The National University of Malaysia

Last updated

The National University of Malaysia
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malay)
اونيۏرسيتي كبڠسا ٴن مليسيا (Malay)
மலேசிய தேசிய பல்கலைக்கழகம் (Tamil)
اونيۏرسيتي كبڠسا ٴن مليسيا
Coat of Arms of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.png
Coat of arms
Motto
Ilmu, Mutu dan Budi [1]
Motto in English
Knowledge, Quality and Virtue [2]
Type Public research university
Established18 May 1970;54 years ago (18 May 1970)
Chancellor Tuanku Muhriz ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir
Vice-Chancellor Mohd Ekhwan Toriman
Pro-Chancellors
Tunku Ali Redhauddin ibni Tuanku Muhriz
Mohd Zuki Ali
Rafiah Salim
Students28,776 (2020) [3]
Undergraduates 16,720 (2023) [3]
Postgraduates 12,056 (2022) [3]
Address
Lingkungan Ilmu, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
,
Bandar Baru Bangi
,
Selangor
,
Malaysia

02°55′30″N101°46′53″E / 2.92500°N 101.78139°E / 2.92500; 101.78139
Affiliations ACU, ASAIHL, AUN, AUAP, [4] UAiTED
Website www.ukm.my
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Full Logo.png
Main gate Ukm2.jpg
Main gate

TheNational University of Malaysia (Malay : Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, abbreviated as UKM) is a public research university located in Bandar Baru Bangi, Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Its teaching hospital, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), is located in Cheras and also has a branch campus in Kuala Lumpur.

Contents

There are 170,500 undergraduate students enrolled, and 90,105 postgraduate students of which 40,368 are foreign students from 35 countries. [5] Since its establishment in 1970, the Malay language was used as the university's medium of instruction.

History

A Sponsoring Committee chaired by Syed Nasir Ismail, a Malay intellectual, was set up to prepare a report recommending the establishment of UKM. Other prominent members of this committee include Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (Tun), Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister, who was then the Education Minister, and Dr. Mohd Rashdan Haji Baba, who later became UKM's first Vice-Chancellor.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia opened its doors on 18 May 1970 to 192 undergraduate students in Jalan Pantai Baru, Kuala Lumpur, a temporary campus housing three main faculties, the Faculties of Science, Arts and Islamic Studies. [6] In October 1977, UKM moved to its present premises which form the main campus in Bangi. The campus has a size of 1,096 ha (2,710 acres). UKM has two health campuses, the Kuala Lumpur campus in Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, and the UKM Medical Centre in Cheras. The Kuala Lumpur campus consists of the Faculties of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, Dentistry and the Pre-Clinical Departments of the Medical Faculty. With a size of 20 ha (49 acres), the Kuala Lumpur campus was established in 1974.

The campus in Cheras consists of the Medical Faculty, the UKM Teaching Hospital (Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM (HCTM)) and the UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI). The Cheras campus was opened in 1997. Besides these campuses, UKM operates seven research stations (RS): The Tasik Chini RS, The Marine Ecosystem RS, The Langkawi Geopark RS, The Marine RS, The Fraser's Hill RS, The Plant Biotechnology RS and in the main campus itself, the UKM Campus Living Laboratory, which comprises the UKM Permanent Forest Reserve, or its Malay name, Hutan Simpan Kekal UKM as well as the Fernarium and the Herbarium.

UKM was awarded the status of a Malaysian Research University in October 2006 by the Ministry of Higher Education, a move designed to try to propel the universities into leading research universities in line with the Higher Education Strategic Plan 2007–2020.

In 2006, UKM won the Prime Minister's Quality Award.

