By mandate of Pope Gregory I in October 590, on the petition of Bishop Bacaudas of Formiae, the diocese of Minturno (Minturnae), which was completely destitute of both clergy and people, was added to the see of Formia, which was itself desolate, and Minturnae's income, rights, and privileges were transferred to the See of Formiae.[3] In April 597, following the death of Bishop Bacaudas, Pope Gregory appointed Bishop Agnellus of Terracina as Apostolic Visitor of Formiae, instructing him to summon the clergy and people to elect a successor, and stating that no priest from outside the diocese should be elected, unless no acceptable candidate could be found in the diocese of Formiae.[4] The successful candidate was Alvinus, who, in October 598, received permission to use sanctuaries of martyrs to build a basilica.[5]
The importance of Gaeta dates from 846, when Constantine, Bishop of Formiae, fled there and established his residence. In or soon after 999 Bishop Bernard of Gaeta annexed the see of Traetto. The earliest church in Gaeta was S. Lucia, which was built in the 8th or 9th century, but does not appear in the written record until 986. The next-oldest was S. Maria del Parco (S. Maria Assunta), in which the remains of S. Erasmus were deposited in 842, to keep them from desecration by the Saracens.[6] The remains of S. Marcellus were brought from Syracuse secretly, for the same reason, and hidden in S. Maria del Parco; and, when the secret was revealed in 917, piety and patriotism moved Bishop Bonus and the Hypati, Giovanni and Docibilis, to begin construction of a more suitable and imposing basilica, in the romanesque style, to replace the little S. Maria del Parco.[7] The cathedral was dedicated by Pope Paschal II personally on 3 February 1106.[8]
Pope Paschal died in January 1118, and immediately after the election of his successor, Pope Gelasius II (Giovanni Gaetani) on 24 January, the new pope was compelled by the violence of the Frangipane family to flee the city. By way of the Tiber River, the papal party reached Porto, but then had to take to the sea for a rough voyage to Terracina, and from there to Gaeta. On 10 March 1118, he was consecrated and crowned pope in Gaeta. The papal court stayed in Gaeta through the rest of Lent, but celebrated Easter on April 14 in Capua.[9]
A series of large earthquakes, which began on 1 June 1231, severely damaged buildings from Rome to the Capua, and under Bishop Peter, in 1255, it became necessary to rebuild the cathedral, to which project Pope Alexander IV donated 50 ounces of gold. The new cathedral incorporated the old, as a kind of "double cathedral".[10]
The cathedral was staffed and administered by a chapter, which consisted of four dignities (headed by the archpriest), and sixteen canons. Two of the canons were designated the theologus and the penitentiarus, in accordance with the decrees of the Council of Trent.[11]
Election of 1276
A copy of the Bull of Confirmation of Bishop Bartholomew, dated 21 December 1276, provides useful details about the workings of an episcopal election in Gaeta. On the death of Bishop Benvenuto, the Archpriest and Chapter of Gaeta fixed a date for the election, summoning all who ought to be present and all who wished to attend. On the day, they decided to proceed by the "Way of Scrutiny" (one of three means authorized by Canon Law), and elected three scrutineers, two Canons and the Prior of S. Silvinianus in Gaeta, to collect their own and the other votes and make them public. The Chapter had twenty-one votes, and four Priors of churches in Gaeta also had votes. Seventeen Canons and the four Priors voted for Bartholomew, one of the Canons of Gaeta; the rest voted for Canon Leo Proia. Canon Petrus Bocaterela announced the result and declared Bartholomew elected. Some of the losing party suggested that the election should be contested, but Canon Proia resigned his rights. The results were then sent to Pope John XXI, who had just been elected pope on 8 September 1276, and was living at Viterbo at the time. The pope had the bishop-elect's reputation and the canonical validity of the election investigated, and accepted the result that the election should be confirmed. The bull was duly drawn up, signed, and copies sent to Bishop-elect Bartholomew, to the Archpriest and Chapter, to the clergy of the diocese of Gaeta, and to the people of Gaeta.[12]
When Pope Gregory XII was deposed by the Council of Pisa on 5 June 1409, he fled from Cividale to Gaeta.[13] There he held meetings with King Ladislaus of Naples. Ladislaus had been crowned in Gaeta on 29 May 1390, by the papal legate, Cardinal Angelo Accaiuoli, and had a palace there, where his mother resided.[14] During this time, the papal chamberlain Paolo, dressed in the papal red cassock, was impersonating Gregory XII elsewhere.[15] Gregory remained in Gaeta until 1411, until King Ladislas repudiated him and took up Pope John XXIII. Gregory was compelled to seek safety in Rimini.[16]
