Merneith

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Merneith
Merneith stele.jpg
Tomb stela of Merneith from the Umm el-Qa'ab
Regent of Egypt
Regencyc. 2965 BC [1]
Predecessor Djet
Successor Den
Diedc. 2950 BC
Burial
Tomb Y, Umm El Qa'ab, Sohag, Egypt
Spouse Djet
Issue Den
Dynasty 1st Dynasty
𓌺𓋎
Merneith
in hieroglyphs
Era: Early Dynastic Period
(3150–2686 BC)

Merneith (also written Merit-neith and Meryt-Neith; died c. 2950 BC) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the First Dynasty. [2] She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right, based on several official records. [3] [4] If this was the case and the earlier royal wife Neithhotep never ruled as an independent regent, Merneith may have been the first female pharaoh and the earliest queen regnant in recorded history. Her rule occurred around 2950 BC [1] for an undetermined period. Merneith’s name means "Beloved by Neith" and her stele contains symbols of that ancient Egyptian deity. She may have been Djer's daughter and was probably Djet's senior royal wife. [5] The former meant that she would have been the great-granddaughter of unified Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer. She was also the mother of Den, [6] her successor. [7]

Contents

Family

Merneith is linked with the kings Djer, Djet, and Den in a variety of seal impressions and inscribed bowls. Merneith may have been the daughter of Djer, but there is no conclusive evidence. As the mother of Den, it is likely that Merneith was the wife of Djet. No information about the identity of her mother has been found. [8] [9]

A clay seal found in the tomb of her son, Den, was engraved with "King's Mother, Merneith". [6] It also is known that Den’s father was Djet,[ where? ] making it likely that Merneith was Djet’s royal wife.

From Abydos comes a small ivory fragment with the remains of two figures. It is possible that they show Merneith together with her son king Den. [10]

Biography

Merneith is believed to have become ruler upon the death of Djet. The title she held, however, is debated. It is possible that her son Den was too young to rule when Djet died, so she may have ruled as regent until Den was old enough to be the king in his own right. Before her, Neithhotep is believed to have ruled in the same way after her husband King Narmer died, as Narmer's son was too young to rule. Her name was written on a Naqada seal inside a serekh, which was the way the kings' names were written. This would mean Merneith may have actually been the second female in Egypt's first dynasty to have ruled as pharaoh.

The strongest evidence that Merneith was a ruler of Egypt is her tomb. This tomb in Abydos (Tomb Y) is unique among the otherwise exclusively male tombs. Merneith was buried close to Djet and Den. Her tomb is of the same scale as the tombs of the kings of that period. Two grave stelae bearing her name were discovered near her tomb. Merneith's name is not included in the king lists from the New Kingdom. A seal containing a list of pharaohs of the first dynasty was found in the tomb of Qa'a, the third known pharaoh after Den, her son. However, this list does not mention the reign of Merneith. [9]

A few other pieces of evidence exist elsewhere about Merneith:

Tombs

Cemetery B, Umm el-Qa'ab. Tombs of the pharaohs of the first and second dynasty of Egypt. Ummal-qaab.png
Cemetery B, Umm el-Qa'ab. Tombs of the pharaohs of the first and second dynasty of Egypt.
Plan of the main chamber of Merneith's tomb. Map of the tomb of Merneith.svg
Plan of the main chamber of Merneith's tomb.

Abydos

At Abydos, the tomb belonging to Merneith was found in an area associated with other pharaohs of the first dynasty, Umm el-Qa'ab. Two stelae made of stone, identifying the tomb as hers, were found at the site.

In 1900, Flinders Petrie discovered Merneith’s tomb and, because of its nature, believed it belonged to a previously unknown pharaoh. The tomb was excavated and was shown to contain a large underground chamber, lined with mud bricks, which was surrounded by rows of small satellite burials, with at least 40 subsidiary graves for servants. [9] [12]

The servants were thought to assist the ruler in the afterlife. The burial of servants with a ruler was a consistent practice in the tombs of the early first dynasty pharaohs. Large numbers of sacrificial assets were buried in her tomb complex as well, which is another honor afforded to pharaohs that provided the ruler with powerful animals for eternal life. This first dynasty burial complex was very important in the Egyptian religious tradition and its importance grew as the culture endured.

Inside her tomb archaeologists discovered a funerary boat [13] that would allow her to travel with the sun deity in the afterlife.

Abydos was the site of many ancient temples, including Umm el-Qa'ab, the royal necropolis, where early pharaohs were entombed. [14] These tombs began to be seen as extremely significant burials and in later times it became desirable to be buried in the area, leading to the growth of the town's importance as a cult site.

Saqqara

At Saqqara, Merneith's tomb exhibits features that possibly preview the builders of the Third Dynasty. Concealed within the normal rectangular palace façade mastaba of Merneith's tomb at Saqqara is the base of a stepped structure, a juxtaposition of two different methods of building. It is perhaps indicative of the fusion of northern and southern styles that was to lead, ultimately, to the Step Pyramid of Djoser, or influenced the design of the Third Dynasty structure. [15]

References

  1. 1 2 Quiles, Anita; Tristant, Yann (2023). "Radiocarbon-Based Modeling of the Reign of King den (1St Dynasty, Egypt) and the Start of the Old Kingdom". Radiocarbon. 65 (2): 485–504. Bibcode:2023Radcb..65..485Q. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2023.15 . ISSN   0033-8222.
  2. ↑ Vanhulle, Dorian (2023-11-14). "Boat Burials and Boat-Shaped Pits from their Origins to the Old Kingdom: Tradition, Continuity and Change in Early Egypt". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 53: 1–19. doi:10.1080/10572414.2023.2264551. ISSN   1057-2414. S2CID   265239069.
  3. ↑ Dee, Michael; Wengrow, David; Shortland, Andrew; Stevenson, Alice; Brock, Fiona; Girdland Flink, Linus; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher (2013-11-08). "An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 469 (2159): 20130395. Bibcode:2013RSPSA.46930395D. doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0395. ISSN   1364-5021. PMC   3780825 . PMID   24204188.
  4. ↑ Allen, Troy D. (July 2008). "Cheikh Anta Diop's Two Cradle Theory: Revisited". Journal of Black Studies. 38 (6): 813–829. doi:10.1177/0021934706290354. ISSN   0021-9347. S2CID   144524456.
  5. ↑ Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R., eds. (2013-01-30). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15112. ISBN   978-1-4051-7935-5.
  6. 1 2 Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001). Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Psychology Press. p. 74. ISBN   978-0-415-26011-4.
  7. ↑ Griffin, Ken (2008). Current Research in Egyptology 2007 : Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference. pp. 1–158.
  8. ↑ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 140. ISBN   0-500-05128-3.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Tyldesley, J. (2006). Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
  10. ↑ "Une probable représentation de la reine Meret-Neith en tant que régente du roi Den, Matthieu Bégon, ENiM 13, 2020, p. 211-215 « ENiM". Une revue d’égyptologie sur internet (in French).
  11. ↑ Porter; Moss. Topographical Bibliography; Volume V Upper Egypt. Griffith Institute. p. 55.
  12. ↑ "Abydos Tomb Y". Digital Egypt for Universities University College London. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  13. ↑ "ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SOLAR BOAT". SOLAR NAVIGATOR WORLD SUSTAINABILITY ENCYCLOPEDIA.
  14. ↑ "Tombs of kings of the First and Second Dynasty". Digital Egypt. UCL. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  15. ↑ Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs : the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt . New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson. pp.  24-25. ISBN   0500050740. OCLC   31639364.
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