Coat of arms

The current coat of arms of the UKM was first designed by university staffer Mohd Aris Atan and has been in use since 1972. It was modified to its present form by publications officer Zulkifli Ibrahim, which was launched on 29 July 2000 in conjunction with the university's 30th anniversary, with stripes added to the tiger's body. [7] [8] The arms is depicted as a quartered shield featuring an atomic symbol, a compass, a gear, a Malayan tiger and the national flower, Bunga Raya, or hibiscus rosa-sinensis , with an overlaid book placed on top of it. The atomic symbol represents science, the compasses and gear represent technology, the tiger represents strength and courage and the book represents knowledge. [9] It is blazoned:

The first coat of arms of the university designed by the First Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, was different from the present one. It was blazoned as:

Tierced per pall reversed, the dexter Gules on a bend Azure fimbriated Argent a cresent and a fourteen-pointed federal star Or, the sinister Vert a tiger holding a torch and a kris proper and the base Or a Bunga Raya or hibiscus flower also proper.

The crest featured a scroll inscribed with the words 'Zidni Ilman', which means increase me in knowledge, a reference to the word in Surah 20 Taha, Verse 114 of the Quran. [10]

In 2010, the University's corporate logo was created by its Centre for Corporate Communications, featuring the coat of arms accompanied by the names of the university in Malay and English. The Malay name (UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA) is big and presented in upper case, with the letters U, K and M bigger than the rest. The English name (The National University of Malaysia) is small, italicised and presented in sentence case.

The National University of Malaysia is currently one of the three public universities in Malaysia to adopt its coat of arms, the other two are the University of Malaya (UM) and University of Science Malaysia (USM).

List of vice-chancellors

The following is a list of vice-chancellors of the National University of Malaysia.

Vice-ChancellorAcademic QualificationTerm in office
1 Rashdan Baba Diploma of Agriculture (Malaya Agriculture College), Bachelor of Agriculture Science (Reading, UK), PhD in Agriculture Science (Leeds, UK).1970–1971
2 Ariffin Ngah Marzuki Bachelor of Medical & Surgery-MBBS (Malaya), Master of Surgeon in Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (RCOG, UK).1971–1974
3 Mohd Ghazali Abdul Rahman Bachelor of Science (Western Australia), PhD in Science (Western Australia).1974–1975
4 Anuwar Mahmud Bachelor of Veterinary Science (India), Master of Science (Hawaii, US).1975–1980
5 Awang Had Salleh Bachelor of Arts in Malay Studies (Malaya), Master of Education (Malaya), PhD in Education & Sociology (Stanford, US).1980–1984
6 Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman 1984–1993
7 Mohd Sham Mohd Sani Bachelor of Arts in Geography (Canterbury, New Zealand), PhD in Geography (UKM).1993–1998
8 Anuwar Ali Bachelor of Science in Economics (Queen’s, Ireland), Master of Economics (Leicester, UK), PhD in Economics (Kent, UK).1998–2003
9 Mohd Salleh Mohd Yasin Bachelor of Biological Science (ITB, Indonesia), PhD in Science (Bath, UK).2003–2006
10 Sharifah Hapsah Syed Hasan Shahabudin Bachelor of Medical & Surgery-MBBS (Malaya), Master of Health Science in Personnel Education (NSW, Australia), PhD (NSW, Australia).2006–2014
11 Noor Azlan Ghazali Bachelor of Economics (Malaya), Master of Public Administration (Harvard, US), Master of Business Administration (Nebraska-Lincoln, US), PhD in Economics (Nebraska-Lincoln, US).2014–2018
12 Mohd Hamdi Abdul Shukor Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Imperial College, London), Master of Science in Advanced Manufacturing Technology and System Management (Manchester, UK), PhD in Engineering (Kyoto, Japan).2019–2020
13 Mohd Ekhwan Toriman Ph.D (Hydrogeomorphology and GIS application). Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK) M.Sc (Hydrogeomorphology). Faculty of Science & Engineering. (University of Manchester) B.A (Hons) (Physical Geography), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. B. A (Geography). Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.2021–incumbent

Faculties, Schools and Institutes

As of November 2024, there are a total of 12 faculties, [11] [12] 2 schools [11] [12] and 12 research institutes [13] [14] in UKM offering various undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. Majority of them are located in the main UKM campus in Bangi.

