-Stouffville and East Gwillimbury, to Highway 12 south-east of Beaverton. The route is generally rural and straight, passing near several communities within the Regional Municipality of York. The route is 65.2 kilometres (40.5 mi) long. Most part of the road has a speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph), except within town limits, where the speed limit is reduced to 60 km/h (37 mph) or 50 km/h (31 mph).

King's Highway 412, or simply Highway 412, is a controlled-access highway and former tolled highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The route is 8.9 km (5.5 mi) long, connecting Highway 401 with the eastern extension of Highway 407. The route lies entirely within Whitby in the Regional Municipality of Durham, travelling within one kilometre of the border between Whitby and Ajax and Pickering.

King's Highway 418, or simply Highway 418, is a controlled-access highway and former tolled highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The 400-series highway is 9.2 km (5.7 mi) long, travelling through the Regional Municipality of Durham to connect Highway 401 with the eastern extension of Highway 407. The freeway is located entirely within the Municipality of Clarington near Durham Regional Road 34.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donald Cousens Parkway</span> Arterial bypass of Markham

Donald Cousens Parkway or York Regional Road 48, also referred to historically as the Markham Bypass or Markham Bypass Extension, is a regionally-maintained arterial bypass of Markham in the Canadian province of Ontario. Named for former Markham mayor Don Cousens in April 2007, the route initially travelled northward from Copper Creek Drive in Box Grove, south of Highway 407, to Major Mackenzie Drive. A southern extension to Steeles Avenue was later completed and the name Donald Cousens Parkway applied along the extension to Ninth Line. In addition to its role of funneling through-traffic around downtown Markham, the route serves as a boundary to residential development as land to the north and east are part of the protected Rouge National Urban Park and southwest limits of the planned Pickering Airport.

COMPASS, also referred to as Freeway Traffic Management System, is a system run by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) to monitor and manage the flow of traffic on various roads in Ontario.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Map / Toll Calculator". 407 ETR. December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  2. "Design - Highway 407 Project". Highway407east.com. October 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Sewell, John (2009). The Shape of the Suburbs: Understanding Toronto's Sprawl. University of Toronto Press. p. 72. ISBN   978-0-8020-9884-9 . Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 Mitchell, Bob (June 6, 1997). "At Last – Opening Bell Tolls for the 407". News. The Toronto Star. pp. A1, A6.
  5. 1 2 3 Settlement of Claim of Richard Prendiville (PDF) (Report). Ontario Superior Court of Justice. December 12, 2001. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hwy. 407 eastern extension opens between Pickering and Oshawa". Inside Toronto. June 21, 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Ontario Opens New Section of Highway in Durham Region". Ontario Newsroom. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Extension of Ontario Hwy. 407, new Hwy. 418 open east of Toronto". On-Site. December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  9. Allen, Paddy (July 11, 2011). "Carmageddon: the world's busiest roads". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Ltd. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  10. Maier, Hanna (October 9, 2007). "Chapter 2". Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada (Report). Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved May 1, 2010. The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004 and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000 vehicles.
  11. "Highway 407 Act, 1998, Sections 12(1) and 12(2)". Service Ontario e-Laws. July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  12. Canadian Press (February 15, 2013). "Highway 407 Profits Soar". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  13. 1 2 Regg Cohn, Martin (March 30, 2015). "PC blunder over Highway 407 looms over Liberals on Hydro: Cohn". Toronto Star. Retrieved December 6, 2017. The 407 deal is now considered a financial blunder on a par with Newfoundland's lease of Churchill Falls to Quebec, and China's surrender of Hong Kong to Britain, for equally ill-fated 99-year leases.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Golden Horseshoe (Map). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler Ltd. 2011. pp.  258, 353–357, 451–453, 457–459, 464, 469–470, 474–475. § H2–9, V3–Z42, Y8–R56. ISBN   978-1-55198-213-7.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Google (July 19, 2014). "Highway 407 - Length and Route" (Map). Google Maps . Google. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Trautman, Jim (May 11, 2010). "Did Ontario Taxpayers Get Taken For a Ride on Highway 407?". Eye Weekly. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  17. 1 2 McGran, Kevin (January 4, 2003). "407 is the Road Less Travelled Due to Highway's Rising Tolls". The Toronto Star. p. A18.
  18. "Usage Statistics". 407 ETR. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  19. Wolfe, Sarah. "Company Reports - 407 ETR: Drive the Open Road". Business Review Canada. White Digital Media Group. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  20. The Design and Construction of Concrete Pavements for Highway 407 ETR - Express Toll Route (Report). Transportation Association of Canada. 1997.
