Elections by country

Further information: Election

For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

Contents: 

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Y
• Z

A

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Abkhazia	Direct election [1]		Direct election [1]
	Afghanistan	Autocrat elected by legislature [2] [3] [4]	Appointment by autocrat [2]	Appointment by autocrat [5]
	Åland	President of Finland	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Albania	Election by legislature [6]	Election by legislature [6]	Direct election [6]
	Algeria	Direct election [7]	Election by legislature [7]	Direct election [7]	Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President [7]
	American Samoa	President of the United States [8]	Direct election [8]	Direct election [8]	Election by regional governing councils [8]
	Andorra	The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state [9]	Election by legislature [9]	Direct election [9]
	Angola	Election by legislature [10]		Direct election [10]
	Anguilla	Monarchy [11]	Election by legislature [11]	Direct election and appointments [11]
	Antigua and Barbuda	Monarchy [12]	Election by legislature [12]	Direct election [12]	Appointments [12]
	Argentina	Direct election [13]		Direct election [13]
	Armenia	Election by Legislature	Election by Legislature	Direct election [14]
	Aruba	Monarch of the Netherlands [15]	Election by legislature [15]	Direct election [15]
	Australia	Monarchy [16]	Election by legislature [16]	Direct election [16]
	Austria	Direct election [17]	Election by legislature [17]	Direct election [17]	Indirect election [17]
	Azerbaijan	Direct election [18]	Appointment by head of state [18]	Direct election [18]

B

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Bahamas	Monarchy [19]	Election by legislature [19]	Direct election [19]	Appointments [19]
	Bahrain	Monarchy [20]	Appointment by head of state [20]	Direct election [20]	Appointments [20]
	Bangladesh	Election by legislature [21]	Election by legislature [21]	Direct and indirect election [21]
	Barbados	Election by legislature [22]	Election by legislature [21]	Direct election [22]	Appointments [22]
	Belarus	Direct election [23]	Appointment by head of state [23]	Direct election [23]	Indirect election and appointments [23]
	Belgium	Monarchy [24]	Election by legislature [24]	Direct election [24]	Indirect election [24]
	Belize	Monarchy [25]	Election by legislature [25]	Direct election [25]	Appointments [25]
	Benin	Direct election [26]		Direct election [26]
	Bermuda	Monarchy [27]	Election by legislature [27]	Direct election [27]	Appointments [27]
	Bhutan	Monarchy [28]	Elected by legislature [28]	Direct election [28]	Direct election and appointments [28]
	Bolivia	Direct election [29]		Direct election [29]
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates [30]	Appointment by head of state [30]	Direct election [30]	Indirect election [30]
	Botswana	Election by legislature [31]		Direct election [31]	Hereditary and appointments [31]
	Brazil	Direct election [32]		Direct election [32]	Direct election [32]
	British Virgin Islands	Monarchy [33]	Election by legislature [33]	Direct election [33]
	Brunei	Monarchy [34]		Appointments by head of state [34]
	Bulgaria	Direct election [35]	Election by legislature [35]	Direct election [35]
	Burkina Faso	Direct election [36]	Appointment by head of state [36]	Direct election [36]
	Burma see Myanmar
	Burundi	Direct election [37]		Direct election and co-option [37]	Indirect election [37]

