Qilu culture, also known as Haidai culture, is a regional culture that originated and developed in Shandong Province, China. The Qilu Cultural District is centered around the Taiyi Mountains and encompasses the region east of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in present-day Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, and the Liaodong Peninsula. This cultural area aligns with the JiaoliaoMandarin District and the Hebei-LuMandarin Districts within Shandong Province.
To the west, it is bordered by the Grand Canal and the Central Plains Culture, while to the south, it is adjacent to the Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District. Qilu culture can be further divided into two subregions: "Western Lu culture" and "Jiaodong culture."[1]
Feature
Qilu culture is deeply connected to Guan Zhong and Confucius. Their influence played a crucial role in shaping its origins, laying a strong foundation for the subsequent flourishing of Qilu culture.
Qi culture
Guan Zhong was a statesman and philosopher of the Qi State, as well as a prominent representative of Legalism during the Spring and Autumn Period. His key ideas were later compiled and recorded in the book Guanzi by subsequent generations.[2]
Lu culture
Confucius, an educator and philosopher from the State of Lu, was the founder of Confucianism and the concept of Yi Xu.[3] His teachings on benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust had a profound and lasting impact.
The prehistoric culture of Shandong, known as Dongyi culture, is one of the oldest civilizations in China.[5] The characters of the Dongyi people are believed to be one of the important sources of oracle bone inscriptions from the Shang dynasty.[6] Characters such as "Dan," "Jin," "Huang," "Feng," "Jiu," and "Pai" are still in use today.
According to Chinese classics, the Dongyi people invented the bow and arrow and possessed advanced pottery-making technology. They were also the first tribe in China to use copper and iron. Research on Longshan culture suggests that the Dongyi people were the inventors of rituals, signifying the development of their social hierarchy and the establishment of early states.
Chinese archaeologist Yu Weichao[7] has noted that "if it were not for the great flood more than 4,000 years ago, the Dongyi people might have established China’s earliest dynasty."[8]
From the founding of the states of Qi and Lu in the early Western Zhou dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the Qi culture (Jiaodong culture) and Lu culture (Western Lu culture) gradually took shape. Qi culture was primarily influenced by Dongyi culture, with Zhou culture as a secondary influence, whereas Lu culture was predominantly shaped by Zhou culture, supplemented by elements of Dongyi culture.
In contrast, Lu culture emphasized etiquette and feudalism, with Confucianism advocating for the restoration of feudal hierarchies and societal order. However, opposing schools of thought also arose, such as Mohism, which promoted logic and stood in opposition to Confucian ideals.
During the Warring States Period, Qi culture began to dominate over Lu culture, with Legalism and Mohism playing a significant role in shaping its intellectual landscape.[9]
During the Han dynasty, Emperor Wu officially recognized the Confucian system.[10] Following the policy of "deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone," Confucianism became the cornerstone of China's social framework and values.[11]
At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, two prominent Confucian scholars, He Xiu[12] and Zheng Xuan, emerged from Shandong. During the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties, many renowned noble families who resettled south of the Yangtze River, such as the Langya Wang family, the Lanling Xiao family,[13] the Gaoping Xi family, the Langya Yan family, and the Taiyang family,[14] originated from the Qilu region.
After the Wei and Jin dynasties, however, Qilu culture gradually lost its independence.[15]
Buddhism and Taoism have a history of over a thousand years in Shandong. Islam began to develop in the region after Hui Muslims migrated there in the 13th century. Catholicism and Christianity spread rapidly, primarily following the Opium War.
In 1990, Shandong Province had 1.2million religious believers, 3,040 religious activity sites, and 2,578 religious personnel.[25]
Language
The Shandong dialect classification by Qian Zengyi and Li Rong.[26]
The Shandong region features diverse dialects, with variations in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Scholars such as Qian Zengyi classified the Shandong dialect into two major areas and four sub-districts, while Li Rong divided it into three areas: Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, and Central Plains Mandarin.[27]
The Shandong dialect spoken by Hou Baolin belongs to Jiaoliao Mandarin, whereas the Shandong dialect used in Shandong Kuaishu falls under Hebei-Shandong Mandarin. The Mandarin dialects of Hebei and Shandong include subcategories such as the Liaotai group[28] (e.g., Jinan dialect), and the Huang Le group[29] (e.g., Wudi dialect). The Central Plains Mandarin dialects include the Jining and Zaozhuang dialects.
