Tanks have been utilized in Iraq both within the military and within several conflicts with their usage and origin after World War II; the Cold War; and the modern era. This includes imported Soviet tanks as well as British designs imported after World War II, and current American ones. [1]
Iraq originally had tanks from Italy which were involved in the Anglo-Iraqi War when two mechanised battalions, with a number of L3/35 light tanks surrounded the British at RAF Habbaniya. Later Iraq got tanks from Great Britain it received after its independence in 1947. From these beginnings the modern Iraqi Armoured forces grew and procured modern armoured fighting vehicles from Russia and Soviet Bloc that served during the Cold War, and various operations. One of the main Iraqi operations using armor was during the Iraq-Iran war, and the Gulf War.
It is estimated that 16 L3s were purchased by Iraq from Italy before World War II. [2] On 22 March 1941, two of these Iraqi L3s were reported to have been put out of action near Fallujah during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Later, Iraq received WWII tanks from the British after they left, and then turned to the Soviet Bloc for more modern designs of the time such as the T-55, T62, T69, T72.
Iraq began the Iran–Iraq War confident their new tanks from the Soviet Bloc would allow them victory. The Iraqis could mobilize up to 12 mechanised divisions, and morale was running high. The war however, led to eight years of back and forth battles, with heavy losses on both sides. The need for replacement of its tanks forces led Iraq to invade Kuwait which led to the start of the Persian Gulf War.
Iraqi-operated many T-62s but it lacked high powered optics, thermal sights and ballistic computers compared to their adversaries in the Gulf War. The Iraqi 3rd Armoured Division alone lost about a hundred T-62 tanks, while no Abrams or Challengers were lost to enemy fire.
The Lion of Babylon (or Asad Babil) was a name given to what was a locally produced variant of the Soviet T-72 tank during the late-1980s. The name is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to standard T-72s in Iraqi service, which were imported from the Soviet Union and Poland. In 1986 a West German company built a factory in Taji to manufacture steel for several military uses. It was enlisted to retrofit and rebuild tanks already on duty in the Iraqi Army, such as T-54/55s, T-62s, and several hundred of Soviet and Polish T-72s, [3] imported during early stages of the war with Iran.
In the late-1980s plans were made to produce new T-72M1 tanks in Taji. These tanks were to be assembled from knockdown kits delivered by the Polish state-owned company Bumar-Łabędy. [4] The assembly was to start in 1989 and the tanks would receive the name Asad Babil (Lion of Babylon). According to Polish officials not a single T-72M1 was finished, even though in 1988 a T-72M was displayed on an Iraqi arms show, which was claimed to be locally produced. [4] The local assembly of the T-72 started in Taji in early 1989 as suggested by Iraqi officials. [3] A number of Iraqi officials such as Lt. General Amer Rashid however did not like the idea of being dependent on knockdown kits supplied by another country and pushed for the complete production of the T-72M1 tank instead. [3] [4] In 1991 the Taji plant was destroyed by an airstrike while being upgraded by Bumar-Łabędy. [4]
During the 1980s, China sold hundreds of Type 59 and Type 69 MBTs to Iraq. By the Persian Gulf War of 1990 and 1991, western analysts claim that Iraq had upgraded some Type 69s with a 105 mm gun, a 60 mm mortar, and a 125 mm gun with an auto-loader. All of them were reinforced with frontal layer armor welded on the glacis plate. All these versions were known as Type 69-QMs. It was reported during the 1991 Gulf War that the Iraqi Type 69 units fought harder than the elite Republican Guard units, equipped with T-72 MBTs. One possible explanation is that Saddam ordered his Republican Guard units to preserve their strength, while sending the rest of the army, equipped with inferior Type 69 tanks, to the frontline.
According to battle reports from the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Type 69-QMs were used by the Iraqi Army units defending Nasiriyah in March 2003, most of them being employed as artillery pillboxes. They played an important role in the ambushes mounted against the US Army 507th Maintenance Company and Charlie Company of the 1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, before AH-1 Cobra helicopters wiped out the Iraqi tanks. Two Type 69s destroyed at least four vehicles of the 507th, among them a heavy truck rammed by one of the tanks. There is also a first hand account of about four Type 69s hidden behind some buildings, pounding the Marines' Charlie Company with indirect fire and likely disabling several AAVs. [5] Some combat useless Type 59/69s were emplaced as decoys or mere obstacles. [6]
After the war, the Iraqis received American tanks such as the M1 Abrams which were used in the fight against ISIS. The 9th Armoured Division of the Iraqi Army, was reformed after the recreation of the Iraqi Army began after 2003. A 2006 article in ARMY Magazine described how the division was being built from the 'wreckage of the old Republican Guard. ..[i]ts facilities occupy the greater portion of Camp Taji, Iraq, in scores of refurbished buildings that once belonged to the Republican Guard, and much of its equipment was salvaged' from the old regime's junk. [7] T-55 tanks and 'armoured personnel carriers for two of its three brigades were cobbled together from battle-damaged vehicles..' at Camp Taji. Contractors rebuilt functioning equipment from the scrap. Used T-72 tanks for the division's third brigade were to be purchased from a former Soviet Bloc country.