Faculties

English NameMalay NameAbbrevationCampus
Faculty of Economics and ManagementFakulti Ekonomi dan PengurusanFEPBangi
Faculty of EducationFakulti PendidikanFPEND
Faculty of Engineering and Built EnvironmentFakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam BinaFKAB
Faculty of Information Science and TechnologyFakulti Teknologi dan Sains MaklumatFTSM
Faculty of Islamic StudiesFakulti Pengajian IslamFPI
Faculty of LawFakulti Undang-UndangFUU
Faculty of Science and TechnologyFakulti Sains dan TeknologiFST
Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesFakulti Sains Sosial dan KemanusiaanFSSK
Faculty of DentistryFakulti PergigianFGGKuala Lumpur
Faculty of Health SciencesFakulti Sains KesihatanFSK
Faculty of PharmacyFakulti FarmasiFFAR
Faculty of MedicineFakulti PerubatanFPERCheras

Schools

English NameMalay NameAbbrevationCampus
UKM-Graduate School of BusinessPusat Pengajian Siswazah PerniagaanUKM-GSBBangi
School of Liberal StudiesPusat Pengajian Citra UniversitiCITRA

Institutes

English NameMalay NameAbbrevationCampus
Fuel Cell InstituteInstitut Sel FuelSELFUELBangi
Institute for Environment and DevelopmentInstitut Alam Sekitar dan PembangunanLESTARI
Institute of Climate ChangeInstitut Perubahan IklimIPI
Institute of Ethnic StudiesInstitut Kajian EtnikKITA
Institute of Islam HadhariInstitut Islam HadhariHADHARI
Institute of Malaysian and International StudiesInstitut Kajian Malaysia dan AntarabangsaIKMAS
Institute of Systems BiologyInstitut Biologi SistemINBIOSIS
Institute of The Malay World and CivilizationInstitut Alam dan Tamadun MelayuATMA
Institute of Visual InformaticsInstitut Informatik VisualIVI
Malaysian Inclusive Development and Advancement InstituteInstitut Pembangunan dan Kemajuan Inklusif MalaysiaMINDA UKM
Solar Energy Research InstituteInstitut Pembangunan & Kemajuan Inklusif MalaysiaSERI
UKM Medical Molecular Biology InstituteInstitut Perubahan Molekul UKMUMBICheras

Notable alumni

Cricket ground

YSD-UKM Cricket Oval
Ground information
Location Bangi, Malaysia
Establishment2
Capacityn/a
Owner Malaysian Cricket Association
Operatorn/a
Tenants Malaysia cricket team
Malaysia women's national cricket team Article Talk
International information
First T20I2 July 2022:
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia v Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan
Last T20I9 September 2024:
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong v Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait
First WT20I12 August 2018:
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia v Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore
Last WT20I14 February 2024:
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait v Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal
As of 9 September 2024
Source: Cricinfo

Rankings

YearRankValuer
2005185 Times Higher Education World University Rankings – QS World University Rankings
2006185
2007309
2008250
2009291
2010263 QS World University Rankings
2011279
2012261
2012N/A (did not submit data) [22] Times Higher Education World University Rankings
2014=269 QS World University Rankings
2015=259
2016=312 [23]
2017=302 [24]
2018=230 [24]
2019=184 [24]
2020=160 [24]

When the Times Higher Education (THE) Guide University Rankings was published in October 2014, it was reported that UKM, along with Universiti Malaya, opted not to submit data for consideration. The UKM Strategic Centre deputy executive director Associate, Professor Dr. Masturah Markom, responded by saying that the rankings were unfair to the Malaysian educational context. She specifically cited the measurement of "industry income" in the THE methodology of university assessment, stating that Malaysian industry input cannot compete with other countries such as the United States of America. This is despite the fact that only a 2.5% weightage is allocated to "industry income" in the methodology, with more conventional categories such as teaching and research still making up 90%. [25] [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kajang</span> City in Selangor, Malaysia