Post-Napoleonic Italy
In 1806, Gaeta was occupied by French forces under the command of General Massena, who had been sent to install Napoleon's brother Joseph as King of Naples. The title of Duke of Gaeta was assigned to Joseph Bonaparte's minister of finance, Charles Gaudin. French laws were applied to the kingdom, which, among other things, meant the abolition of the mendicant Orders, and the reassignment of their churches and convents to civic purposes. The French were driven out in 1815.[17]
Following the defeat and deportation of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, and the return of Pope Pius VII from imprisonment in France, it became necessary to restore good order in the Church, and to revise the terms of previous concordats with various European powers. The Kingdom of Naples proved a difficult case, since its ruler refused to acknowledge the feudal overlordship of the papacy over southern Italy and Sicily. Finally, after changing its name to "The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies" and repudiating the old feudal subordination, a concordat was signed with King Ferdinand on 16 February 1818, which was ratified by Pope Pius VII on 7 March 1818. Among other items, it was agreed that the reduction in the number of dioceses, which had been promised in the Concordat of 1741, would actually be carried out.[18] On the same day, in a separate document, the King of the Two Sicilies was granted the privilege of nominating all of the archbishops and bishops of the kingdom.[19]
On 27 June 1818 Pius VII, signed the bull "De Utiliori", which carried out the terms of the reorganization of dioceses agreed to in the Concordat.[20] The cathedral church of Fondi was suppressed, and its city and diocese were permanently added and aggregated to the diocese of Gaeta.[21]
Like other capitals in Europe, Rome experienced the pain of revolution in the spring of 1848. Several times, Pius IX was offered the leadership of the movement for the unification of Italy, but each time he refused. On 15 November 1848, Count Pellegrino Rossi, Pius IX's Minister of the Interior was assassinated. During the night of 24 November, Pius fled from Rome in the disguise of a simple priest. On 29 November, he took up residence in Gaeta, in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, where he lived until the following summer.[22] On December 31, 1848, Pius IX raised the diocese to archiepiscopal rank, but without suffragans; the change was purely honorary.[23] On 9 February 1849, the Pope was deposed from his political office as sovereign of the Papal States and Rome, since he had abandoned his station.[24] He departed Gaeta for Naples on 4 September 1849.[25]
Reorganization
Following the Second Vatican Council, and in accordance with the norms laid out in the council's decree, Christus Dominus chapter 40,[26] major changes were made in the ecclesiastical administrative structure of southern Italy. Wide consultations had taken place with the bishops and other prelates who would be affected. Action, however, was deferred, first by the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978, then the death of Pope John Paul I on 28 September 1978, and the election of Pope John Paul II on 16 October 1978. Pope John Paul II issued a decree, "Quamquam Ecclesia," on 30 April 1979, ordering the changes.[27] Three ecclesiastical provinces were abolished entirely: those of Conza, Capua, and Sorrento. Once a suffragan of the archdiocese of Capua, the diocese was subsequently exempted (i.e. directly subject to the Pope).
Territory and parishes
The diocese, which includes the Pontine Islands,[28] as well as a part of mainland Lazio, covers a surface of 603km2.
Presently[when?] it is divided into four districts called foranie which are centred on Gaeta itself, and the former sees of Fondi, Formia and Minturno.
Among the notable bishops of Gaeta were: Francesco Patrizio (1460), friend of Pius II, author of a work in nine books, De Regno et De Institutione Regis, dedicated to Alfonso, Duke of Calabria; and Tommaso de Vio, better known as the famous Thomas Cajetan, a Dominican theologian and Papal diplomat.
The Archdiocese of Capua is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Capua, in Campania, Italy, but its archbishop no longer holds metropolitan rank and has no ecclesiastical province. Since 1979, it is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Napoli, i.e. no longer has its own ecclesiastical province nor metropolitan status.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferentino existed until 1986, when it was united into the new diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino.
The Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy. It has existed since 1986. In that year, the Diocese of Ferentino was united into the Diocese of Veroli-Frosinone, which was the name of the historic Diocese of Veroli from 1956. It is immediately exempt to the Holy See and not part of an ecclesiastical province.
The Diocese of Grosseto is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy, a suffragan of the archdiocese of Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino, in Tuscany. Its current bishop is Giovanni Roncari, OFMCap.
The Diocese of Nocera Umbra was a Catholic diocese in Umbria, Italy.
The Italian Catholic diocese of Todi existed until 1986, when it was united into the diocese of Orvieto-Todi. Up until that point, the diocese had always been directly dependent on the Holy See.
The Archdiocese of Pescara-Penne is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church on the east coast in central Italy.
The Catholic diocese of Sarsina was a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, seated in Sarsina, in the province of Forlì, some 32 km south-southwest of Cesena. The diocese was founded in the 5th century, and was suffragan (subordinate) to the archbishop of Ravenna. The diocese existed until 1986, when it was united with the diocese of Cesena.
The diocese of Ruvo was a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Apulia, southern Italy, which existed until 1986, when it was united into the diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi. From 1818 to 1982, it was united with the diocese of Bitonto, as the diocese of Ruvo and Bitonto.
The Diocese of Termoli-Larino is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church situated in the province of Campobasso, region of Molise. The commune of Termoli is an important regional seaport. The diocese has existed in its current configuration since 1986, when the diocese of Larino was suppressed and added to its territory. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano.
The diocese of Teano-Calvi is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy, created in 1986. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. The historic Diocese of Teano and diocese of Calvi Risorta were united in 1818, forming the diocese of Calvi e Teano.
The Diocese of San Severo is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Apulia. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Foggia-Bovino.
The Diocese of Ischia is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. The diocese comprises the entire island of Ischia, which contains seven communes divided into two circumscriptions. In 1743, the population was about 4,000. The city of Ischia constituted one single parish, with two religious houses of men and one of women. In 2018, the population of the town of Ischia was 20,118.
The Diocese of Pozzuoli is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy. It is a suffragan of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples, like its other neighboring dioceses, Aversa and Ischia.
The Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Lazio, Italy. It was established under this name in 1986. It is the continuation of the Diocese of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze, whose existence was confirmed by Pope Honorius III in 1217, as a joining of the Diocese of Terracina with the Diocese of Priverno and the Diocese of Sezze under a single bishop. It is immediately exempt to the Holy See.
The Diocese of Caserta is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. In 1818 Pope Pius VII united this see with the diocese of Caiazzo, but Pope Pius IX made them separate sees. In 2013 in the diocese of Caserta there was one priest for every 1,703 Catholics; in 2016, there was one priest for every 2,008 Catholics. The diocesan Major Seminary currently (2019) has four seminarians.
The Diocese of Sessa Aurunca is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in southern Italy. Since 1979 it has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples.
The Diocese of Anagni-Alatri is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Lazio, Italy. It has existed in its current form since 1986. In that year the Diocese of Alatri was united to the historical Diocese of Anagni. The diocese is immediately exempt to the Holy See.
The Italian Catholic diocese of Lacedonia, a suffragan of the archdiocese of Benevento in Campania, existed until 1986 when incorporated into the reorganized Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia.
The former Italian Catholic Diocese of Chiusi-Pienza, in Tuscany, existed until 1986. In that year it was united into the Diocese of Montepulciano-Chiusi-Pienza. The Diocese of Chiusi (Clusinus) was at first immediately subject to the Holy See, but was made a suffragan of archdiocese of Siena by Pope Pius II. From 1459 to 1986, it was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Siena.
↑ The story is told by Pandulphus Pisanus, who was a member of the party, in his "Life of Pope Gelasius", §10, in: J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXIII (Paris 1854), pp. 480-481. Pandulphus (Pisanus.) (1802). Costantino Gaetani (ed.). Vita del pontefice Gelasio II.: Recata dalla latina favella nella volgare (in Italian). pp.8–10, 118, 135–141.