The Jiaodong dialect is more complex and closely resembles the Dalian and Dandong dialects of Liaoning. It belongs to Jiaoliao Mandarin, which is the most distinct dialect group from standard Mandarin in East China. Jiaoliao Mandarin includes the Denglian,[30] Qinglai,[31] and Yingtong subgroups, with approximately 30 million speakers. The Qinglai subgroup is further divided into four smaller areas: the Qingdao area, Qingqu area, Laichang area, and Juzhao area.
Folk customs
Shandong folk customs are divided into two styles: Qi and Lu. Qi customs reflect the cultural traditions of Dongyi, showing less influence from clan structures and Zhou rituals, with some elements of a developing commodity economy. Lu customs, on the other hand, were shaped by Zhou rites, focusing more on structured practices and agricultural life.[32]
Cultural characteristics vary across the region. The Shandong Plain is known for its farming culture, with Weifang kites and Yangjiabu New Year paintings being prominent examples.
The Jiaodong coastal area features fishing customs that are lively and straightforward.
The western Shandong region is notable for its strong traditions and its association with Confucius and Mencius.[33]
Shandong cuisine can be divided into three main styles: Jinan cuisine, Jiaodong cuisine, and Kongfu cuisine.[34] Jinan cuisine is known for its expertise in roasting, deep-frying, and stir-frying, with a stronger, richer flavor. Jiaodong cuisine, originating from coastal areas such as Fushan, Yantai, and Qingdao, specializes in seafood, emphasizing fresh, tender, and light flavors that focus on the natural taste of the ingredients. Kongfu cuisine is renowned worldwide for its exquisite ingredients, fine preparation, unique style, and distinctive flavor.[35]
Traditional Shandong dishes include sweet and sour Yellow River carp, roasted sea cucumber with green onion, Mushu meat, grilled abalone in its shell, nine-turn large intestine, fried lotus, Jinan roast duck, carrot sweet potato, and Sixi meatballs.[36] Additionally, "Dezhou Braised Chicken Production Technique" and "Longkou Vermicelli Traditional Handmade Production Technique" are recognized as national intangible cultural heritages.[37]
Shandong is also renowned for its wine culture[38] and emphasis on etiquette.[39] In a formal setting, the person with the highest rank in the guest party is called the "host" and sits directly opposite the door. To the right of the host sits the "guest of honor," the highest-ranking guest, while the "deputy guest of honor" sits to the left. The "secondary waiter" sits opposite the main waiter, with their back to the door, and is primarily responsible for encouraging guests to drink.[40] Serving food, pouring tea, and pouring wine all begin with the guest of honor.[41]
Shandong's wine culture has a long history. The Yantai Changyu Winemaking Company, founded by Qing dynasty industrialist Zhang Bishi in 1892, is now the largest wine producer in China and Asia, and the tenth-largest wine producer in the world.[42] The company produces four wine series: wine, brandy, champagne, and health wine, with hundreds of products.[43] Wine estates and wine culture museums have become popular destinations for cultural tourism, leisure, and sightseeing.[44]
Festival
Festivals in Shandong are divided into traditional festivals and emerging festivals. Most emerging festivals are national events, such as New Year's Day, Women's Day, and Arbor Day. Since the reform and opening up, many new festivals and conferences have been established throughout Shandong, collectively referred to as "emerging festivals." These festivals aim to promote the local economy and tourism and include the Confucius Cultural Festival, Rongcheng Fishermen's Festival, Qingdao International Beer Festival, Zibo Ceramics Glaze Art Festival, and various cultural and art festivals.
Education
Education system: Shandong's education system follows China's national education policy, which includes nine-year compulsory education,[45]high school education, higher education, and other levels of education.
Basic education: Shandong Province places a strong emphasis on basic education, including primary and junior high school education. The school system is extensive, offering students a comprehensive education across various subjects.[46]
Senior high school education: The level of senior high school education in Shandong Province is relatively high, with some renowned high schools offering high-quality liberal arts and science courses. High school education is a crucial stage in preparing students for university entrance.
Higher Education: Shandong Province is home to many renowned universities and higher education institutions, with Shandong University, China Ocean University, and Qingdao University being notable representatives. These universities are well-regarded both domestically and internationally, attracting students from across China and abroad.
Scientific research and innovation:[47] Shandong Province has made significant achievements in scientific research and innovation, attracting a large number of research talents. Universities and research institutions in the province actively participate in national and local scientific research projects, contributing to the advancement of scientific and technological innovation and development.
Education reform: Shandong Province is continuously implementing education reforms to adapt to changes in the social economy and educational needs. These efforts include improving the quality of education, promoting the use of information technology in education, and strengthening teacher training.[48]
Shandong Province has abundant resources and a long history in education, and it is committed to providing high-quality education. This commitment has made positive contributions to both student development and social progress. The education system in Shandong is continuously evolving and improving to meet the ever-changing educational needs.