C

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
	Cambodia	Monarch elected by Royal Council [38]	Election by lower house of legislature [38]	Direct election [38]	Indirect election and appointments [38]
	Cameroon	Direct election [39]	Appointment by head of state [39]	Direct election [39]	Indirect election and appointments [39]
	Canada	Monarchy [40]	Election by lower house of legislature [40]	Direct election [40]	Appointments [40]
	Cape Verde	Direct election [41]	Appointment by head of state [41]	Direct election [41]
	Cayman Islands	Monarchy [42]	Election by legislature [42]	Direct election and appointments [42]
	Central African Republic	Direct election [43]	Appointment by head of state [44]	Direct election [43]
	Chad	Direct election [45]	Appointment by head of state [45]	Direct election [45]
	Chile	Direct election [46]		Direct election [46]
	China	Election by legislature [47]	Appointment by head of state [47]	Indirect election [47]
	Colombia	Direct election [48]		Direct election [48]	Direct election [48]
	Comoros	Direct election [49]		Direct and indirect election [49]
	Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
	Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
	Cook Islands	Monarchy [50]	Election by legislature [50]	Direct election [50]
	Costa Rica	Direct election [51]		Direct election [51]
	Côte d'Ivoire	Direct election [52]	Appointment by head of state [52]	Direct election [52]
	Croatia	Direct election [53]	Election by legislature [53]	Direct election [53]
	Cuba	Election by legislature [54]		Direct election [54]
	Curaçao	Monarch of the Netherlands [55]	Election by legislature [55]	Direct election [55]
	Cyprus	Direct election [56]		Direct election [56]
	Czech Republic	Direct election [57]	Appointment by head of state [57]	Direct election [57]

D

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Direct election [58]	Appointment by head of state [58]	Direct election [58]	Indirect election [58]
	Denmark	Monarchy [59]	Election by legislature [59]	Direct election [59]
	Djibouti	Direct election [60]	Appointment by head of state [60]	Direct election [60]
	Dominica	Election by legislature [61]	Appointment by head of state [61]	Direct election and appointments [61]
	Dominican Republic	Direct election [62]		Direct election [62]

E

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	East Timor	Direct election [63]	Election by legislature [63]	Direct election [63]
	Ecuador	Direct election [64]		Direct election [64]
	Egypt	Direct election [65]	Appointment by head of state [65]	Direct election and appointments [65]
	El Salvador	Direct election [66]		Direct election [66]
	Equatorial Guinea	Direct election [67]	Appointment by head of state [67]	Direct election [67]	Direct election and appointments [67]
	Eritrea	Election by legislature [68]		Direct and indirect election [68]
	Estonia	Election by legislature and/or electoral college [69]	Appointment by head of state [69]	Direct election [69]
	Eswatini	Monarchy [70]	Appointment by head of state [70]	Election by traditional local councils and appointments [70]	Election by lower house and appointments [70]
	Ethiopia	Election by legislature [71]	Election by legislature [71]	Direct election [71]	Indirect election [71]

F

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Falkland Islands	Monarchy [72]	Indirect appointment by monarch [72]	Direct election and appointments [72]
	Faroe Islands	Monarch of Denmark [73]	Election by legislature [73]	Direct election [73]
	Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
	Fiji	Election by legislature [74]	Appointment by president [74]	Direct election [74]
	Finland	Direct election [75]	Election by legislature [75]	Direct election [75]
	France	Direct election [76]	Appointment by president [76]	Direct election [76]	Indirect election [76]
	French Polynesia	President of France [77]	Election by legislature [77]	Direct election [77]

G

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Gabon	Direct election [78]	Appointment by head of state [78]	Direct election [78]	Indirect election [78]
	Gambia	Direct election [79]		Direct election and appointments [79]
	Georgia	Direct election [80]	Election by legislature [80]	Direct election [80]
	Germany	Election by electoral college [81]	Election by legislature [81]	Direct election [81]	Representation of state governments [81]
	Ghana	Direct election [82]		Direct election [82]
	Gibraltar	Monarchy [83]	Election by legislature [83]	Direct and indirect election [83]
	Greece	Election by legislature [84]	Election by legislature [84]	Direct election [84]
	Greenland	Monarch of Denmark [85]	Election by legislature [85]	Direct election [85]
	Grenada	Monarchy [86]	Election by legislature [86]	Direct election [86]	Appointment [86]
	Guam	President of the United States [87]	Direct election [87]	Direct election [87]
	Guatemala	Direct election [88]		Direct election [88]
	Guernsey	Monarchy [89]	Election by legislature [89]	Direct election [89]
	Guinea	Direct election [90]	Appointment by head of state [90]	Direct election [90]
	Guinea-Bissau	Direct election [91]	Appointment by head of state [91]	Direct election [91]
	Guyana	Election by legislature [92]		Direct election [92]

