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Methanotrophs are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and chemical energy. They are bacteria or archaea, can grow aerobically or anaerobically, and require single-carbon compounds to survive.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Jeotgalicoccus marinus is a species of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. It is moderately halophilic, it grows in environments with 0.5–25.0 % total salts. The cells are coccoid. The species was isolated from a sea urchin from the South China Sea.
Arthrobacter luteus (ALU) is a species of gram-positive bacteria in the genus Arthrobacter. A. luteus is facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, branching, non-motile, non-sporulating, non-acid-fast, catalase-positive, and rod-shaped.
Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii. These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic. The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001. Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC. These six genera are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota.
Paludibacter is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and non-motile genus from the phylum Bacteroidota.
Paludibacter jiangxiensis is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, mesophilic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Paludibacter which has been isolated from a rice field. It produces propionate and acetate from glucose fermentation and is classified as a saccharolytic fermenter.
Propionicimonas is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacterial genus from the family Propionibacteriaceae.
Noviherbaspirillum is a genus of bacteria in the family of Oxalobacteraceae.
Propionispira raffinosivorans is a motile, obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria. It was originally isolated from spoiled beer and believed to have some causative effect in beer spoilage. Since then, it has been taxonomically reclassified and proven to play a role in anaerobic beer spoilage, because of its production of acids, such as acetic and propionic acid, during fermentation
Aminiphilus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae with one known species. Aminiphilus circumscriptus has been isolated from anaerobic sludge from Colombia.
Aminivibrio is a Gram-negative genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae with one known species. Aminivibrio pyruvatiphilus has been isolated from soil from a rice field.
Schumannella is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae. Schumannella is named after the German microbiologist P. Schumann. Schumannella luteola has been isolated from lichen from Tokyo in Japan.
Humibacillus xanthopallidus is a species of Gram positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming bacteria. The bacteria are strictly aerobic and mesophilic. Cells of the genus are irregular rods. Humibacillus xanthopallidus, was originally isolated from both a paddy field in Saitama Prefecture, Japan and from a sediment collected from Lake Jusanko, Aomori Prefecture, Japan.
Tangfeifania is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Prolixibacteraceae with one known species. Tangfeifania diversioriginum has been isolated from the saltwater lake Gahai in China.
Puteibacter is a Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Prolixibacteraceae with one known species. Puteibacter caeruleilacuna has been isolated from the Yongle Blue Hole.
Halanaerobaculum is a halophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Halobacteroidaceae with one known species. Halanaerobaculum tunisiense has been isolated from hypersaline sediments from the salt lake Chott el Djerid in Tunisia.
Halocella is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and moderately halophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Halanaerobiaceae with one known species. Halocella cellulosilytica has been isolated from the hypersaline lagoon of the Lake Syvash on the Crimea.
The Ignavibacteriales are an order of obligately anaerobic, non-photosynthetic bacteria that are closely related to the green sulfur bacteria.
Opitutus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Opitutaceae with one known species.
References
- 1 2 "Terrimicrobium sacchariphilum". www.uniprot.org.
- 1 2 "Genus: Terrimicrobium". LPSN.DSMZ.de.
- 1 2 Qiu, Yan-Ling; Kuang, Xiao-zhu; Shi, Xiao-shuang; Yuan, Xian-zheng; Guo, Rong-bo (1 May 2014). "Terrimicrobium sacchariphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium of the class 'Spartobacteria' in the phylum Verrucomicrobia, isolated from a rice paddy field". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt_5): 1718–1723. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.060244-0 . PMID 24535138.
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