It was certified and assumed responsibility of the battle space of north Baghdad Governorate on June 26, 2006. [8] In September 2006, ARMY Magazine said that two of the division's brigades had already been fielded and were operationally partnered with U.S. Army units. [9] The division had carried out its first command post exercise in the northern summer of 2006.
One of the division's commanders has been General Riyadh Jalal Tawfiq, who was eventually promoted to Lieutenant General and took over the Ninevah Operational Command. [10] Other divisional commander have included Major General Bashar Mahmood Ayob (2006) [11] and, as of April 2009, Major General Qassim Jassem Nazal. [12]
The 3rd Armoured Division was the elite unit of the army, and had fought Persian Gulf War, operations in the 1990s, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It was disbanded when the Iraqi Armed Forces were formally dissolved by Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2, and reformed after 2003. Its units were part of the original three division New Iraqi Army. The 3rd Division was transferred from coalition control to the Iraqi Ground Forces Command on 1 December 2006. [13]
In 2014, the 6th Brigade of the 3rd Division was described as 'the first line of Mosul's defence' against ISIS. Infantry, armour and tanks had been shifted to Anbar in the fight there with ISIS, and had left Mosul with virtually no tanks and a shortage of artillery,' according to Lieutenant General Mahdi Gharawi, commander of the Ninevah operational command. [14] During the fight in Mosul, the offensive in Northern Iraq during June 2014, the division, was almost totally destroyed in fighting with ISIS. The exception appeared to be the 4th Battalion of the 10th Brigade, which had been defending a position outside Tall Afar in early July 2014. [15]
Iraq became to look for adding more tanks for its army during its fight with ISIS, and had 73 T-90S/SK tanks ordered in 2016, reportedly followed by another in 2017. The total sum of the contract for the tanks may exceed one billion U.S. dollars confirmed by Russian presidential aide Vladimir Kozhin. [16] [17] [18] [19] Deliveries reportedly began in November 2017. [20] [21] The first deliveries were confirmed in February 2018. [22] [23] 75 tanks delivered as of June 2018. [24] [25] Two more parties were delivered as of April 2019. [26]
Iraq also used tanks captured in various conflict such as M4 and M4/105 Shermans, M51 Shermans , M36 tanks destroyers, and some captured ex-Iranian Chieftains, M47, M48, and M60 Pattons.
Saddam Hussein ousted Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and began a build up of Soviet-built armored vehicles, MBTs, APCs, IFVs and the army was trained by foreign (Soviet) instructors.
As he consolidated his government, Saddam built up the number of tanks for the army. Iraqi armored forces were organized at first to defend the revolutionary Iraqi state, and later enable intervention in foreign military conflicts. The regular army with its armored forces was built up with considerable Soviet military assistance and reached its peak in 1980, when it began a war with Iran. In offensive action in the conflict, tanks, reconnaissance armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers and artillery pieces of the first echelon unit normally attack using Soviet military doctrine, which if defending the tanks are dug in with the armored units and soldiers, while the heavy artillery forms up behind to support them.
| Name | Country of origin | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| IS-2Ms |  Soviet Union | 41 |
| Name | Country of origin | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| T-54/55 | Soviet Union | 72 | 1850 tanks delivered from soviet Union and other countries between 1958-1985 T-55Ms active [27] |
| T-62 | Soviet Union | 100 | 2850 tanks delivered from soviet union between 1973-1989 |
| WZ-121/Type 69 |  China | 100 | Around 1500 delivered from china between 1983-1988 |
| T-72 | Soviet Union | 100 | A total of 1038 received before gulf war, many destroyed in the war, around 776 tanks were in service in 1996 until 2003. Iraqi government in 2009 was reported to buy 2000 more T72 tanks from Russia |
| Lion of Babylon (tank) |  Iraq | 100 | |
| M-84/M-84A |  Yugoslavia | 9 | |
| Chieftain Mk-5P |  United Kingdom | 75 | |
| Vickers MBT Mk1 | United Kingdom | 75 | |
| M47M Patton |  United States | 30 | |
| M48A5 Patton | United States | 20 | |
| PT-76 | Soviet Union | 245 | |
| T-90S |  Russia | 73 [28] | According to the SIPRI,Russia has delivered 73 T-90S/SK MBTs in 2018-2019. [28] [29] [30] |
| M1 Abrams | United States | 321 [31] [32] | |
The T-72 is a family of Soviet main battle tanks that entered production in 1969. The T-72 was a development based off the T-64 using thought/design of the previous Object 167M. About 25,000 T-72 tanks have been built, and refurbishment has enabled many to remain in service for decades. It has been widely exported and has seen service in 40 countries and in numerous conflicts. The Russian T-90 introduced in 1992 and the Chinese Type 99 are further developments of the T-72. Production and development of various modernized T-72 models continues today.