Cultural heritage
Cultural relics unearthed in Shandong that are prohibited from being exhibited abroad
5 Famous Historical and Cultural Villages in China: Zhujiayu Village (Guanzhuang Township, Zhangqiu District, Jinan City), Dongchudao Village (Ningjin Street, Rongcheng City), Xiongyasuo Village (Tianheng Town, Jimo District, Qingdao City), Lijia Village (Wangcun Town, Zhoucun District, Zibo City), Tuancun and Gaojiazhuangzi Village (Xinzhuang Town, Zhaoyuan City)[53]
42 National Forest Parks: Laoshan, Baodugu, Taishan, Lashan, etc.
Shandong is a coastal province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world. The Buddhist temples in the mountains south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu was the birthplace of Confucius, and later became the center of Confucianism.
Jinan is the capital of the province of Shandong in East China. With a population of 9.2 million, it is one of the largest cities in Shandong in terms of population. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city has held sub-provincial administrative status since 1994. Jinan is often called the "City of Springs" for its famous 72 artesian springs.
Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The city borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north. Its population was 9,386,705 at the 2020 census, of whom 3,095,520 lived in the built-up area made up of four urban districts and Changle County largely being urbanized.
The Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula or Jiaodong (Chiaotung) Peninsula is a peninsula in Shandong in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers to the east and Jiaozhou.
Zibo is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, China. It borders the provincial capital Jinan to the west, Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou to the north.
Zaozhuang is a prefecture-level city in the south of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Since January 2019, the smallest prefecture-level city in the province, it borders Jining to the west and north, Linyi to the east, and the province of Jiangsu to the south. The Battle of Taierzhuang occurred in the city during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938. The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) had a significant impact on Zaozhuang.
The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic, cultural, ethnic, genetic, and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is: "minxi", used in Mainland China or "zuqun", used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups. In Taiwan, only three subgroups, Hakka, Hoklo, and Waishengren are recognized.
Heze, formerly known as Caozhou, is the westernmost prefecture-level city in Shandong province, China, bordering Jining to the east and the provinces of Henan and Anhui to the west and south respectively.The total area is 12238.62 square kilometers and the population is 10.58 million. It governs Mudan District and Dingtao District, 2 districts and 7 counties including Caoxian, Chengwu, Shanxian, Juye, Yuncheng, Juancheng and Dongming.
Shandong cuisine, more commonly known in Chinese as Lu cuisine, is one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of Chinese cuisine and one of the Four Great Traditions. It is derived from the native cooking style of Shandong Province, a northern coastal province of China.
Jilu or Ji–Lu Mandarin, formerly known as Beifang Mandarin "Northern Mandarin", is a dialect of Mandarin Chinese spoken in the Chinese provinces of Hebei and the western part of Shandong and Xunke, Tangwang & Jiayin counties of Heilongjiang. Its name is a combination of the abbreviated names of the two provinces, which derive from ancient local provinces. The names are combined as Ji–Lu Mandarin.
The Qingdao dialect is the local dialect of the city of Qingdao and nearby towns, in China's Shandong Province.
Sichuan opera is a type of Chinese opera originating in China's Sichuan province around 1700. Today's Sichuan opera is a relatively recent synthesis of five historic melodic styles. Chengdu is the main home of Sichuan opera, while other influential locales include Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hubei and Taiwan. Sichuan opera was listed among the first batch of the Chinese Ministry of Culture's "Intangible Cultural Heritage List", announced on May 20, 2006.
Zhongyuan (Chinese: 中原; pinyin: Zhōngyuán), the Central Plain(s), also known as Zhongtu (Chinese: 中土; pinyin: Zhōngtǔ, lit. 'central land') and Zhongzhou (Chinese: 中州; pinyin: Zhōngzhōu, lit. 'central region'), commonly refers to the part of the North China Plain surrounding the lower and middle reaches of the Yellow River, centered on the region between Luoyang and Kaifeng. It has been perceived as the birthplace of the Chinese civilization. Historically, the Huaxia people viewed Zhongyuan as 'the center of the world'. Human activities in the Zhongyuan region can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period.
The people of Shandong province or Shandong people refers to those who are native to Shandong province, the majority (99%) are classified as Han Chinese. They speak various forms of Chinese such as Jilu, Jiaoliao, and Zhongyuan. There is a small Shandong community in Singapore and Malaysia. Nine-tenths of the early overseas Chinese in Korea also came from Shandong. Shandong citizens, are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010, 16- to 18-year-old male students in Yantai measured 176.4 cm (5'9.5), while female students measured 164 cm (5'4.5). Provincial average for both genders would be about 1cm less.