↑ Christus Dominus 40. Therefore, in order to accomplish these aims this sacred synod decrees as follows: 1) The boundaries of ecclesiastical provinces are to be submitted to an early review and the rights and privileges of metropolitans are to be defined by new and suitable norms. 2) As a general rule all dioceses and other territorial divisions that are by law equivalent to dioceses should be attached to an ecclesiastical province. Therefore dioceses which are now directly subject to the Apostolic See and which are not united to any other are either to be brought together to form a new ecclesiastical province, if that be possible, or else attached to that province which is nearer or more convenient. They are to be made subject to the metropolitan jurisdiction of the bishop, in keeping with the norms of the common law. 3) Wherever advantageous, ecclesiastical provinces should be grouped into ecclesiastical regions for the structure of which juridical provision is to be made.
↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 71 (Citta del Vaticano 1979), pp. 562-563.
↑ Kehr VIII, p. 87, no. 12, and p. 92, quoting Pope Alexander III: "insulas quoque maris Palmariam, Pontiam, Senonem, Pontateram, ex quibus Pontateram in iure proprietario Gaietanae eccl. semper haberi censemus, sicut a bo(nae) me(moriae) Sergio q. d. de domino Campo per testamentum ex antiqua sedis apost(olicae) concessione donata est."
↑ Bishop Camplus was a member of the family of the Counts of Gaeta. He was bishop of Formiae, but he resided in Gaeta. He was mentioned in two letters written by Pope Hadrian II to Charlemagne. He is called "Campulus episcopus civitatis Caietanae" in Epistle 84. Philipp Jaffé (1867). Monumenta Carolina. Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, IV (in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. pp.253, 264. Cappelletti XXI, p. 337. Ferrero, p. 205. Kehr VIII, p. 86, no. 1.
↑ In his Last Will and Testament, Bishop Joannes styles himself "humilis episcopus sancte furmiane ecclesie". Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus (in Latin). Vol.Tomus primus. Montecassino: Typis Archicœnobii Montis Casini. 1887. p.5, no. III, IV.
↑ Constantinus speaks of himself in a document of 22 September 855 as "Dom. Constantino Episcopo S. Formianae Ecclesiae & Castro Cajetano". Ughelli I, p. 529. Cappelletti XXI, p. 338.
↑ Bishop Leo was present at the Roman synod of Pope Nicholas I on 18 November 861. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XV (Venice: A. Zatta 1770), p. 603. Cappelletti XXI, p. 338.
↑ Deusdedit: (Monastery), Montecassino (1887). Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus. Vol.Tomus primus. pp.28–29, no. XVII. Cappelletti XXI, p. 338. Ferrero, p. 206.
↑ Bishop Bonus had a part in the recovery of the remains of Saint Erasmus, around thirty years after the destruction of Formiae, and in the reign of Pope John X (914–920). Ferrero, pp. 35, 206.
↑ Bishop Leo had been Abbot of the monastery of S. Magno in Fondi. Ferrero, p. 206.
↑ Bernardus was the son of Marinus, consul and duke of Gaeta ("bernardus in dei nomine veneravilis episcopus sancte gaietane ecclesie et filius domni marini bone memorie consulus et dux suprascripte civitatis"). He was already bishop-elect in May 997, but in September he was already consecrated. Bishop Bernardus took part in the Roman synod of Pope Gregory V in 998. His latest datable document is 1132. A document might suggest that he was still alive in May 1047, but the date is dubious. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Venice: A. Zatta 1774), p. 227. (Monastery), Montecassino (1887). Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus. Vol.Tomus primus. pp.179, 182, 358, nos. XCVI, XCVII, CLXXXI. Ferrero, pp. 206-207. Armando Petrucci, "Bernardo," in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 9 (1967).
↑ Bishop Leo was the son of Duke Leo II of Gaeta. He attended the Roman synod of Pope Leo IX in May 1050. He was present at the dedication of the Church of S. Benedict at Montecassino in 1071. Ughelli I, pp. 533-537. Ferrero, p. 207.
↑ Rainaldus was appointed by Pope Urban II. Ughelli I, p. 537. Cappelletti XXI, pp. 339–340. Ferrero, p. 207.
