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This local electoral calendar for 2018 lists the subnational elections to be held in 2018 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referendums are also included.
By-elections, also spelled bye-elections, are used to fill elected offices that have become vacant between general elections.
This article provides information on elections and election results in Austria.
France is a representative democracy. Public officials in the legislative and executive branches are either elected by the citizens or appointed by elected officials. Referendums may also be called to consult the French citizenry directly on a particular question, especially one which concerns amendment to the Constitution.
Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal, state, and local levels. At the federal level, the nation's head of state, the President, is elected indirectly by the people of each state, through an Electoral College. Today, these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state. All members of the federal legislature, the Congress, are directly elected by the people of each state. There are many elected offices at state level, each state having at least an elective Governor and legislature. There are also elected offices at the local level, in counties, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, and villages. According to a study by political scientist Jennifer Lawless, there were 519,682 elected officials in the United States as of 2012.
The Japanese political process has three types of elections: general elections to the House of Representatives held every four years, elections to the House of Councillors held every three years to choose one-half of its members, and local elections held every four years for offices in prefectures, cities, and villages. Elections are supervised by election committees at each administrative level under the general direction of the Central Election Administration Committee, an attached organization to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC). The minimum voting age in Japan's non-compulsory electoral system was reduced from twenty to eighteen years in June 2016. Voters must satisfy a three-month residency requirement before being allowed to cast a ballot.
There are six types of elections in the United Kingdom: elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elections to devolved parliaments and assemblies, elections to the European Parliament, local elections, mayoral elections and Police and Crime Commissioner elections. Within each of those categories, there may be by-elections as well as general elections. Elections are held on Election Day, which is conventionally a Thursday. Since the passing of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 for general elections, all six types of elections are held after fixed periods, though early elections to parliament and the devolved assemblies and parliaments can occur in certain situations. Currently, six electoral systems are used: the single member plurality system, the multi member plurality system, party-list proportional representation, the single transferable vote, the additional member system and the supplementary vote.
This local electoral calendar for the year 2011 lists the subnational elections held in 2011 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referenda are also included.
This local electoral calendar for the year 2012 lists the subnational elections held in 2012 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referenda are also included.
This local electoral calendar for 2013 lists the subnational elections held in 2013 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referenda are also included.
This local electoral calendar for 2015 lists the subnational elections held in 2015 in de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referenda are also included.
This local electoral calendar for 2014 lists the subnational elections held in 2014 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referenda are also included.
This local electoral calendar for 2016 lists the subnational elections held in 2016 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referenda are also included.
This local electoral calendar for 2017 lists the subnational elections held in 2017 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referendums are also included.
This local electoral calendar for 2019 lists the subnational elections to be held in 2019 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states. By-elections and sub-national referendums are also included.