Polistes

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Polistes
Wasp May 2008-11.jpg
Polistes dominula
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Vespidae
Subfamily: Polistinae
Tribe: Polistini
Genus: Polistes
Latreille, 1802
Type species
Polistes gallicus
Synonyms [2]
  • Eupolistes Dalla Torre, 1904
  • SulcopolistesBlüthgen, 1938
  • PolistulaWeyrauch, 1939
  • PseudopolistesWeyrauch, 1939
  • LeptopolistesBlüthgen, 1943
P. metricus, female Polistes metricus P1660156a (cropped).jpg
P. metricus, female

Polistes is a cosmopolitan genus of paper wasps and the only genus in the tribe Polistini. Vernacular names for the genus include umbrella wasps, coined by Walter Ebeling in 1975 to distinguish it from other types of paper wasp, in reference to the form of their nests, [3] and umbrella paper wasps. [4] Polistes is the single largest genus within the family Vespidae, with over 200 recognized species. [5] Their innate preferences for nest-building sites leads them to commonly build nests on human habitation, where they can be very unwelcome; although generally not aggressive, they can be provoked into defending their nests. All species are predatory, and they may consume large numbers of caterpillars, in which respect they are generally considered beneficial.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Description

As part of subfamily Polistinae, Polistes wasps are covered in short and inconspicuous hair, have a clypeus with a pointed apex, have a gena that is wide throughout, tergum 1 of the metasoma is almost straight to gently arched in profile, the tibia of the mid leg has two spurs, and the legs end in simple tarsal claws. The genus can be distinguished from other Polistinae by a sessile metasoma (the first segment at most slightly longer than wide) and the fourth tarsomeres of the mid and hind legs being symmetrical. [6]

Polistes show sexual dimorphism, with males having seven externally visible metasomal segments whereas females have six. This trait is shared with other vespid wasps. [6]

Polistes species have single-layered nests which are shaped like an umbrella, with the cells exposed to the air from the bottom, and no layer wrapping around the nest. The nests are suspended from a surface by a petiole and are constructed from a paper-like substance made of a mix of saliva and wood fibres chewed off old and soft wood or dead twigs. Many Polistes species in general often have nests supported by a longer petiole than those of Vespula . [3]

Biochemistry

Similar to many insects, Carlson et al 1998 finds Polistes cuticular hydrocarbons to be predominantly many branched, methyl branched alkanes. The reviews of Nelson 1978, Lockey 1988 and Nelson 1993 concur. [7]

Life cycle

The general life cycle of Polistes can be divided into four phases: [8]

  1. Founding (or pre-emergence) phase
  2. Worker phase
  3. Reproductive phase
  4. Intermediate phase

Founding (or pre-emergence) phase

The founding stage begins in the spring when a solitary female (the "foundress") (or a small group of related females) initiates the construction of a nest. The wasps begin by fashioning a petiole, a short stalk which will connect the new nest to a substrate (often the eave of a house or outbuilding), and building a single brood cell at the end of it. Further cells are added laterally in a hexagonal pattern, each cell surrounded by six others. Although nests can achieve impressive sizes, they almost always maintain a basic shape: petiolated (stellocyttarous), single-combed, unprotected, and open (gymnodomous).

Eggs are laid by the foundress directly into the brood cells and are guarded by the foundress and the assisting females (if present). After the first larvae hatch, the foundress feeds them via progressive provisioning, bringing softened caterpillar flesh to the larvae multiple times throughout their development (as opposed to the one-time provisioning seen in some other hymenopteran groups). Each of this first seasonal brood of new paper wasps is exclusively female and destined to a subordinate worker position inside the nest; they do not found their own nests and instead assist their mother in the care and maintenance of future sisters.