Kajang is a town in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia, located southeast of Kuala Lumpur. Kajang, along with much of Hulu Langat District, is governed by the Kajang Municipal Council. Kajang town is located on the eastern banks of the Langat River. It is surrounded by Cheras, Semenyih, Bangi, Putrajaya and Serdang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universiti Malaya</span> Public research university in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The Universiti Malaya is a public research university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the oldest and highest ranking Malaysian institution of higher education, and was the only university in newly independent Malaya. The university has graduated five prime ministers of Malaysia, and other political, business, and cultural figures of national prominence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdul Razak Hussein</span> Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1970 to 1976

Abdul Razak bin Dato' Haji Hussein was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the second prime minister of Malaysia from 1970 until his death in 1976. He also served as the first deputy prime minister of Malaysia from 1957 to 1970. He is referred to as the Father of Development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hussein Onn</span> Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1976 to 1981

Hussein bin Dato' Onn was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the third Prime Minister of Malaysia from the death of his predecessor Abdul Razak Hussein in 1976 to his retirement in 1981. Moreover, he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sri Gading from 1974 to 1981, representing Barisan Nasional (BN) and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). He was granted the soubriquet Father of Unity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universiti Sains Malaysia</span> Public research university in Malaysia

Universiti Sains Malaysia is a public research university in Malaysia. Founded on 1 June 1969 as a statutory body with its own constitution, it is the oldest institute of higher learning in Northern Malaysia, as well as the second oldest in the country. It has six campuses: a main campus on the island of Penang, a health campus in Kelantan, an engineering campus in Nibong Tebal, an Advanced Medical and Dental Institute in Kepala Batas, Seberang Perai, a postgraduate studies campus in Kuala Lumpur and an offshore International Medical Programme Campus in Belgaum, India in collaboration with KLE University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hulu Langat District</span> District of Malaysia in Selangor

Hulu Langat District is a district of Malaysia located in the southeastern corner of Selangor, between Kuala Lumpur and Negeri Sembilan. It is bordered by the state of Pahang to the east and north, Gombak district to the north-west, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling district to the west, Sepang district to the south-west, and state of Negeri Sembilan to the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pekan, Pahang</span> Town in Pahang, Malaysia

Pekan is a town in Pekan District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is also the royal capital of the state. Its name comes from a flower, the Bunga Pekan. Pekan is also the name of the district the town is situated in, and a parliamentary constituency in its own right. It is the home of the state's royal family headed by Sultan Abdullah of Pahang. It is also the hometown of the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak Hussein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bandar Baru Bangi</span> Place in Selangor, Malaysia

Bandar Baru Bangi is a township and satellite town of Kajang situated in Hulu Langat District, in southeastern Selangor, Malaysia.

Bandar Tun Razak is a township and parliamentary constituency in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is named after the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ampang Jaya</span> Town in Selangor, Malaysia

Ampang Jaya, more commonly known as just Ampang, is a town, a mukim and a parliamentary constituency straddling parts of the Hulu Langat District and Gombak District, in eastern Selangor, Malaysia. It is located just outside the eastern border of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Kuala Lumpur</span> Private university in Malaysia