H

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Haiti	Direct election [93]	Appointment by head of state [94]	Direct election [93]
	Honduras	Direct election [95]		Direct election [95]
	Hong Kong	Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council [96]	Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council [96]	Direct election and indirect election [96]
	Holy See see Vatican City
	Hungary	Election by legislature [97]	Election by legislature [97]	Direct election [97]

I

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Iceland	Direct election [98]	Election by legislature [98]	Direct election [98]
	India	Election by electoral college [99]	Election by legislature [99]	Direct election [99]	Indirect election [99]
	Indonesia	Direct election [100]		Direct election [100]
	Iran	Election by Assembly of Experts [101]	Direct election [101]	Direct election and appointment [101]
	Iraq	Election by legislature [102]	Election by legislature [102]	Direct election [102]
	Ireland	Direct election [103]	Election by lower house of legislature [103]	Direct election [103]	Election by functional constituencies and appointment [103]
	Isle of Man	Monarchy [104]	Election by legislature [104]	Direct election [104]	Indirect election/ex officio [104]
	Israel	Election by legislature [105]	Appointment by president [106]	Direct election [105]
	Italy	Election by legislature [107]	Appointment by president [107]	Direct election [107]

J

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Jamaica	Monarchy [108]	Election by lower house of legislature [108]	Direct election [108]	Appointment [108]
	Japan	Monarchy [109]	Election by lower house of legislature [109]	Direct election [109]
	Jersey	Monarchy [110]	Election by legislature [110]	Direct election [110]
	Jordan	Monarchy [111]	Appointment by monarch [111]	Direct election [111]	Appointment by monarch [111]

K

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Kazakhstan	Direct election [112]	Appointment by head of state [112]	Direct and indirect election [112]	Indirect election and appointments [112]
	Kenya	Direct election [113]		Direct election and appointments [113]	Direct election [113]
	Kiribati	Direct election [114]		Direct election and appointments [114]
	Korea, North see North Korea
	Korea, South see South Korea
	Kosovo	Election by legislature [115]	Election by legislature [115]	Direct election [115]
	Kuwait	Monarchy [116]	Appointment by head of state [116]	Direct election and appointments [116]
	Kyrgyzstan	Direct election [117]	Election by legislature [117]	Direct election [117]

L

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Laos	Election by legislature [118]	Election by legislature [118]	Direct election [118]
	Latvia	Election by legislature [119]	Appointment by head of state [119]	Direct election [119]
	Lebanon	Election by legislature [120]	Appointment by head of state [120]	Direct election [120]
	Lesotho	Monarchy [121]	Election by lower house of legislature [121]	Direct election [121]	Appointments [121]
	Liberia	Direct election [122]		Direct election [122]	Direct election [122]
	Libya	Head of Presidential Council [123]		Direct election [124]
	Liechtenstein	Monarchy [125]	Election by legislature [125]	Direct election [125]
	Lithuania	Direct election [126]	Appointment by head of state [126]	Direct election [126]
	Luxembourg	Monarchy [127]	Election by legislature [127]	Direct election [127]

M

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Macau	Election by election committee [128]	Election by election committee [128]	Direct election, indirect election, and appointments [128]
	Madagascar	Direct election [129]	Election by lower house of legislature [129]	Direct election [129]	Indirect election and appointments [129]
	Malawi	Direct election [130]		Direct election [130]
	Malaysia	Election by the rulers of the Malay states [131]	Election by lower house of legislature [131]	Direct election [131]	Indirect election and appointments [131]
	Maldives	Direct election [132]		Direct election [132]
	Mali	Direct election [133]	Appointment by head of state [133]	Direct election [133]
	Malta	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Marshall Islands	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Mauritania	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
	Mauritius	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Mexico	Direct election		Direct election	Direct election
	Micronesia	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Moldova	Direct election		Direct election
	Monaco	Monarchy		Direct election
	Mongolia	Direct election		Direct election
	Montenegro	Direct election		Direct election
	Montserrat	Monarchy [134]	Election by legislature [134]	Direct election [134]
	Morocco	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and election by functional groups
	Mozambique	Direct election		Direct election
	Myanmar	Election by legislature		Direct election and appointments