Some foundress wasps do not build their own nests, but rather attempt to usurp that of another female. These usurpation attempts may or may not be successful, but almost always result in impressive displays of aggression and violence. Females may also adopt a more peaceful alternative reproduction strategy by joining the nest of a close relative (usually a sister) and working as assisting females. In the latter case, such cofounding females are generally, but not exclusively, close relatives. [8]

Worker phase

The worker phase usually begins in the early summer, roughly two months after colony initiation, with the emergence of the first workers. These new females take up most of the colony's work duties, foraging, caring for brood, and maintaining the structure of the nest. Around this time, those females which assisted in nest foundation (if present) are driven from the nest by aggressive behavior on the part of the foundress, and leave either to start their own late-season nests or usurp another's.[ citation needed ]

Reproductive phase

The reproductive phase of the colony begins when the first female reproductives (the gynes) emerge from their brood cells. These reproductives differ from their worker sisters by having increased levels of fat stores and cryoprotectant carbohydrate compounds (allowing them to survive the overwintering period). These reproductives contribute genes directly to the next generation, while their worker sisters normally pass along their genes indirectly.[ citation needed ]

Intermediate phase

Once male reproductives emerge and both males and females disperse from the natal nest for mating flights, the so-called intermediate phase begins. Brood care and foraging behavior decline and worker numbers drop as dying individuals are no longer replaced by new ones. Intracolonial aggression increases and the social cohesion of the nest declines. In temperate Polistes species, individuals (almost exclusively inseminated females) gather in groups of up to 50 individuals and seek a sheltered location (called a hibernaculum) in which to overwinter.[ citation needed ]

Behavior

Kin selection

The reproductive behavior of Polistes wasps provided some of the first evidence for the mathematical biologist W. D. Hamilton's 1964 theory of kin selection. Hamilton showed that animals such as workers could be expected to provide assistance to relatives such as their queens according to the costs and benefits involved (K) and their degree of genetic relatedness (r), and gave the rule that now carries his name, K > 1/r. [9] Early caution existed among researchers as to whether social insects could really assess their relatedness. Hamilton himself suggested an alternative possibility, namely that kin could become associated simply by "population viscosity" —that offspring tend not to disperse far from their birthplaces— and West-Eberhard (1969) found some evidence for this in Polistes. However, Polistes species are now known to learn and remember chemical signals (hydrocarbons) picked up from the nest to distinguish nestmates accurately from non-relatives. [10]

Dominance hierarchy system

Morphologically, the foundress and subordinate reproductive members of the colony differ little. However, behavioral differentiation occurs among females both between and within generations. For example, in the species Polistes humilis the queen displays a "tail-wagging" behavior to assert her dominance over the worker class. [11] Similarly, Polistes canadensis also possesses behavioral differentiation between the queen and her nestmates, with the queen often suppressing the aggressive behavior of subordinates through lateral abdominal vibrations and stroking. In contrast, unmated females are not aggressive. [12] In Polistes exclamans queens have different amounts of glucose, fructose, and trehalose which lead to different cryoprotectant levels. This alters their survivability in different temperatures, increasing their odds of reproduction. Females in P. bellicosus are also morphologically similar between caste separations. For example, a P. bellicosus worker could become queen, and egg-layer, if all of the original foundresses die or leave the nest. [13] This is also true for Polistes dorsalis , which also displays dominant behavior. Despite having no distinct morphological caste, roles of P. dorsalis tend to be fixed in a system with division of labor. [14]

Nestmate recognition

Polistes spp. discriminate colony mates using an acquired (i.e. learned) cue, absorbing hydrocarbons from the natal nest at eclosion. [15] This cuticular hydrocarbon "signature" is derived both from the plant material and the foundress-applied substances from which the nest is made. Studies of Polistes fuscatus have researched the molecular basis of the recognition "pheromone" used by the wasps, and indicate at least some of the recognizable labels have the same chemical constituents as the adult cuticular hydrocarbons. Similar recognition is found in Polistes metricus .[ citation needed ]

Dominant individuals of P. dominula have differing cuticular profiles from workers, [16] and the frequent observations of the dominant female stroking its gaster across the nest surface, combined with its staying on the nest for longer times than subordinates, suggests the dominant individual may contribute more to the nest odor.[ citation needed ]

P. carolina females do not preferentially feed their own progeny (as larvae), [17] so it may be the case that nest odor only serves as a likely indicator of relatedness, rather than a specific label of kinship.[ citation needed ]

