Music of Zimbabwe

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Ngoma drums in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg
Ngoma drums in Zimbabwe
Musicians playing Zimbabwean pop music, Mberengwa, 2005 Musicians playing Zimbabwean pop music 2005.jpg
Musicians playing Zimbabwean pop music, Mberengwa, 2005
Zimbabwean primary school students playing marimbas Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg
Zimbabwean primary school students playing marimbas

Zimbabwean music is heavily reliant on the use of instruments such as the mbira, Ngoma drums and hosho. Their music symbolizes much more than a simple rhythm, as the folk and pop style styled music was used as a symbol of hope for Zimbabweans looking to gain independence from Rhodesia. [1] Music has played a significant role in the history of Zimbabwe, from a vital role in the traditional Bira ceremony used to call on ancestral spirits, to protest songs during the struggle for independence. [2] The community in Zimbabwe used music to voice their resistance to their oppression, as one of the only weapons they had available to fight back with. [1] In the eighties, the Music of Zimbabwe was at the center of the African Music scene thanks to genres such as Sungura and Jit. However, several performers were banned by state TV and radio leading to the closing of several music venues. [3]

Contents

Musical Genres

Digvijay Bhonsale with Denzil Thandabani & Justin Soutter from Evicted band, performing at the Zimbabwean edition of the '2018 Metal United World Wide' concert at the Reps Theatre in Harare Digvijay Bhonsale with Denzil Thandabani & Justin Soutter from Evicted band, performing at the Zimbabwean edition of 'The Metal United World Wide', Reps Theatre, Harare.jpg
Digvijay Bhonsale with Denzil Thandabani & Justin Soutter from Evicted band, performing at the Zimbabwean edition of the '2018 Metal United World Wide' concert at the Reps Theatre in Harare

Rock

Some famous Zimbabwean rock bands are - Dividing The Element, Evicted, Flying Bantu and Chikwata-263. [4] [5]

Sungura

Sungura is the most popular musical genre in Zimbabwe. It emerged in 1953, in a time when regional identity was in formation. [6] This is the local genre of the Zimbabwe music industry. Sungura music became popular in the early 1980s, pioneered by frontman Ephraim Joe and his band Sungura Boys which counted many notable future hit makers as members. [7] Their roll included John Chibadura (guitar) Simon Chimbetu (guitar and vocals) Naison Chimbetu, Ronnie Gatakata, Michel Jambo (drums), Ephraim Joe (guitar), Moses Marasha (bass), Never Moyo (lead guitar), Bata Sinfirio (rhythm guitar), System Tazvida (guitar and vocals).

The Khiama Boys emerged as natural successors to the Sungura Boys after their demise during the mid-eighties. Members would include System Tazvida (Rhythm guitar), Cephas Karushanga, Nicholas Zacharia (Lead guitar), Alick Macheso (Bass), Silas Chakanyuka (Drums) and Zacharia Zakaria (Sub Rhythm guitar). A great number of these artistes have gone on to forge successful careers with their own bands whilst Nicholas Zacharia has remained as the leader of the band and is still active as of 2008.

Alick Macheso performing in 2012 Alick Macheso by Bayhaus.jpg
Alick Macheso performing in 2012

James Chimombe, whose romantic ballads and the influential sungura guitar melody (consisting of lead, rhythm and bass), made him a favorite in the late 80s. Other notable artists include Zexie Manatsa, Tinei Chikupo, Paul Matavire, Zvishavane Sounds and Jonah Moyo's Devera Ngwena, among others.

The 90s decade was dominated by musicians such as Leonard Dembo, the effervescent Khiama Boys, veteran Simon Chimbetu and then upcoming artistes Alick Macheso, Tongai Moyo and Somandla Ndebele. One of the stars of the decade was Leonard Zhakata, whose musical project was a spinoff of the double play[ clarification needed ] Maungwe Brothers, an act fronted by Zhakata and his cousin Thomas Makion. Other popular acts included Pengaudzoke, the Wrist Brothers, Zimbabwe Chachacha Kings, Aaron Chinamira, King Pharao, Hosiah Chipanga, Stabien Mawire and Paul Mpofu, to mention a few. The decade 2000 till present has been characterised by a wrangle for the crown for the kingship of Sungura between the two most prominent Sungura musicians of the decade, Alick Macheso and Tongai Moyo. Having dominated sales, tour and concert attendances, the heckling and counter-heckling by the artists at shows and in some recorded material is strong proof of their feud akin to the BIG vs Tupac in American '90s hip hop.