N

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Nagorno Karabakh	Direct election		Direct election
	Namibia	Direct election [135]		Direct election [135]	Indirect election [135]
	Nauru	Election by legislature [136]		Direct election [136]
	Nepal	Indirect election [137]	Election by legislature [137]	Direct election [137]	Indirect election and appointments [137]
	Netherlands	Monarchy [138]	Election by legislature [138]	Direct election [138]	Indirect election [138]
	New Caledonia	President of France [139]	Election by legislature [139]	Indirect election [139]
	New Zealand	Monarchy [140]	Election by legislature [140]	Direct election [140]
	Nicaragua	Direct election [141]		Direct election and ex officio [141]
	Niger	Direct election [142]	Appointment by head of state [142]	Direct election [142]
	Nigeria	Direct election		Direct election
	Niue	Monarchy [143]	Election by legislature [143]	Direct election [143]
	Norfolk Island	Monarchy [144]	Indirect appointment by head of state [144]	Direct election [144]
	North Korea	Elected by legislature [145]		Direct election
	North Macedonia	Direct election [146]	Election by legislature [146]	Direct election [146]
	Northern Cyprus	Direct election		Direct election
	Northern Mariana Islands	President of the United States [147]	Direct election [147]	Direct election [147]
	Norway	Monarchy		Direct election

O

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Oman	Monarchy [148]		Indirect election [148]	Appointments [148]

P

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Pakistan	Election by legislature		Direct election	Indirect election
	Palau	Direct election		Direct election
	Palestine	Direct election		Direct election
	Panama	Direct election		Direct election
	Papua New Guinea	Monarchy [149]	Election by legislature [149]	Direct election [149]
	Paraguay	Direct election		Direct election
	People's Republic of China see China
	Peru	Direct election		Direct election
	Philippines	Direct election		Direct election
	Pitcairn Islands	Monarchy [150]	Direct election [150]	Direct election and appointment [150]
	Poland	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Portugal	Direct election	Appointment by head of state [151]	Direct election
	Puerto Rico	President of the United States [152]	Direct election [152]	Direct election [152]

Q

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Qatar	Monarchy [153]	Appointed by monarch [153]	Appointed by monarch [153]

R

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Republic of China see Taiwan
	Republic of the Congo	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
	Romania	Direct election [154]	Appointed by head of state [154]	Direct election [154]
	Russia	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Rwanda	Direct election [155]	Appointment by head of state [155]	Direct election and appointments [155]	Indirect election and appointments [155]

S

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Election by legislature [156]	Appointment by head of state [157]	Direct election [158]
	Saint Helena	Monarchy [159]	Appointment by head of state [159]	Direct election and appointments [159]
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Monarchy [160]	Election by legislature [160]	Direct election and appointments [160]
	Saint Lucia	Monarchy		Direct election	Appointments
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	President of France [161]	Election by legislature [161]	Direct election [161]
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Monarchy		Direct election and appointments
	Samoa	Election by legislature		Direct election
	San Marino	Election by legislature		Direct election
	São Tomé and Príncipe	Direct election		Direct election
	Saudi Arabia	Monarchy [162]		Appointment by monarch [162]
	Senegal	Direct election		Direct election
	Serbia	Direct election		Direct election
	Seychelles	Direct election		Direct election
	Sierra Leone	Direct election		Direct election
	Singapore	Direct election		Direct election
	Sint Maarten	Monarch of the Netherlands [163]	Election by legislature [163]	Direct election [163]
	Slovakia	Direct election		Direct election
	Slovenia	Direct election		Direct election	Representation of interest groups
	Solomon Islands	Monarchy [164]	Election by legislature [164]	Direct election [164]
	Somalia	Direct election		Transition
	Somaliland	Direct election		Direct election	Traditional leaders
	South Africa	Election by lower house of legislature [165]		Direct election [165]	Indirect election [165]
	South Korea	Direct election	Appointed by head of state	Direct election
	South Ossetia	Direct election		Direct election
	South Sudan	Direct election		Direct election
	Spain	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Direct and indirect election
	Sri Lanka	Direct election		Direct election
	Sudan	Direct election		Appointments due to transition	Indirect election
	Suriname	Election by electoral college		Direct election
	Sweden	Monarchy [166]	Election by legislature [166]	Direct election [166]
	Switzerland	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Syria	Approval by referendum		Direct election

