Panicum sumatrense

Panicum sumatrense
Crop
Grain
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Genus:	Panicum
Species:	P. sumatrense
Binomial name
Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult.
Synonyms
Panicum miliareauct. non Lam.

Panicum sumatrense, known as little millet, is a species of millet in the family Poaceae.

Description

This species of cereal is similar in habit to the proso millet except that it is smaller. It is an annual herbaceous plant, which grows straight or with folded blades to a height of 30 centimetres (12 in) to 1 metre (39 in). The leaves are linear, with the sometimes hairy laminae and membranous hairy ligules. The panicles are from 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) in length with 2 to 3.5 mm (0.079 to 0.138 in) long awn. The grain is round and smooth, 1.8 to 1.9 mm (0.071 to 0.075 in) long.

Subspecies

There have been two subspecies described:

• Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. psilopodium (Trin.) Wet.
• Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. sumatrense

Distribution and habitat

In the temperate zones of Asia: the Caucasus, China, East Asia and also in the tropics of the continent: India, Indochina and Malaysia.

It can withstand both drought and waterlogging. It can be cultivated up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level.

At the Indus Valley Civilisation sites of Harappa and Farmana, the millet assemblage was dominated by little millet. ^[2] Over 10,000 grains of little millet were recovered at Harappa. ^[2] At Harappa, little millet cultivation peaked at around 2600  BCE, accounting for around 5% of the total cereal assemblage. ^[2]

Cultivation

The largest cultivation is in central India. Usually, it is planted using a seed drill. It can also if necessary be planted spoiled. The green plant can also be used in part as cattle feed. The straw can be mixed with clay or cement be used in construction.

The harvest yield is from 230 to 900 kg/ha.

Pests

Pests include the shoot fly Atherigona pulla , ^[3] which also affects proso millet. ^[4]

Other insect pests include: ^[5]

• shoot fly, Atherigona miliaceae
• armyworms, Mythimna separata and Spodoptera frugiperda

Leaf feeders

• caterpillars: Aloa lactinea , Amsacta albistriga , Euproctis virguncula , and Paramsacta moorei
• flea beetles: Chaetocnema basalis , Chaetocnema indica , and Chaetocnema denticulata
• larvae of the leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
• grasshoppers: Chrotogonus hemipterus , Acrida exaltata , Aiolopus simulatrix , and Aiolopus tamulus

Earhead feeders

• bugs Nezara viridula and Dolycoris indicus

Panicle pests

• spotted stalk borer Chilo partellus

Others

• Nephotettix virescens , Nephotettix nigropictus , and Nisia atrovenosa
• sugarcane leafhopper, Pyrilla perpusilla
• midge, Orseolia sp.

Little millet

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	341 kcal (1,430 kJ)
Carbohydrates	67.0 g
Dietary fiber	7.6 g
Fat	4.7 g
Protein	7.7 g
Vitamins and minerals Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 1% 17.0 mg Iron 52% 9.3 mg Phosphorus 18% 220.0 mg
[6]
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [7] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies [8]

Uses

Little millet is cooked like rice. Sometimes the millet is also milled and baked. The protein content of the grain is 7.7%.

Common names

• Hindi : Kutki, Shavan
• Bengali : Sama
• Tamil : Saamai
• Gujarati : Gajro, Kuri
• Telugu : సామలు, romanized: Samalu
• Marathi : Sava, Halvi, Vari
• Odia : Suan
• Kannada : ಸಾಮೆ, romanized: Saame
• Malayalam : ചാമ, romanized: Chama

Notes

1. Mani, S. (2011). "Panicum sumatrense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011 e.T177132A7374576. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T177132A7374576.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. Weber 2013.
3. Sathish, R., M. Manjunatha, and K. Rajashekarappa. 2017. Effect of intercropping on incidence of shoot fly, Atherigona pulla (Wiedemann) in little millet. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5: 1845–1849.
4. Sathish, R., M. Manjunatha, and K. Rajashekarappa. 2017. Incidence of shoot fly, Atherigona pulla (Wiedrmann) on proso millet at different dates o sowing. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 5: 2000–2004.
5. Kalaisekar, A (2017). Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management. London: Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-12-804243-4. OCLC   967265246.
6. Fanzo 2013. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFanzo2013 (help)
7. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
8. "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154. NCBI   NBK545428.

References

• Bergamini, Nadia; et al. (2013). "Minor millets in India: a neglected crop goes mainstream". In Fanzo, Jessica; et al. (eds.). Diversifying Food and Diets: Using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health (PDF). Routledge.
• W. Franke, (1985): Nutzpflanzenkunde. Stuttgart.
• H. Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3. Aufl., 701 S. Basel-Boston-Stuttgart, 1996.
• V. H. Heywood: Blütenpflanzen der Welt. Basel-Boston-Stuttgart, 1978
• Weber, Steve (2013). "The vanishing millets of the Indus civilization". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences . 3 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0143-6. S2CID   129862671.