Other artists to come through this decade include Joseph Garakara, Suluman Chimbetu (son of Simon), Allan Chimbetu (Simon's brother), Tryson Chimbetu (Naison's son), Cephas Mashakada, Gift Amuli, Howard and Tatenda Pinjisi, First Farai as well as Josphat and Daiton Somanje, the Pengaudzoke frontmen who were pursuing solo careers. Alick Macheso has largely dominated the scene, creating popular dance choreographies such as 'Borrowdale', Razor Wire, zoraaa butter, femba bute and kedebu, which mimic everyday routines in Zimbabwean life. A new generation of Sungura artists is emerging, largely influenced by Macheso's distinct style of a leading bass guitar. This generation includes artists like Mark Ngwazi, Tendai Ngwazi, Peter Moyo (son of Tongai), Simon Mutambi, Romeo Gasa, Sugar Sugar, Jacob Moyana and Francis 'Slomo' Dhaka among others. The genre is increasingly getting international recognition with some non-natives trying it out. Notable among these are Eirik Hoff Walmsiness 'Eriki' from Norway and Indian Dhyaan Kumar.

System Tazvida, Simon Chimbetu, James Chimombe, Tongai Moyo, Paul Matavire, John Chibadura, Leonard Dembo, and Thomas Makion have all died. It's also worth noting that a new wave of Sungura, dubbed Trap Sungura, has emerged in Zimbabwe, fueled by Tanto Wavie.

Imbube

Imbube was created by Zimbabweans while they were still technically a part of Rhodesian culture. [8] This genre consisted of male singers in an acapella style, which differed from most of the typical music at the time that was formed around unique instruments. During this time period, many of the Zimbabwe men worked in mines for long hours. They formed Imbube by singing along together as a means of passing the time. The vocals coming from the caves echoed to produce better quality, and encouraged the men to continue singing these happy tunes. Occasionally the miners would sing songs of social justice, but a majority were generally happy and used as entertainment.

Jit

Jit, also known as Harare beat, is a generic term for electric guitar-driven pop, [9] and includes popular acts like the New Black Eagles, Mike Mopo and the Four Brothers (a band UK radio DJ John Peel described as "the best live band in the world" [10] ). Internationally, The Bhundu Boys are by far the best-known jit performers, and have worked with numerous American and British musicians. Notable recent bands to come up with the Jit sound are Nehoreka who fuse the traditional Jit with funk sounds, there is also Mokoomba and Q Montana. The 1990 film Jit was named for this style.

Afro jazz (Zimbabwean jazz)

Zimbabwean jazz, also known as Afro Jazz, is Zimbabwean music influenced by a style of township rhythm that evolved in a Southern part of Africa over the last century. One can also trace similarities from Kwela, a pennywhistle-based, street music from the southern part of Africa with jazzy underpinnings and a distinctive, skiffle-like beat. It is also closely related to Marabi which was the name given to a keyboard style (often using cheap pedal organs) that had a musical link to American jazz, ragtime and blues, with roots deep in the African tradition. Early marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded. An example of such an artist in the early 1940s is August Musarurwa of the Skokiaan fame. It has continued to develop and traits of this music can be seen in the works of his grandson, Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa.