  21. "407 ETR Opens new access at Whites Road serving the Seaton community". 407 ETR. 407 ETR. February 5, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  22. Warren, Jeff; Dinerman, Alla (February 2013). 407 East Brock Road Interchange: Design and Construction Report (PDF) (Report). MMM Group. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  23. "Tolls Explained". 407 ETR. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  24. The Highway 407 Act, Section 22
  25. 1 2 "Court of Appeal Denies Government's Request to Appeal Plate Denial Decision for 407 ETR Debts". 407 ETR. February 26, 2006. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 "Tolling". Highway 407 East. 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  27. "407 ETR introducing seasonal toll rates to keep traffic moving". www.407etr.com. 407 ETR. December 31, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  28. "Complete Fee Details". 407 ETR. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  29. "Current Rate Chart". 407 ETR. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  30. "Current Rate Chart". 407 ETR. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  31. "Current Rate Chart". 407 ETR. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  32. Yelich, Ivana; Brasier, Dakota; Ikotun, Simisola (February 18, 2022). "Ontario Government Removing Tolls on Highways 412 and 418" (Press release). Office of the Premier. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "Major highway projects - Toll Rates". Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO). July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  34. "Major highway projects – Toll Rates". Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO). July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  35. "407 ETR – Financial Information" . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Hussain, Yadullah (April 5, 2019). "Troubled SNC-Lavalin to net $3.25B after partial exit from 407 highway". The Financial Post. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  37. 1 2 3 "Court clears way for SNC-Lavalin to close $3.25B sale of stake in Hwy. 407". The Hamilton Spectator . Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  38. 1 2 Zochodne, Geoff (September 27, 2017). "Highway 407 could be worth up to $45B in a decade, and that's good news for SNC Lavalin". Financial Post. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  39. "Highway 407 toll operator reports huge jump in profits". Guelph Mercury. July 12, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  40. Canadian Press (February 15, 2013). "Highway 407 profits soar". The Toronto Star. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  41. "407 ET Concession Company Ltd Audited annual financial statements".
  42. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2000". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  43. 1 2 "407 International Audited annual financial statements".
  44. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2002". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  45. "407 International Reports $75.2 Million in Loss for 2003".
  46. 1 2 "407 International Reports $86.7 Million Loss for 2004".
  47. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2004". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  48. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2006 Results".
  49. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2006". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  50. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2008 Results".
  51. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2008". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  52. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2010 Results".
  53. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2010". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  54. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2012 Results".
  55. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2012". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  56. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2014 Results".
  57. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2014". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  58. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2016 Results".
  59. 1 2 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2016 and 2015". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  60. 1 2 "407 International Reports 2018 Results". www.407etr.com. February 7, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  61. 1 2 3 "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2018 and 2017". sedar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  62. "407 International Reports 2019 Results". www.407etr.com. February 19, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  63. "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2019 and 2018". sedar.com. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  64. "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2020" (PDF).
  65. "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2021 and 2020". sedar.com. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  66. "407 International Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Dec 31, 2022" (PDF). 407etr.com. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  67. 1 2 "Highway 407 sold". CBC News. April 14, 1999. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  68. "Highway 407 Act, 1998". Hansard Issue L047 (Report). Legislative Assembly of Ontario. October 21, 1998. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  69. Alexander, Doug (October 5, 2010). "CPP Investment Board to Buy 10% of 407 Toll Road for About $878 Million". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  70. 1 2 Zochodne, Geoff (April 9, 2019). "For whom the road tolls: Ontario's $32.5 billion highway highlights private asset boom". Financial Post . Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  71. "The Highway 407 Hijack – How Ontario Became a Have Not Province Pt 5". D, Salman. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  72. 1 2 Boyle, Theresa (April 1, 1995). "Rae Announces 407 Extension". News. The Toronto Star. p. A12. Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway 403 as part of Highway 407.
  73. Mitchell, Bob (December 13, 1997). "Highway 407 Extends to West". News. The Toronto Star. p. A5. Highway 407's 13 kilometre western extension opens today from Highway 410 in Brampton to Highway 401 in Mississauga.
  74. Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. 1990–91. § K8. Retrieved November 20, 2021 via Archives of Ontario.
  75. 1 2 Richard, Katie. ""Crippling Impacts" for 407 Phase-in". The Oshawa Express. Dowellman Publishing Corp. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  76. 1 2 Mitchell, Bob; Keung, Nicholas (February 18, 1998). "Highway 407 Grows a Controversial 7 Kilometres". Greater Toronto. The Toronto Star. p. B1, B3. Highway 407 grows again today with the opening of a controversial seven-kilometre stretch from Highway 404 to McCowan Road. As of 2:30 p.m., motorists will be able to travel Canada's first tollway from Highway 401 on the Mississauga/Milton border to McCowan Rd. in Markham.
