Transcriptions | |
---|---|
Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Táiwān MǐnnányǔLuómǎzìPīnyīn Fāng'àn |
Bopomofo | ㄊㄞˊㄨㄢㄇㄧㄣˇㄋㄢˊㄩˇㄌㄨㄛˊㄇㄚˇㄗˋㄆㄧㄣㄧㄣㄈㄤㄢˋ |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Tair'uan Miinnanyeu Luomaatzyh Pin'in Fang'ann |
Wade–Giles | Tʻai2-wan1 Min3-nan2-yü3 Lo2-ma3-tzu4 Pʻin1-in1 Fang1-an4 |
Tongyong Pinyin | Táiwan Mǐn-nán-yǔLuó-mǎ-zìh Pin-yin Fang-àn |
MPS2 | Táiwān MǐnnányǔLuómǎtz Pīnyīn Fāng'àn |
IPA | [tʰǎɪ.wán mìn.nǎn.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân] |
Hakka | |
Romanization | Thòi-vàn Men-nàm-ngîLò-mâ-sṳPiang-yîm Fông-on |
Yue:Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Tòihwāan Máhnnàahmyuh Lòhmáhjih Pingyām Fōng'on |
Jyutping | toi4 waan1 man5 naam4 jyu6 lo4 maa5 zi6 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3 |
IPA | [tʰɔj˩ wan˥ mɐn˩˧ nam˩ jy˨ lɔ˩ ma˩˧ tsi˨ pʰɪŋ˧ jɐm˥ ] |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gíLô-má-jīPheng-im Hong-àn |
Tâi-lô | Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gíLô-má-jīPhing-im Hong-àn |
Transcriptions | |
---|---|
Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | TáiluóPīnyīn |
Bopomofo | ㄊㄞˊㄌㄨㄛˊㄆㄧㄣㄧㄣ |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Tairluo Pin'in |
Wade–Giles | Tʻai2-lo2 Pʻin1-in1 |
Tongyong Pinyin | Tái-luóPin-yin |
MPS2 | TáiluóPinyin |
IPA | [tʰǎɪ.lwǒ pʰín.ín] |
Hakka | |
Romanization | Thòi-lòPiang-yîm |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | Tâi-lôPheng-im |
Tâi-lô | Tâi-lôPhing-im |
Transcriptions | |
---|---|
Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | JiàoyùbùLuómǎzì |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | Kàu-io̍k-pō͘Lô-má-jī |
Tâi-lô | Kàu-io̍k-pōo Lô-má-jī |
Transliteration of Chinese |
---|
Mandarin |
Wu |
Yue |
Min |
Gan |
Hakka |
Xiang |
Polylectal |
See also |
The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien (usually called "Taiwanese") in Taiwan is known as Tâi-uân Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn, [upper-roman 1] [1] often shortened to Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education. [2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan . It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o͘, and using nn instead of ⁿ.
The Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.
Capital letter | Lower case | IPA | Letter name (variant 1) | Letter name (variant 2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | a | [a] | a | a |
B | b | [b] | bi | be |
E | e | [e] | e | e |
G | g | [ɡ] | gi | ge |
H | h | [h, ʔ] | hi | ha |
I | i | [i] | i | i |
J | j | [d͡z] | ji | je |
K | k | [k] | ki | ka |
Kh | kh | [kʰ] | khi | kha |
L | l | [l] | li | e-luh |
M | m | [m] | mi | e-muh |
N | n | [n] | ni | e-nuh |
Ng | ng | [ŋ] | ngi | nge |
NN | nn | [◌̃] | inn | enn |
O | o | [o] | o | o |
Oo | oo | [ɔ] | oo | oo |
P | p | [p] | pi | pe |
Ph | ph | [pʰ] | phi | phe |
S | s | [s] | si | e-suh |
T | t | [t] | ti | te |
Th | th | [tʰ] | thi | the |
Ts | ts | [t͡s] | tsi | tse |
Tsh | tsh | [t͡sʰ] | tshi | tshe |
U | u | [u] | u | u |
Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | ||
Nasal | m [m] ㄇ 毛(moo) | n [n] ㄋ 耐(nāi) | ng [ŋ] ㄫ 雅(ngá) | |||||||
Plosive | Unaspirated | p [p] ㄅ 邊(pian) | b [b] ㆠ 文(bûn) | t [t] ㄉ 地(tē) | k [k] ㄍ 求(kiû) | g [g] ㆣ 語(gí) | ||||
Aspirated | ph [pʰ] ㄆ 波(pho) | th [tʰ] ㄊ 他(thann) | kh [kʰ] ㄎ 去(khì) | |||||||
Affricate | Unaspirated | ts [ts] ㄗ 曾(tsan) | j [dz] ㆡ 熱(jua̍h) | tsi [tɕ] ㄐ 尖(tsiam) | ji [dʑ] ㆢ 入(ji̍p) | |||||
Aspirated | tsh [tsʰ] ㄘ 出(tshut) | tshi [tɕʰ] ㄑ 手(tshiú) | ||||||||
Fricative | s [s] ㄙ 衫(sann) | si [ɕ] ㄒ 寫(siá) | h [h] ㄏ 喜(hí) | |||||||
Lateral | l [l] ~ [ɾ] ㄌ 柳(liú) |
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Tone No. | 1 | 2 (= 6) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | 陰平 | 上聲 | 陰去 | 陰入 | 陽平 | 陽去 | 陽入 |
im-pîng | siōng-siann | im-khì | im-ji̍p | iông-pîng | iông-khì | iông-ji̍p | |
Symbol | None | Acute | Grave | None (-p, -t, -k, -h) | Circumflex | macron | Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h) |
◌ | ◌́ | ◌̀ | ◌ | ◌̂ | ◌̄ | ◌̍ | |
Pitch | ˥ | ˥˩ | ˧˩ | ˧ʔ | ˨˦ | ˧ | ˥ʔ |
55 | 51 | 31 | 3ʔ | 24 | 33 | 5ʔ | |
Example | tong (東) | tóng (黨) | tòng (棟) | tok (督) | tông (同) | tōng (洞) | to̍k (毒) |
A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.