The Pakare Paye Centre has worked for spreading Zimbabwean Jazz to young musicians since 2004, founded by Afro-Jazz musician Oliver Mtukudzi. [11]

Chimurenga music

Chimurenga music is a genre developed by Thomas Mapfumo named for the Shona language word for struggle. [2] Mapfumo and his band, the Blacks Unlimited developed a style of music based on traditional mbira music, but played with modern electric instrumentation, with lyrics characterized by social and political commentary. Mapfumo's music was a "tool of the liberation war" criticizing the Rhodesian government of Ian Smith, but shifted after independence to speaking out about perceived corruption and mismanagement of the Zimbabwean government of Robert Mugabe. [2] [12]

Tuku Music

Tuku Mtukudzi was a prolific recorder who also appeared in films like Jit . He played in a plethora of styles, and was known for penetrating lyrics; for example, he wrote a second song about AIDS in Zimbabwe after Paul Matavire's hit song "Yakauya AIDS iriko".

Zimdancehall

Mokoomba at the music festival "Bardentreffen" 2013 in Nuremberg, Germany Bardentreffen 2013 543.jpg
Mokoomba at the music festival "Bardentreffen" 2013 in Nuremberg, Germany

Zimdancehall is Zimbabwean music influenced by Jamaican dancehall music, it is also known as Mangoma. There is frequent debate around the origin Zimdancehall within Zimbabwe. Notable Zimdancehall performers include Winky D and Soul Jah love.

Rumba

African Rumba, or 'Soukos' is mostly associated with the Democratic Republic of the Congo but its popularity has inspired Zimbabwe's own brand of rumba in musicians such as Simon Chimbetu, Papa Jose and Leonard Karikoga Zhakata. Soukos has been an influence on other artists such as The R.U.N.N. family.

Gospel

Gospel music became popular in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s. Jonathan Wutawunashe has been described as "Zimbabwe's first real gospel star". [2] Other population musicians in this genre include Jordan Chataika, Freedom Sengwayo, Mechanic Manyeruke, and Brian Sibalo. [13]

The early nineties saw the rising of new gospel stars in the mold of Ivy Kombo - Moyo and Carol Mujokoro of the EGEA gospel Train whose debut album Mufudzi Wangu was released in 1993 and contains tracks such as "Be Thou My Vision", "Ndotarisa Kumakomo" and "Utiziro" among others. The two went on to pursue successful solo musical careers and released "Ndaidziwanepi Nyasha" and "Ropa RaJesu" as their debut solo albums respectively.

Gospel artists who emerged from the mid nineties include Pastor Haisa (Lawrence Haisa), Brother Sam with his hits "Makanaka Jesu" and "Cherechedza", Elias Musakwa, Rita Shonhiwa, The Gospel Trumpet of the "Rose Of Sharon" fame and Shingisai Suluma who only became popular in the early 21st century with the hit song "Mirira Mangwanani"; though she first recorded in the nineties.

In the late-nineties, Charles Charamba, a rising artist, grew in popularity, and currently holds gospel sales records. His music became popular into the first decade of the 21st century, most likely due to his Sungura-based contemporary style.

In the early 21st century, a lot of gospel artists also recorded, though a few really rose to stardom. These include Fungisai Zvakavapano - Mashavave who has risen to become the most dominant female gospel musician in the current era, Stanley Gwanzura (Pastor Gee), Kudzai Nyakudya, Tembalami, and gospel a cappella outfits like Vabati VaJehovah and Shower Power.

Instruments

Mbira

The mbira is an integral part of Zimbabwean music. [2] [14] Classified by musicologists as a lamellaphone, part of the plucked idiophone family, it is created from things found in nature such as a wooden board (often fitted with a resonator) and tines. It is frequently played in a deze (calabash resonator) which amplifies the sound and augments using shells or bottle caps placed around the edges. Often accompanied by the hosho, a percussion instrument, the mbira is often an important instrument that people play at religious ceremonies, weddings, and other social gatherings. The mbira plays a central role in the traditional Bira ceremony used to call on ancestral spirits. [14]

The instrument is a central piece in their religious rituals. The most important function of mbira is the idea of it being a "telephone to the spirits" during ceremonies. It is the sole way of communication between the living and deceased ancestors, ancient tribal guardians, or guardian spirits. The mbira is required to ask these spirits to bring rain during drought, stop rain during floods, accept their offerings, ask for forgiveness, and bring clouds when crops are damaged by the sun. [15] These instruments were made from resources from the land which connected them further connects the indigenous people to their land and this deep connection has helped communities in Zimbabwe to continue their tradition of mbira music despite the development of colonialism. [16]