↑ Bishop Albertus was already in office in 1105. In January 1108, he received a gift for the Church. In May 1119, he granted a burial place in the cloister to a subdeacon. (Monastery), Montecassino (1887). Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus. Vol.Tomus secundus. pp.174–178, 180, 202–204, nos. CCLXXX, CCLXXXI, CCLXXXIII, CCXCIII. Cappelletti XXI, p. 340, claims that Pope Paschal II consecrated the cathedral of Gaeta on 3 February 1110; but on that date Pope Paschal was in Rome (P. Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I (Leipzig: Veit 1885), p. 740). Ferrero, p. 207.
↑ Richardus was the immediate successor of Bishop Albertus. He is attested from 1124 to 1145. Ferrero, p. 208.
↑ Giacinto (Jaquintus, according to Ughelli). In August 1152, Bishop Iaquintus received a promisary note from two women. On 8 April 1154, Pope Anastasius IV ordered Giacinto to restore the priest Valentinus to his functions. On 12 March 1159, Pope Adrian IV took the Church of Gaeta under papal protection (as had Paschal II, Calixtus II, and Innocent II). (Monastery), Montecassino (1887). Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus. Vol.Tomus secundus. pp.277 282–286, nos. CCCXLXI, CCCXLV. Ferrero, p. 208. Kehr VIII, p. 87, nos. 10, 11, and 12.
↑ In a document of January 1169, Cardinal Rainaldus calls himself bishop-elect. On 29 March 1170, he is called bishop in a bull of Pope Alexander III. Codex Diplomaticus Cajetanus II, pp. 290-296, no. 350, 351. Ferrero, p. 209.
↑ Petrus: On March 1200, Pope Innocent III issued a bull in favor of Bishop Petrus. A document of May 1200 survives. (Monastery), Montecassino (1887). Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus. Vol.Tomus secundus. pp.325–327, nos. CCCLXVIII, CCCLXIX. His successor was appointed on 30 November 1200. Ferrero, p. 209. Eubel I, p. 258.
↑ Benvenuto was chosen by Cardinal Octaviano Ubaldini, the papal legate (Eubel I, p. 7), and confirmed by Pope Alexander IV on 21 January 1256. Benvenuto had been Ubaldini's chamberlain. Ughelli I, pp. 540-541. Eubel I, p. 258 with note 1.
↑ Herrera was appointed by Pope Julius II on 4 November 1506. He participated in the Fifth Lateran Council. He died in 1518. Cappelletti XXI, p. 342. Ferrero, p. 216. Eubel III, p. 200.
↑ Galeazzo was a native of Bologna. He was papal ambassador to the King of Spain. He was named successor to Bishop Herrera, but died in Rome ten days later. His tomb in Bologna refers to him as Bishop of Gaeta, and the bull of appointment of his successor states that there was a vacancy "per obitum D(omi)ni Galeatii Butringario". Ferrero, p. 216. Eubel III, p. 200, note 4.
↑ De Vio was born in Gaeta in 1469. He entered the Dominican Order in 1484, and became its Master General in 1508. He was named a cardinal by Pope Leo X on 1 July 1517, and in the next year was papal Legate to the Diet of Augsburg, where he confronted Martin Luther. He was appointed Bishop of Gaeta on 13 April 1519. In 1523 and 1524 he was papal legate in Hungary, Poland, and Bohemia. He died in Rome on 10 August 1534. Eubel III, pp. 16, no. 27; 200Henry Kamen (2003). Who's Who in Europe 1450-1750. London-New York: Routledge. p.49. ISBN1-134-75547-3.
↑ Merino was created a cardinal on 21 February 1533, by Pope Clement VII. Merino was nominated by the King of Spain. Eubel III, pp. 21, no. 28; 200 with note 5.
↑ Flores had previously been Bishop of Castellamare-Stabiae. He died on 3 May 1540. Eubel III, p. 200.
↑ Antonio Lunello had previously been Bishop of Ravello (1537-1541). Eubel III, p. 200, 282.
↑ Pietro Lunello: Eubel III, p. 200 with notes 8 and 9.