T

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Taiwan	Direct election		Direct election
	Tajikistan	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Tanzania	Direct election		Direct election
	Thailand	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
	Timor-Leste see East Timor
	Togo	Direct election		Direct election
	Tokelau	Monarchy [167]	Rotation of village leaders [167]	Direct election [167]
	Tonga	Monarchy		Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
	Transnistria	Direct election		Direct election
	Trinidad and Tobago	Election by legislature		Direct election	Appointments
	Tunisia	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Turkey	Direct election		Direct election
	Turkmenistan	Direct election		Direct election
	Turks and Caicos Islands	Monarchy [168]	Election by legislature [168]	Direct election [168]
	Tuvalu	Monarchy [169]	Election by legislature [169]	Direct election [169]

U

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Uganda	Direct election [170]		Direct election and appointments [170]
	Ukraine	Direct election [171]	Election by legislature [171]	Direct election [171]
	United Arab Emirates	Indirect election by heads of constituent states [172]	Indirect election by heads of constituent states [172]	Appointments and indirect election [172]
	United Kingdom	Monarchy [173]	Election by legislature [173]	Direct election [173]	Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election [173]
	United States	Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college [174]		Direct election [174]
	Uruguay	Direct election		Direct election
	Uzbekistan	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments

V

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Vanuatu	Election by electoral college [175]	Election by legislature [175]	Direct election [175]
	Vatican City	Monarch elected by college of cardinals [176]	Appointment by monarch [176]	Appointment by monarch [176]
	Venezuela	Direct election		Direct election
	Vietnam	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Virgin Islands	President of the United States [177]	Direct election [177]	Direct election

W

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Wallis and Futuna	President of France [178]	Appointment by president [178]	Direct election [178]

Y

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Yemen	Direct election [179]	Appointment by head of state [179]	Direct election [179]	Appointment by head of state [179]

Z

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
				Lower house	Upper house
	Zambia	Direct election [180]		Mostly direct election, some appointments [180]
	Zimbabwe	Direct election [181]		Direct election [181]	Mix of direct and indirect election [181]

See also

• List of close election results
• List of democracy and elections-related topics
• List of legislatures by country