The sound made by this instrument closely imitates the noises made by rain or running water with rich and vibrant tones "like bells". The sound has a special presence; one that feel the music as much as one hears it. [17] Penetrating and warming at the same time, immediately capturing the involvement of the listeners and drawing them into its mood. The pieces of music played vary by the artist but there is no specific way to play this instrument. The music performed is all about elaboration and variation supporting creative expression of the performer. [16]

Mbira player with other musicians from 1865 book Women with Water-Pots, Listening to the Music of the Marimba, Sansa, and Pan's Pipes.jpg
Mbira player with other musicians from 1865 book
Mbira dzavadzimu Mbira dzavadzimu 1.jpg
Mbira dzavadzimu
Hosho commonly used to accompany mbira music Hosho instrument.jpg
Hosho commonly used to accompany mbira music

Though musicologist Hugh Tracey believed the mbira to be nearing extinction in the 1930s, the instrument has been revived since the 60s and 70s, and has gained an international following through the world music scene. Some renowned mbira players include Dumisani Maraire, Ephat Mujuru, Stella Chiweshe, Chartwell Dutiro, Mbuya Dyoko, Cosmas Magaya, Tute Chigamba, Forward Kwenda, and Chiwoniso Maraire. [2] [18] [19]

There is also pop music in Zimbabwe and around the world that incorporates Zimbabwean indigenous instruments. For example, mbira player Chris Berry with his band Panjea have reached platinum record sales in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, playing a style of music based on traditional mbira rhythms and melodies, but incorporating various other instruments and styles (like hip-hop and dancehall). Thomas Mapfumo is widely credited with popularizing his genre of Chimurenga music, which includes guitar, drums, Western-style vocals, and mbira in the same band. Mapfumo is also famous for his arrangement of traditional mbira lines to be played on the electric guitar. Mbira is incorporated into the music of critically acclaimed American hip-hop duo Shabazz Palaces by Tendai Maraire (son of traditional mbira player Dumisani Maraire). [20]

Marimba

The marimba was introduced in Zimbabwean Music during the early 1960s when the Kwanongoma College of African Music in Bulawayo adopted it. [21] Founders of the college considered that marimba could boost the musical development of the country, and design a model that it's now known as Kwanongoma marimba. [22] Zimbabwean marimba or Kwanongoma marimba is now considered part of the Zimbabwean culture. [21]

The first Zimbabwean marimba was built by Nelson Jones in 1962. However, the wood used was too soft. The next year, Josiah Siyembe Mathe started using a Lozi instrument called Selimba, common in the southwest of Zambia. The original Selimba was an 11-key instrument. Mathe built later a soprano, a tenor, and a bass. using Mukwa wood for the keys. [22]

Michael Bhule built the first set of Kwanongoma marimba. Alport Mhlanga composed the first repertoire for the instrument. [22]

Bulawayo

The Ndebele-dominated region of the southwest of Zimbabwe, including the city Bulawayo, has been instrumental in the development of Zimbabwean music. Seminal 1950s guitarist George Sibanda had a following across Africa and was the writer for the hit song Guabi Guabi which is sung all over the world, [23] [24] and Dorothy Masuka was a major player on the South African jazz scene, for example. Among the most popular performers of the region within Zimbabwe, however, was 1980s Ndebele pop sensation Lovemore Majaivana. Ndebele musicians who are active are Black Umfolosi, Insingizi Majahawodwa Ndlovu, Sandra Ndebele, Lwazi Tshabangu, Kuxxman, Go Boyz, Achuzi, Beate Mangethe, Vusa Mkhaya, Afrika Revenge and Ramadu. The marginalisation of Bulawayo artists in Zimbabwe saw the influence of South African music dominating hence the emergence of kwaito music in Bulawayo pioneered by Go-Boyz in 1996 and more groups like GTI, Achuzi, Amagangsters, artists like Cal Vin etc., emerged. A brand of Jazz was created in Bulawayo, in the 1940s and 1950s, and was made popular by August Musarurwa with his African Dance Band of the Cold Storage Commission of Southern Rhodesia. He recorded the legendary song Sikokiana which went on to be recorded in USA by Louis Armstrong and many others.