↑ Paredes was born in the diocese of Burgos. His correct name was Antonio, not Juan. He was Vicar General of the bishop of Segovia. He was nominated bishop of Gaeta by the king of Spain on 1 January 1662. Paredes was transferred from the diocese of Castellamare di Stabia (1655–1662) to Gaeta on 27 April 1662. He died on 22 August of the same year. Cappelletti XXI, p. 343. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 127 with note 7; 141.
↑ Valdez was a priest of Naples, and held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure. He was appointed bishop of Gaeta on 6 July 1665. He died on 12 September 1679, according to Gauchat. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 127 with note 8. Cappelletti XXI, p. 343, gives him a reign of two years and five months, which implies a death in December 1667. Ferrero, p. 220, states that Baltasar died on 29 December 1667.
↑ In 1675, Villanueva was transferred to the diocese of Reggio Calabria by Pope Clement X. Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 135 with note 2.
↑ Colmenares was appointed Bishop of Gaeta on 27 April 1676. He was transferred to the archdiocese of Archbishop of Acerenza e Matera by Pope Innocent XI on 14 March 1678. Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 135 with note 3.
↑ Villaragut was appointed Bishop of Gaeta on 6 November 1683 by Pope Innocent XI. He was transferred to the diocese of Pozzuoli on 2 January 1693. Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 135 with note 5.
↑ Pignatelli: Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 135 with note 7.
↑ Piñaque: Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 138.
↑ Lanfreschi was born at Ischia in 1691. He held the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and master of theology from the Sapienza in Rome. He was appointed Bishop of Gaeta on 12 June 1737, by Pope Clement XII. He was transferred to the archdiocese of Acerenza e Matera on 21 May 1738. He died in Naples on 8 February 1754. Ritzler-Sefrin VI, pp. 64 with note 4; 138.
↑ Carmignani: Ritzler-Sefrin VI, p. 138 with note 4.
↑ Francone was born at Portici (diocese of Naples) in 1728. He held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the Sapienza in Rome (1767). He became a Referendary of the Tribunal of the Two Signatures. He was named Archbishop of Cosenza on 14 December 1772. He was transferred to the diocese of Gaeta on 27 February 1792, by Pope Pius VI, and allowed to keep the title Archbishop. He was nominated Bishop of Troia by the King of Naples on 24 October 1797, and transferred to the diocese of Troia on 18 December 1797. He died on 7 May 1799. Ritzler-Sefrin VI, pp. 138 with note 6; 191 with note 5; 419 with note 4.
↑ Minutolo died in September 1801. Ferrero, p. 223. Ritzler-Sefrin VI, p. 138 with note 7.
↑ Buonomo: Under his administration, in 1818, the diocese of Fondi, which had been united to the diocese of Gaeta, was completely suppressed. Ferrero, p. 224-225.
↑ Vari was born in Segni in 1957. He studied in Anagni, where he received a bachelor of theology degree. He then studied in Rome, at the Pontifical French Seminary, where he received a licenciate in Biblical studies. He was an assistant pastor and the region's director of Catholic Action. From 1999 to 2002, he taught New Testament at the l’Istituto Apollinare della Pontificia Università della Santa Croce. He became a pastor. In 2010, he obtained a doctorate in theology from the Pontificia Università San Tommaso d’Aquino. On 21 April 2016, he was named Archbishop of Gaeta by Pope Francis. CV of Bishop Vari: Arcidiocesi di Gaeta, "Monsignor Luigi Vari;" retrieved 3 June 2020. (in Italian)
D’Onofrio, M. (2003). "La Cattedrale di Gaeta nel medioevo," in: L. Cardi (ed.), Pio IX a Gaeta (25 novembre 1848 - 4 settembre 1849), Atti del Convegno di studi (Gaeta, 13 dicembre 1998 - 24 ottobre 1999) Marina di Minturno 2003, pp.239–262. (in Italian)
Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus (in Latin). Vol.Tomus primus. Montecassino: Typis Archicœnobii Montis Casini. 1887. pp.22–23, no. XIII.
Kamp, Norbert (1973). Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Königreich Sizilien. Prosopographische Grundlegung. Bistümer und Bischöfe des Königreichs 1194-1266. 1. Abruzzen und Kampanien, Münich 1973, pp.81–87. (in German)
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1935). Italia Pontificia, Vol. VIII, Berlin 1935, pp.80–92. (in Latin)
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