Licit syllables [2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The IETF language tags register nan-Latn-tailo
for Tâi-lô text. [3]
The following are tone characters and their respective Unicode codepoints used in Tâi-lô. The tones used by Tâi-lô should use Combining Diacritical Marks instead of Spacing Modifier Letters used by bopomofo. [4] [5] As Tâi-lô is not encoded in Big5, the prevalent encoding used in Traditional Chinese, some Taiwanese Romanization System letters are not directly encoded in Unicode, instead should be typed using combining diacritical marks officially. [6]
Base letter/Tone 1 | Tone 2 | Tone 3 | Tone 4 | Tone 5 | Tone 6 | Tone 7 | Tone 8 | Tone 9 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combining mark | ́ (U+0301) | ̀ (U+0300) | h | ̂ (U+0302) | ̌ (U+030C) | ̄ (U+0304) | ̍h (U+030D) | ̋ (U+030B) | ||||||||
Uppercase | A | Á (U+00C1) | À (U+00C0) | AH | Â (U+00C2) | Ǎ (U+01CD) | Ā (U+0100) | A̍H (U+0041 U+030D) | A̋ (U+0041 U+030B) | |||||||
E | É (U+00C9) | È (U+00C8) | EH | Ê (U+00CA) | Ě (U+011A) | Ē (U+0112) | E̍H (U+0045 U+030D) | E̋ (U+0045 U+030B) | ||||||||
I | Í (U+00CD) | Ì (U+00CC) | IH | Î (U+00CE) | Ǐ (U+01CF) | Ī (U+012A) | I̍H (U+0049 U+030D) | I̋ (U+0049 U+030B) | ||||||||
O | Ó (U+00D3) | Ò (U+00D2) | OH | Ô (U+00D4) | Ǒ (U+01D1) | Ō (U+014C) | O̍H (U+004F U+030D) | Ő (U+0150) | ||||||||
U | Ú (U+00DA) | Ù (U+00D9) | UH | Û (U+00DB) | Ǔ (U+01D3) | Ū (U+016A) | U̍H (U+0055 U+030D) | Ű (U+0170) | ||||||||
M | Ḿ (U+1E3E) | M̀ (U+004D U+0300) | MH | M̂ (U+004D U+0302) | M̌ (U+004D U+030C) | M̄ (U+004D U+0304) | M̍H (U+004D U+030D) | M̋ (U+004D U+030B) | ||||||||
N | Ń (U+0143) | Ǹ (U+01F8) | NH | N̂ (U+004E U+0302) | Ň (U+0147) | N̄ (U+004E U+0304) | N̍H (U+004E U+030D) | N̋ (U+004E U+030B) | ||||||||
Lowercase | a | á (U+00E1) | à (U+00E0) | ah | â (U+00E2) | ǎ (U+01CE) | ā (U+0101) | a̍h (U+0061 U+030D) | a̋ (U+0061 U+030B) | |||||||
e | é (U+00E9) | è (U+00E8) | eh | ê (U+00EA) | ě (U+011B) | ē (U+0113) | e̍h (U+0065 U+030D) | e̋ (U+0065 U+030B) | ||||||||
i | í (U+00ED) | ì (U+00EC) | ih | î (U+00EE) | ǐ (U+01D0) | ī (U+012B) | i̍h (U+0069 U+030D) | i̋ (U+0069 U+030B) | ||||||||
o | ó (U+00F3) | ò (U+00F2) | oh | ô (U+00F4) | ǒ (U+01D2) | ō (U+014D) | o̍h (U+006F U+030D) | ő (U+0151) | ||||||||
u | ú (U+00FA) | ù (U+00F9) | uh | û (U+00FB) | ǔ (U+01D4) | ū (U+016B) | u̍h (U+0075 U+030D) | ű (U+0171) | ||||||||
m | ḿ (U+1E3F) | m̀ (U+006D U+0300) | mh | m̂ (U+006D U+0302) | m̌ (U+006D U+030C) | m̄ (U+006D U+0304) | m̍h (U+006D U+030D) | m̋ (U+006D U+030B) | ||||||||
n | ń (U+0144) | ǹ (U+01F9) | nh | n̂ (U+006E U+0302) | ň (U+0148) | n̄ (U+006E U+0304) | n̍h (U+006E U+030D) | n̋ (U+006E U+030B) | ||||||||
Notes |
Characters not directly encoded in Unicode requires premade glyphs in fonts in order for applications to correctly display the characters. [5]
Fonts that currently support POJ includes:
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