Lyrics

Zimbabwean musicians' lyrics mostly contain encouragement of upholding good social values in the family and society as whole. Such lyrics can be seen in songs by artists like Oliver Mtukudzi, Simon Chimbetu and Suluman Chimbetu the Harare 10-piece Afro-fusion band Nehoreka, Louis Mhlanga, John Chibadura, Steve Makoni, and Bhundu Boys. However, the lyrics of Thomas Mapfumo are political, praising just leadership and encouraging rising up against bad governance. Many of his albums are named after a word meaning uprising or war of liberation: Chimurenga . His music earned him the wrath of the ZANU-PF government resulting in the banning of most of his music on state owned radio and TV. Another musician with striking lyrics is the late System Tazvida of the Chazezesa Challengers. His lyrics were mostly centered on love and relationships, with songs like Anodyiwa Haataure, Ukarambwa Usachema, Vanotipedzera Mashoko and Dai Hanzvadzi Yairoorwa, with which he achieved popularity. With the emergence of the Urban Grooves-style, the content of lyrics shifted to more closely resemble that of American RnB, Hip Hop and Pop music. These have garnered a following among a younger generation of Zimbabweans. One artist, Maskiri, is known for imitating Eminem's style of controversial lyrics.

Urban Grooves

Coming on the music scene in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Urban Grooves takes in American Rap, Hip Hop, R&B, Soul and other international music genres, often melded with traditional Zimbabwean music.

Artists such as Sanii Makhalima, Alexio Kawara, Roy and Royce, David Chifunyise, Leonard Mapfumo, Roki, Stach, Betty Makaya, Extra Large, Maskiri, Kactus and Nehoreka laid the groundwork for the new genre, which gained increasing popularity among the youth. The style was helped by the 100% local content policy in effect at the time, which required all radio stations to play only music by Zimbabwean artists. [25]

A second generation of artists such as Trevor Dongo, Drum Dada, Q Montana, Mokoomba and Nehoreka have come to prominence more recently. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mbira</span> African musical instrument of the lamellophone family

Mbira are a family of musical instruments, traditional to the Shona people of Zimbabwe. They consist of a wooden board with attached staggered metal tines, played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs, the right forefinger, and sometimes the left forefinger. Musicologists classify it as a lamellaphone, part of the plucked idiophone family of musical instruments. In Eastern and Southern Africa, there are many kinds of mbira, often accompanied by the hosho, a percussion instrument. It is often an important instrument played at religious ceremonies, weddings, and other social gatherings. The "Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe" was added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Mapfumo</span> Zimbabwean musician

Thomas Tafirenyika Mapfumo is a Zimbabwean musician. He is nicknamed "The Lion of Zimbabwe" and "Mukanya" for his immense popularity and for the political influence he wields through his music, including his sharp criticism of the government of former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe. He both created and popularized Chimurenga music, and is known for his distinctive voice and slow-moving style.

Chimurenga is a word in Shona. The Ndebele equivalent is not as widely used since most Zimbabweans speak Shona; it is Umvukela, meaning "revolutionary struggle" or uprising. In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and the Shona insurrections against administration of the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s, the First Chimurenga—and the war fought between African nationalist guerrillas and the predominantly-white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and the 1970s, the Rhodesian Bush War, or the Second Chimurenga/Imvukela.

Leonard "Karikoga" Zhakata is a Zimbabwean musician and singer. He writes and sings mainly in his native Shona tongue. Zhakata, who adorns trademark glittering outfits, is best known for his hits Hupenyu Mutoro, Batai Mazwi and "Gomba Remarara". However, it was his 1994 smash hit Mugove, from the album Maruva Enyika, which evaded government censorship and propelled him to national stardom.