References

1. "Useful Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia. 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
2. Ramachandran, Sudha (10 September 2021). "What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government?". The Diplomat . Retrieved 5 July 2022.
3. Jones, Seth G. (December 2020). "Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan". CTC Sentinel. Combating Terrorism Center. 13 (11). Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. an autocratic political system that eschews democracy
4. "Taliban sources – Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader". Reuters . Peshawar, Pakistan. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2022. The shura held outside Quetta unanimously elected Mullah Mansour as the new emir of the Taliban
5. Sayed, Abdul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America . Retrieved 5 July 2022.
6. Albania. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
7. Algeria. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
8. American Samoa. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
9. Andorra. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
10. Angola. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
11. Anguilla. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
12. Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
13. Argentina. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
14. Armenia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
15. Aruba. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
16. Australia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
17. Austria. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
18. Azerbaijan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
19. Bahamas, The. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
20. Bahrain. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
21. Bangladesh. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
22. Barbados. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
23. Belarus. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
24. Belgium. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
25. Belize. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
26. Benin. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
27. Bermuda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
28. Bhutan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
29. Bolivia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
30. Bosnia and Herzegovina. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
31. Botswana. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
32. Brazil. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
33. British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
34. Brunei. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
35. Bulgaria. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
36. Burkina Faso. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
37. Burundi. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
38. Cambodia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
39. Cameroon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
40. Canada. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
41. Cabo Verde. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
42. Cayman Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
43. Central African Republic. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
44. "Central African president names PM in decree: radio". Reuters. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
45. Chad. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
46. Chile. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
47. China. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
48. Colombia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
49. Comoros. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
50. Cook Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
51. Costa Rica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
52. Cote d'Ivoire. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
53. Croatia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
54. Cuba. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
55. Curacao. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
56. Cyprus. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
57. Czechia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
58. Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
59. Denmark. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
60. Djibouti. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
61. Dominica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
62. Dominican Republic. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
63. Timor-Leste. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
64. Ecuador. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
65. Egypt. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
66. El Salvador. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
67. Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
68. Eritrea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
69. Estonia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
70. Swaziland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
71. Ethiopia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
72. Falkland Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
73. Faroe Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
74. Fiji. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
75. Finland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
76. France. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
77. French Polynesia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
78. Gabon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
79. Gambia, The. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
80. Georgia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
81. Germany. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
82. Ghana. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
83. Gibraltar. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
84. Greece. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
85. Greenland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
86. Grenada. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
87. Guam. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
88. Guatemala. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
89. Guernsey. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
90. Guinea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
91. Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
92. Guyana. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
93. Haiti. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
94. Charles, Jacqueline (22 February 2017). "A doctor with no political experience has been tapped to become Haiti's next prime minister". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
95. Honduras. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
96. Hong Kong. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
97. Hungary. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
98. Iceland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
99. India. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
100. Indonesia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
101. Iran. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
102. Iraq. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
103. Ireland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
104. Isle of Man. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
105. Israel. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
106. "Basic Law: The Government (2001)". Basic Law: The Government (2001). Official Website of the Knesset. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
107. Italy. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
108. Jamaica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
109. Japan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
110. Jersey. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
111. Jordan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
112. Kazakhstan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
113. Kenya. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
114. Kiribati. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
115. Kosovo. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
116. Kuwait. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
117. Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
118. Laos. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
119. Latvia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
120. Lebanon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
121. Lesotho. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
122. Liberia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
123. Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015). "Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
124. Libya. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
125. Liechtenstein. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
126. Lithuania. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
127. Luxembourg. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
128. Macau. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
129. Madagascar. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
130. Malawi. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
131. Malaysia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
132. Maldives. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
133. Mali. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
134. Montserrat. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
135. Namibia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
136. Nauru. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
137. Nepal. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
138. Netherlands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
139. New Caledonia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
140. New Zealand. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
141. Nicaragua. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
142. Niger. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
143. Niue. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
144. Norfolk Island. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
145. North Korea's parliament elects the Head of State
146. Macedonia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
147. Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
148. Oman. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
149. Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
150. Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
151. "Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic". Assembly of the Republic . Retrieved 16 November 2022.
152. Puerto Rico. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
153. Qatar. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
154. Romania. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
155. Rwanda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
156. "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage.
157. "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions.
158. "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses.
159. Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
160. Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
161. Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
162. Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
163. Sint Maarten. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
164. Solomon Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
165. South Africa. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
166. Sweden. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
167. Tokelau. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
168. Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
169. Tuvalu. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
170. Uganda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
171. Ukraine. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
172. United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
173. United Kingdom. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
174. United States. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
175. Vanuatu. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
176. Holy See. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
177. Virgin Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
178. Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
179. Yemen. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
180. Zambia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
181. Zimbabwe. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.

External links

• http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp PARLINE database on national parliaments - contains information on the structure and working methods of 265 parliamentary chambers in all of the 189 countries where a national legislature exists.
• ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above
• Election Resources
• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• International Foundation for Electoral Systems' Electionguide
• African Elections Database