  77. Swainson, Gail (June 28, 1999). "Highway Bypass Put on Fast Track". Greater Toronto. The Toronto Star. p. B5. The eastern section of Highway 407, running from McCowan Rd. to Markham Rd., opened Thursday to howls of protest from Markham residents.
  78. Coalition protests Hwy. 407 extension, "The Globe and Mail", March 7, 2000
  79. 407 Express Toll Route (ETR), Ontario, "roadtraffic-technology.com"
  80. "Ontario Province 'to own' highway 407 extension". Infrastructure Investor. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  81. 1 2 Siekierska, Alicja (April 5, 2019). "Worst deal ever? The 407 is worth $30B today – Ontario sold it for $3.1B in 1999". ca.finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  82. McQuaig, Linda (June 5, 2019). "Doug Ford should cancel Highway 407 contract | The Star". thestar.com. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  83. "History". 407 ETR. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  84. "Highway 407 extension opens in Durham Region". 680 News Toronto. June 20, 2016.
  85. Highway 407 East Technically Recommended Route (PDF) (Report). 407 East. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  86. "Canada's New Government Announces Investment to Cut Commute Times, Clear the Air and Drive the Economy in the Greater Toronto Area". Prime Minister of Canada. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  87. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (January 27, 2009). "Province To Own Highway 407 Extension". CNW Group. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  88. 1 2 Poisson, Jayme (May 23, 2012). "Spanish Firm Behind 407 ETR Will Help Manage $1B Eastern Extension of the Toll Road". The Toronto Star. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  89. The Canadian Press (May 24, 2012). "McGuinty Announces $1B Extension of Highway 407". CP24. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  90. "Liberals to Extend Highway 407". Oshawa This Week. Metroland Media. March 10, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  91. The Canadian Press (May 24, 2012). "Eastward Extension of Highway 407 Coming, Tolls Will Be 'Reasonable'". Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  92. Zochodne, Geoff (July 24, 2013). "Hwy 407's Path of Construction" (PDF). The Oshawa Express. White Digital Media Group. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  93. Gilligan, Keith (December 4, 2015). "Opening of Hwy. 407 expansion through Oshawa delayed until 2016". Oshawa This Week. Metroland Media. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  94. "Final phase of Hwy. 407 extension near Peterborough to open 'ahead of schedule'". Global News. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  95. "Final stretch of Hwy. 407, Hwy. 418 open Monday". toronto.citynews.ca. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  96. www.407etr.com. "Construction | 407 ETR". www.407etr.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  97. Newswire (September 25, 2019). "407 ETR opens new lane between Markham Road and York-Durham Line". Rock to Road. Annex Business Media. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  98. 1 2 3 Linda McQuaig (2019). The Sport and Prey of Capitalists: How the Rich Are Stealing Canada's Public Wealth. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN   978-1-45974-366-3.
  99. "Highway 407 Revisited – smart tollroad extension" . Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  100. Smith, Graeme (January 9, 2002). "Bank values Highway 407 at four times the sale price". theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  101. 1 2 Gooderham, Mary (April 5, 1997). "407 Builders Scrimped on Safety: Report". The Globe & Mail. p. A8.
  102. Robinson, John; et al. (March 25, 1997). Report of the Highway 407 Safety Review Committee (Report). Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  103. "Court Grants Leave to Appeal Ruling Regarding Tolls". 407 ETR. June 13, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  104. Allen, Kate (May 16, 2012). "Drivers Fight 407 ETR's Right to Collect Toll Debts After Bankruptcy". The Toronto Star. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  105. O’Shea, Sean (November 4, 2016). "Highway 407 to pay consumers, lawyers $8M in class action lawsuit settlement". Global News. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  106. 1 2 3 4 Hauch, Valerie (January 31, 2012). "Think Highway 407 tolls are bad? Trying driving in Orange County, California". The Toronto Star. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  107. "Toll and Distance Calculator". New York State Thruway Authority. April 9, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  108. "Tolls & Fees". www.cobequidpass.com. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  109. 1 2 3 "Seaton Report" (PDF). WDRA. April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  110. "Preferred Route Announcement" (PDF) (Press release). Aecom. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  111. 1 2 "York Region Transportation Master Plan Appendix A- Road Projects (Part 4)" (PDF). York Region. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  112. "407 ETR Opens new access at Whites Road serving the Seaton community". NewsWire. February 5, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  113. "Next phase of Hwy. 407 from Oshawa to Clarington will open in early January, 2018". DurhamRegion.com. December 8, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2018. Ministry officials explained Friday morning that in the interim, the north-south section from Highway 407 to Taunton will also be called Highway 407. Once the full north-south toll road from Highway 401 to Highway 407 is complete in two years, the name will revert to Highway 418.
Template:Attached KML/Ontario Highway 407
KML is from Wikidata
Official links
Other links