Jit is a style of popular Zimbabwean dance music. It features a swift rhythm played on drums and accompanied by a guitar. Jit evolved out many diverse influences, including domestic chimurenga, Congolese rumba and Tanzanian guitar styles.

Leonard Tazvivinga Dembo, a.k.a Kwangwari Gwaindepi also Musoro We Nyoka, was a Zimbabwean guitar-band musician and member of the bands Barura Express and The Outsiders. Incorporating traditional Shona sayings in his lyrics, his musical style was sungura-based, played on electric guitars tuned to emulate the characteristic sounds of the mbira.

Shona music is the music of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. There are several different types of traditional Shona music including mbira, singing, hosho and drumming. Very often, this music will be accompanied by dancing, and participation by the audience. In the Shona style of music, there is little distinction between the performer and the audience. Both are often actively involved in the music-making and both are important in the Shona religious ceremonies.

Zimbabwean hip hop is a variety of hip hop music that is popular in Zimbabwe. It emerged in the early 1990s. Prominent artists include Voltz JT, R. Peels, Br3eze, Ti Gonzi, Junior Brown, Calvin, Saintfloew, Holy Ten, Mahcoy, Trey Heart, Asaph, Kriss Newtone, Suhn, Cyprian, Denim Woods, Hanna, Tanto Wavie, Tehn Diamond, Synik, Joie LeFeu, Hurrikane, Maskiri, Ex Q, TreyXL, Munetsi, Bling4, Tha Bees, Bagga We Ragga and Raykaz. Trap music is its most popular subgenre.

Ephat Mujuru (1950–2001), was a Zimbabwean musician, one of the 20th century's finest players of the mbira, a traditional instrument of the Shona ethnic group of Zimbabwe.

Abraham Dumisani Maraire, known to friends as "Dumi", was a Zimbabwean musician. He was a master performer of the mbira, a traditional instrument of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. He specialized in the form of mbira called nyunga nyunga, as well as the Zimbabwean marimba. He introduced Zimbabwean music to North America, initiating a flourishing of Zimbabwean music in the Pacific Northwest that continues into the 21st century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon Chimbetu</span> Musical artist

Simon Chimbetu was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer. He was the founding member of his band Orchestra Dendera Kings. He was known by many stage names, including "Chopper, "Mr Viscose", "Cellular", "Simomo" and "Mukoma Sam".

Chartwell Shorayi Dutiro was a Zimbabwean musician, who started playing mbira when he was four years old at the protected village, Kagande; about two hours drive from Harare, where his family was moved by the Salvation Army missionaries during the Chimurenga. Even though the missionaries had banned traditional music, he learned to play from his brother and other village elders. His mother also encouraged him through her singing of traditional songs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chris Berry</span> American musician

Chris Berry is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He plays the mbira and the ngoma drum, from the Shona people of Southern Africa. His records with the band Panjea have gone platinum in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. He has released over a dozen albums; scored the soundtrack for three films; and collaborated and performed with many other artists.

Articles related to Zimbabwe include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiwoniso Maraire</span> Zimbabwean singer and songwriter

Chiwoniso Maraire was a Zimbabwean singer, songwriter, and exponent of Zimbabwean mbira music. She was the daughter of Zimbabwean mbira master and teacher Dumisani Maraire. Describing the mbira, an instrument traditionally used by male musicians, she said, "It is like a large xylophone. It is everywhere in Africa under different names: sanza, kalimba, etc. For us in Zimbabwe it is the name for many string instruments. There are many kinds of mbiras. The one that I play is called the nyunga nyunga, which means sparkle-sparkle."

Chimurenga music is a Zimbabwean popular music genre coined and popularized by Thomas Mapfumo. Chimurenga is a Shona language word for liberation, which entered common usage during the Rhodesian Bush War. The word's modern interpretation has been extended to describe a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice. Mapfumo developed a style of music based on traditional Shona mbira music, but played with modern electric instrumentation, with lyrics characterized by social and political commentary.