During the early stages of the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein imported a number of T-72 tanks from the Soviet Union and Poland. The tanks saw service in both the Gulf War and the Iraq War. In the 1980s, Iraq also established a factory to retrofit and repair T-72s, and started the Lion of Babylon project with the intent to assemble T-72s locally.
The T-90 is a third-generation Russian main battle tank developed to replace the T-72. It uses a 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun, the 1A45T fire-control system, an upgraded engine, and gunner's thermal sight. Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour, smoke grenade dischargers, Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA) and the Shtora infrared anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) jamming system.
The Type 59 main battle tank is a Chinese-produced version of the Soviet T-54A tank, an early model of the ubiquitous T-54/55 series. The first vehicles were produced in 1958 and it was accepted into service in 1959, with serial production beginning in 1963. Over 10,000 of the tanks were produced by the time production ended in 1985 with approximately 5,500 serving with the Chinese armed forces. The tank formed the backbone of the Chinese People's Liberation Army armoured units until the early 2000s, with an estimated 5,000 of the later Type 59-I and Type 59-II variants in service in 2002.
The Type 69 and Type 79 are Chinese first generation main battle tanks. Both were developments of the Type 59 medium tank with technologies derived from the T-62. They were the first indigenously developed main battle tanks by China, although also classified as medium tanks while in development and service. Their lineage from the T-54A can be seen through the distinct gap between the first and second road wheels. Other improvements included a new engine, ballistic computers, and laser rangefinders. The more advanced Type 79 variant was equipped with a 105 mm rifled gun which was also found on the Type 80 tank.
The PT-91 Twardy is a Polish main battle tank. A development of the T-72M1, it entered service in 1995. The PT-91 was designed at the OBRUM and is produced by the Bumar Łabędy company, part of the Bumar Group, a Polish technical military consortium. Changes from the T-72M include a new dual-axis stabilized fire-control system, reactive armour, a more powerful engine, transmission and new automatic loader.
The Iraqi Ground Forces, or the Iraqi Army, is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was formerly known as the Royal Iraqi Army up until the coup of July 1958.
The M-84 is a Yugoslav main battle tank, a variant of the Soviet T-72 tank. The M-84 is still in service in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and Kuwait.
Tank development both evolved considerably from World War II and played a key role during the Cold War (1945–1990). The period pitted the nations of the Eastern Bloc and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO against each other.
During the Cold War, NATO and the Warsaw Pact both had large tank formations present in Europe.
The T-72 is a Soviet-designed main battle tank that entered production in 1971. It replaced the T-54/55 series as the workhorse of Soviet tank forces. In front-line Russian service, T-72s are being upgraded or augmented by the T-90, itself a modernized version of the T-72B. The T-72 has been exported and produced in many countries.
The Soviet BMP-1 is a tracked, amphibious infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) with a long service history.
The 3rd Division was a formation of the Iraqi Army. It was active by 1941, disbanded along with the rest of the Iraqi Army in 2003, but reactivated by 2005.
The 9th Armoured Division is a formation of the Iraqi Army, originally formed probably around 1975, but disbanded in 1982. It was reformed after 2004.
This article deals with the history and development of tanks of the Soviet Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation; from their first use after World War I, into the interwar period, during World War II, the Cold War and modern era.
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The post–Cold War era is the period in world history from the collapse of the Soviet Union on December 27, 1991 to the present. During the Cold War, the Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact led to effective standardization on a few tank designs. In comparison, France, Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom had previously developed their own tank designs, but now tried to standardize their designs, while the smaller nations of NATO purchased or adapted these designs.
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Tanks have been utilized in Iran both within the military and within several conflicts with their usage and origin after World War II; the Cold War; and the modern era. This includes British designs imported after World War II, and American and imported Soviet tanks and those from China as well.
| In service | |
|---|---|
| Experimental, prototypes | |