Ningjin County is a county in the northwest of Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei province to the north. It is administered by the prefecture-level city of Dezhou.
Ganyu District is a suburban district under the administration of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China. It contains the province's northernmost point and is located along the Yellow Sea coast where the coastline takes a sharp turn toward the southeast, and borders the Shandong prefecture-level cities of Linyi and Rizhao to the north.
An Zuozhang was a Chinese historian who specialized in ancient Chinese history and the regional history of Shandong. A lifelong professor of Shandong Normal University, he was considered in China as a leading expert in the history of Qin and Han dynasties.
Liu Zewen, was born in Qingdao, Shandong in 1943. He is a full-time painter of the Yantai Art Academy, national first-class artist and art professor, member of the Chinese Artists Association, visiting professor of the Academy of Fine Arts of Shandong University of Arts, professor of the Shandong Vocational College of Art & Design, consultant of the Shandong Artists Association, consultant of the Chinese Painting Figure Art Committee, committee member of the Shandong Painting Academy, member of the Shandong Chinese Painting Society, Vice President of the Shandong Mural Art Research Institute, honorary chairman of the Yantai Artists Association, and President of the Yantai Modern Art Academy.
Qilu Normal College is a university located in Jinan, Shandong Province.
Shandong Theological Seminary is the only Christian theological college in Shandong Province of eastern China. It was founded in 1987 by the Shandong Provincial Christian Council in Jinan, the provincial capital. Since its establishment, the seminary has produced nearly 2,000 graduates for the churches of Shandong. The school also owns the "Qilu Theological Research Center", which was established in cooperation with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
↑ Zhou Fei (2011-04-06). "An Interpretation of the Hundred Schools of Thought". Yuanliu Publishing House. p.16.
↑ Yi Xue is the knowledge about the "Book of Changes" and the changes in things.
↑ Taiyi Mountains, an important mountain range in eastern China. Located in the central part of Shandong Province, it is divided into Taishan Mountains, Yishan Mountains, Mengshan Mountains, and Culai Mountains. The main peak, Yuhuangding, is 1532.7 meters above sea level.
↑ Yu Weichao (1933–2003), male, was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province. Archaeologist, graduated from the Department of History of Peking University majoring in Archeology, and has served as lecturer, associate professor, and professor in the Department of History and Archeology of Peking University.
↑ Yu Weichao: "The Mystery of the Decay of Longshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture", "Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Excavation of the Chengziya Site", Qilu Publishing House, 1993
↑ "齐鲁文化概述". 中国华文教育网. 2007-07-12. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
↑ He Xiu (129–182), courtesy name Shaogong, was born in Renchengfan (near Qufu) in the Eastern Han dynasty.
↑ The Xiao family of Lanling was a gentry family with the surname Xiao in medieval China, with Lanling County as its commandery.
↑ The Taiyang clan, also known as the Taiyang clan, is a noble family with the surname Yang in Taishan County in ancient China. It has been active in the political and military arena from the Eastern Han dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties.
↑ "Baixue Yiyin" is a collection of folk songs from the middle of the Qing dynasty in China. It was compiled and completed in 1804 and published in 1828.
↑ Liaotai Xiaoping (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Shiji Pian, distributed in southwestern Hebei Province and central Shandong Province.
↑ Huangle Xiaopian (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Canghui Pian, distributed in southeastern Hebei Province and northern Shandong Province.
↑ Denglianpian is an area of Jiaoliao Mandarin dialect of Chinese Mandarin, mainly distributed in Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Changshan Islands, Miaodao Islands, and there is also a dialect island in Hulin, Heilongjiang.
↑ Qinglai Pian, formerly known as Qingzhou Pian, is an area of Jiao Liao Mandarin, the Mandarin Chinese dialect, mainly distributed in the Jiao Lai Plain area of Shandong Peninsula and Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province.
↑ Mashan National Nature Reserve is located in Jimo District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. It was approved by the State Council as a national nature reserve in 1994 and as a Shandong Provincial Geopark in 2002 by the Shandong Provincial People's Government.
↑ "王羲之 – 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版". www.zgbk.com. Retrieved 2024-03-18. [Wang Xizhi – "Encyclopedia of China" Third Edition Online Version]
↑ "秦琼 – 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版". www.zgbk.com. Retrieved 2024-03-18. [Qin Qiong – "Encyclopedia of China" Third Edition Online Version]
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.