Further to this recognition of nestmates, Polistes biglumis foundresses discriminate between 'alien' eggs and their own via differential oophagy. [18] The mechanism of differentiation is not elucidated, but is thought to be based upon differences in cuticular hydrocarbon odor.[ citation needed ]

Species

203 species were described in the genus by 1996, [5] and new species continue to be described. [19] There are nine species in Europe. [2]

224 species and 126 subspecies are as follows: [20] [19] [21] [22]

Pest status

Polistes chinensis antennalis, Asian paper wasp has established itself as a pest species in New Zealand. Polistes chinensis antennalis (cropped).jpg
Polistes chinensis antennalis, Asian paper wasp has established itself as a pest species in New Zealand.

Along with the German and common wasps, the Asian and Australian paper wasps ( P. chinensis and P. humilis ) are considered pests in New Zealand. Arriving in 1979, [25] the Asian paper wasp has established itself in both the North Island and the northern parts of the South Island. Because it competes with native species (such as the kaka) for insects, nectar, and honeydew, [26] [27] it is a hindrance to conservation efforts.[ citation needed ]

In North America, the introduced European species Polistes dominula has rapidly colonized a significant area, and is considered an invasive pest. [28] [29] It is a concern for cherry and grape growers in British Columbia, as it injures the fruit by biting off the skin. It also spreads yeast and fungi that harm fruit and can be a nuisance to workers and pickers at harvest. [30] There is evidence it has also displaced native paper wasp species by outcompeting them. [31]

Parasites

Various other insects are parasites or parasitoids of Polistes, including flies (e.g., Sarcophagidae), mantispids, and wasps in the families Torymidae, Mutillidae (rarely), Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae (e.g. Latibulus argiolus ). Some more specialized groups are more intimately associated with Polistes; this includes strepsipterans in the family Stylopidae (genus Xenos ), wasps of the genus Elasmus (formerly placed in their own family, "Elasmidae"), and wasps in the family Trigonalidae.

The nests of many species of this wasp genus are invaded by the parasitoid caterpillars of the moth Chalcoela iphitalis which feed on the wasp larvae and pupas at night, spinning their cocoons in empty cells. [32] [33] [34]

Within the subgenus Polistes are four known social obligate parasites: P. atrimandibularis, P. austroccidentalis, P. maroccanus, and P. semenowi, which parasitize other Polistes wasps. [22] Known host species of these parasites are P. dominulus, P. gallicus, P. nimphus, P. associus, and P. biglumis. [35] Although these parasites differ in their host invasion strategies, their end goal is to successfully infiltrate the host nest and reproduce at the host's expense.[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<i>Eumenes</i> (wasp) Genus of wasps

Eumenes is a genus of wasps in the subfamily Eumeninae. It is a large and widespread genus, with over 100 species and subspecies occurring worldwide. The genus was first proposed by Pierre André Latreille in 1802, with the type species later designated by Latreille in 1810. All species make jug-like nests out of mud, usually attached to twigs. The larvae are fed with caterpillars.

<i>Apoica</i> Genus of wasps

Apoica is a genus of eusocial paper wasp found throughout the Central and South American tropics. These wasps are truly nocturnal, carrying out their foraging activities after the setting of the sun. They prefer to construct their nests, which have an open comb like many paper wasps, under large leaves, or in shrubs. During the day, wasps covering the comb fan their wings to cool the nest, keeping it at a suitable temperature for larval development.

<i>Mischocyttarus</i> Genus of wasps

Mischocyttarus is a very large, primarily Neotropical genus of social wasps with a few species found also in the Nearctic region. It is the only member of the tribe Mischocyttarini; the asymmetrical tarsal lobes of Mischocyttarus separates it from the tribe Epiponini. Mischocyttarus is the largest genus of social wasps, containing over 200 species and subspecies. Mischocyttarus wasps build a relatively simple, single comb nest. Sometimes, the nest is built within a meter of the nest of Polistes carnifex. Foraging adults bring nectar and small caterpillars back to the nest to feed to the developing larvae which are individually housed in separate cells in the nest. Not all nests have a female with developed ovaries. Their biology is similar to that of species in the genus Polistes. However, Mischocyttarus appear to show considerably more social and reproductive flexibility than Polistes.