Tongai Moyo was a contemporary Zimbabwean musician, often referred to as Dhewa. Born and raised in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, Dhewa rose to fame in the late 1990s as a solo artist and with the band Utakataka Express. Highly successful singles including "Samanyemba", "Naye", and "Muchina Muhombe" led to his national, regional and international fame; he produced 14 albums in a career of over twenty years.

Jonah Sithole (1952–1997) was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer, known particularly for the mbira-inspired style known as mbira-guitar or chimurenga music.

Clive 'Mono' Mukundu is a Zimbabwean music producer, composer, and multi-instrumentalist largely known as a guitarist. He is also an author. Mukundu has featured on more than 1000 albums and over 200 singles from 1988 to date.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kendall, Judy; Eyre, Banning (1999). "Jit, Mbira and Chimurenga: Play It Loud!" . In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (eds.). World Music Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp.  706-716. ISBN   1-85828-635-2.
  3. ↑ Popoola, Tayo. "True Jit Bulawayo". BBC. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  4. ↑ "An eviction that inspired the "Evicted Band"". Business Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  5. ↑ "Zimbabwe's Dividing The Element Unleash The World's First Shona Metal Album". Rock Pit. May 23, 2018.
  6. ↑ Perman, Tony (December 2012). "Sungura in Zimbabwe and the Limits of Cosmopolitanism". Ethnomusicology Forum. 21 (3): 374–401. doi:10.1080/17411912.2012.709815. ISSN   1741-1912. S2CID   144463915.
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  8. ↑ "Zimbabwean Music". World Music Central.org. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  9. ↑ "Jit -- What you teach your kids about the world MATTERS". Online education for kids. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  10. ↑ "Jon Dennis analyses John Peel's top 20 albums". the Guardian. 2005-10-12. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  11. ↑ "Zimbabwean Afro-Jazz icon impacting young musicians". Africanews. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  12. ↑ "Book: Lion Songs, Thomas Mapfumo and the Music That Made Zimbabwe". banningeyre.com. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  13. ↑ Chitando, Ezra (2002). Singing culture: A study of gospel music in Zimbabwe. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. ISBN   91-7106-494-X . Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  14. 1 2 Berliner, Paul (1978). The Soul of Mbira (1st Paperback ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN   0-520-04268-9.
  15. ↑ Brown, Ernest D. (1994). "The Guitar and the 'Mbira': Resilience, Assimilation, and Pan-Africanism in Zimbabwean Music". The World of Music. 36 (2): 73–117. JSTOR   43561389.
  16. 1 2 The mbira and sungura guitar styles of Zimbabwe. Harare. 2018. OCLC   1105749905. 57 pages, includes illustrations; + 1 videodisc.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ Berliner, Paul (June 1993). The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe . University of Chicago Press. pp.  52–64. ISBN   978-0-226-04379-1.
  18. ↑ "mbira musicians". tinotenda.org. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Musician Biographies". mbira.org. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  20. ↑ Bakare, Lanre (August 9, 2017). "'We feel like aliens': Shabazz Palaces, the hip-hop duo beamed in from another planet". The Guardian. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  21. 1 2 JONES, CLAIRE (2012). "A Modern Tradition: The Social History of the Zimbabwean Marimba". African Music. 9 (2): 32–56. doi:10.21504/amj.v9i2.1803. ISSN   0065-4019. JSTOR   24877253.
  22. 1 2 3 "About Marimba | History Of The African Marimba Of Zimbabwe". Otto Gumaelius. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  23. ↑ "The Legendary George Sibanda / RootsWorld Recording Review". www.rootsworld.com. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  24. ↑ Miller, Bruce. "The Legendary George Sibanda/Zambia Roadside". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  25. ↑ Tivenga, Doreen Rumbidzai (August 2018). Zimbabwe Urban Grooves Music and the Interconnections between Youth Identities and Celebrity Culture (PDF) (Thesis). Department of English in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Free State.
  26. ↑ Denselow, Robin (April 25, 2013). "Mokoomba: Zimbabwe's new sound". The Guardian. Retrieved September 15, 2017.

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