<i>Anterhynchium</i> Genus of wasps

Anterhynchium is an Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Australian and Palearctic genus of potter wasps. As in many species of wasp, female wasps defend against predation using a modified ovipositor to sting predators. Like some other wasps in the Vespidae family, male wasps can produce a "pseudo-sting" with two sharp spines on either side of their genitals; however, unlike in the females, this "sting" is venomless.

<i>Synagris</i> Genus of wasps

Synagris is an Afrotropical genus of large potter wasps. Several Synagris wasps are strongly sexually dimorphic and males bear notable morphological secondary sexual traits including metasomal lamellar or angular protruding structures and hornlike or tusklike mandibular and/or clypeal projections.

<i>Delta</i> (wasp) Genus of wasps

Delta is an Old World genus of potter wasps with species predominantly distributed through tropical Africa and Asia. Some species are present in the Palearctic region, and a few have been introduced in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The members of this genus have a long metasomal petiole, like members of the genera Eumenes and Zeta.

Hypodynerus is a South American, primarily Andean, genus of potter wasps with most of its described species inhabiting Chile. The species included in Hypodynerus include:

<i>Ropalidia</i> Genus of wasps

Ropalidia is a large genus of eusocial paper wasps (Polistinae) in the tribe Ropalidiini distributed throughout the Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Australasian biogeographical regions. The genus Ropalidia is unusual because it contains both independent and swarm-founding species. Ropalidia romandi is one of the swarm founding species, meaning that new nests are founded by a large group of workers with a smaller number of inseminated females, while Ropalidia revolutionalis is independent-founding, meaning that each nest is founded by a single foundress.

Knemodynerus is a genus of potter wasps distributed through the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Australasian regions. The species currently classified in the genus are:

<i>Rhynchium</i> Genus of wasps

Rhynchium is an Australian, Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Palearctic genus of potter wasps.

<i>Polybia</i> Genus of wasps

Polybia is a genus of eusocial wasps ranging from Central to South America. Some produce enough honey to be collected and eaten by local people.

Eustenancistrocerus is an Afrotropical, Palearctic and Oriental genus of potter wasps. The species in this genus include:

<i>Proepipona</i> Genus of wasps

Proepipona is an Afrotropical genus of potter wasps.

<i>Belonogaster</i> Genus of wasps

Belonogaster is a large genus of mainly Afrotropical quasisocial wasps, although some species occur in Arabia and two extend as far as India. They have characteristics of both the eusocial and the solitary wasps. Belonogaster constructs communal paper nests where the grubs are fed on masticated, soft-bodied insects such as caterpillars. The type species is Belonogaster juncea, which consists of two subspecies: Belonogaster juncea colonialis and Belonogaster juncea juncea. Belanogaster wasps are an important food source for wintering European honey buzzards in sub-Saharan Africa. In African traditional medicine, wasps of the genus are cooked with plant roots and consumed to cure various childhood sicknesses, as well as having ceremonial use similar to that of honey bees. Some birds choose to build their nests near the nests of Belonogaster for protection, including mousebirds and weavers.

<i>Polistes carnifex</i> Species of wasp

Polistes carnifex, commonly known as the executioner wasp or executioner paper wasp, is a neotropical vespid wasp in the cosmopolitan genus Polistes.

Pseudonortonia is a fairly large genus of potter wasps with a rich Afrotropical fauna, as well as with several species which occur throughout the Palearctic and Indomalayan regions.

Labus is an Indomalayan genus of potter wasps. It contains the following species:

<i>Delta emarginatum</i> Species of wasp

Delta emarginatum is a species of potter wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae of the family Vespidae.

<i>Polistes stigma</i> Species of wasp

Polistes stigma is a species of paper wasp from the Paleotropics.

<i>Polistes tepidus</i> Species of wasp

Polistes tepidus is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. The species is endemic to parts of Oceania, primarily Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and the Solomon Islands. Workers feed upon caterpillars to cache food for their nest. Nests are usually located in trees or other foliage but can also be found within human structures.

References

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  4. ↑ Chakraborti, Suktara (2018). "Linking insect diversity with habitat health at the ecologically restored sites of the Lokkere Reserve Forest, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Karnataka". JungleScapes (JS-Insects-001). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.25359.02721.
  5. 1 2 Carpenter, James M. (1996). "Distributional Checklist of Species of the Genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini)". American Museum Novitates (3188): 1–39. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  6. 1 2 Buck, M.; Marshall, S. A.; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008). "Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region". Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. 05: 1–492. doi:10.3752/cjai.2008.05.
  7. ↑ Dani, Francesca Romana (2006). "Cuticular lipids as semiochemicals in paper wasps and other social insects". Annales Zoologici Fennici. Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board + Ministry of Education and Culture. 43 (5/6): 500–514. ISSN   0003-455X. JSTOR   23736758. ISSN   1797-2450.
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  9. ↑ Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I & II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 17–52. Bibcode:1964JThBi...7...17H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. PMID   5875340.
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  12. ↑ West-Eberhard, Mary Jane (1986). "Dominance Relations in Polistes canadensis (L.), a Tropical Social Wasp". Monitore Zoologico Italiano. 20: 263–281. doi:10.1080/00269786.1986.10736502 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
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  14. ↑ Jandt, J.M.; Tibbetts, E.A.; Toth, A.L. (2013). "Polistes paper wasps: a model genus for the study of social dominance hierarchies". International Journal for the Study of Social Arthropods. 61: 11–27. doi:10.1007/s00040-013-0328-0. S2CID   253637849.
  15. ↑ Gamboa, George J.; Grudzien, Thaddeus A.; Espelie, Karl; Bura, Elizabeth A. (1996). "Kin recognition pheromones in social wasps: combining chemical and behavioural evidence" (PDF). Animal Behaviour . 51 (1996): 625–629. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0067. S2CID   53170152.[ permanent dead link ]
  16. ↑ Bonavita-Cougourdan, Annie; Theraulaz, Guy; Bagnères, Anne-Geneviève; Roux, Maurice; Pratte, Michel; Provost, Eric; Clément, Jean-Luc (1991). "Cuticular hydrocarbons, social organization and ovarian development in a polistine wasp: Polistes dominulus Christ" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry. 100 (4): 667–680. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(91)90272-F. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
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  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Buck, Matthias; Cobb, T.P.; Stahlhut, J.K.; Hanner, R.H. (1 October 2012). "Unravelling cryptic species diversity in eastern Nearctic paper wasps, Polistes (Fuscopolistes), using male genitalia, morphometrics and DNA barcoding, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)". Zootaxa. 3502 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3502.1.1.
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  23. 1 2 3 Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong; Vu, Thuong Thi; Lee, John X.Q.; Carpenter, James M (2017). "Taxonomic notes on the Polistes stigma group (Hymenoptera, vespidae: Polistinae) from continental Southeast Asia, with descriptions of three new species and a key to species". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 65: 269–279. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
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  32. ↑ Krombein, Karl Vorse (1979). "Vespoidea". In Krombein, Karl V.; Hurd, Paul D. Jr.; Smith, David R.; Burks, B. D. (eds.). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 1510–1516. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5074.
  33. ↑ Madden, A.A.; Davis, M.M.; Sparks, P.T. (2010). "First detailed report of brood parasitoidism in the invasive population of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in North America" (PDF). Insectes Sociaux . 57 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1007/s00040-010-0079-0. S2CID   33545713.
  34. ↑ Litte, Marcia (1979). "Mischocyttarus flavitarsis in Arizona: Social and Nesting Biology of a Polistine Wasp". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 50 (3): 282–312. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb01033.x.
  35. ↑ Cervo, Rita (29 December 2006). "Polistes wasps and their social parasites: an overview" (PDF). Annales Zool. Fennici. 43: 531–549. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

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