The University of Kuala Lumpur is a multi-campus technical university with its main campus based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Rated as a Tier-5 "Excellent University" by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia in 2009, 2011, 2013 and awarded Putra Brand Award in 2016. UniKL has 14 institutes spread across 12 campuses throughout Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur, Gombak, Cheras, Bangi, Kajang, Sepang, Taboh Naning, Pasir Gudang, Ipoh, Lumut and Kulim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SMS Selangor</span> Public, secondary school, school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sekolah Menengah Sains Selangor is one of three fully residential schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Established in 1973 under the Second Malaysia Plan to comply with Malaysian New Economic Policy, the school is located about a small hill in Bandar Tun Razak, overlooking the scenic Permaisuri Lake. In 2011, the school was awarded the Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi or High Performance School title, awarded to schools in Malaysia that have met stringent criteria including academic achievement, strength of alumni, international recognition, network, and linkages. In the year 2013, the school managed to produce 84 straight A's students out of 120 with GPS 1.06 to be the best schools in Kuala Lumpur. The school continue to strive and produce great results in the public examination in the following years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SMS Muzaffar Syah</span> School in Ayer Keroh, Malacca, Malaysia

Sekolah Menengah Sains Muzaffar Syah is the first science school in the state of Malacca, Malaysia. It was established in 1973 under the Second Malaysia Plan as the first boarding school in the state. The school was built on the top of a hilly area in Ayer Keroh, at 121.9 meters above sea level and in an area encompassing 12.9 hectare. Its buildings were completed in 1976 and officiated in 1983 as Sekolah Menengah Sains Melaka, later renamed Sekolah Muzaffar Syah Melaka after the fourth Sultan of the Malacca Sultanate. In 2010, the school received the High Performance School award. The school is specialised in green technology, agriculture, robotics and electronics. The school were also an adopted school for Multimedia University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM</span> Hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM or HCTM, formerly known as Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, is one of the five university hospitals in Malaysia. It is located in Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur and is administered by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).

Alam Shah Science School is a boarding science secondary school located in Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The school was established on 16 June 2003 at the former site of Sultan Alam Shah School, which was relocated to Putrajaya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Kuala Lumpur</span> Metropolitan area in Malaysia

Greater Kuala Lumpur is the geographical term that determines the boundaries of metropolitan Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. Though similar to the term "Klang Valley", there remains a variation between the two. Ranked as the 30th-largest in Asia, it covers a total land size of 13,565.61km2.

Kolej Islam Sultan Alam Shah is an Islamic boarding school in Klang, Selangor. Initially named as Kolej Islam Malaya, it is the first institution for Islamic higher education in Malaya

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Education (Brunei)</span> Bruneian government ministry

The Ministry of Education is a cabinet-level ministry in the government of Brunei which oversees education in the country. It was established immediately upon Brunei's independence on 1 January 1984. It is currently led by a minister and the incumbent is Romaizah Mohd Salleh who took office since 7 June 2022. The ministry is headquartered in Bandar Seri Begawan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohd Bakri Mohd Zinin</span> Former Deputy Inspector-General of Police

Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Mohd Bakri bin Mohd Zinin is a former Malaysian police officer who served as Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIG), from May 2013 to his retirement in September 2014. He was the first Sabahan to become DIG.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pengiran Mohammad Abdul Rahman</span> Bruneian politician and writer

Pengiran Mohammad bin Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahman, pen name Zairis M.S., is a Bruneian politician and writer in the Government of Brunei whole formerly took office as the second Minister of Religious Affairs from 2010 to 2015, and Deputy Minister of Education from 2005 to 2010.

References

  1. ↑ "Moto, Visi, Misi & Falsafah". NUM. Retrieved 1 August 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
  2. ↑ "Motto, Vision, Mision & Philosophy". NUM. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "Facts & Figures". Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  4. ↑ Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine AUAP
  5. ↑ UKM, the National University of Malaysia, About Us Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Malaysia Official Year Book 1972 (Report). Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia. p. 412. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  7. ↑ "Imbasan Sejarah Jata UKM". Facebook .
  8. ↑ "UKM General Info". Archived from the original on 20 July 2006.
  9. ↑ "Logo & Song - Official Portal of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia". ukm.my. 25 November 2019.
  10. ↑ "Logo Pertama UKM". Facebook .
  11. 1 2 "Faculty & Educational Center". UKM. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. 1 2 "Senarai Fakulti". UKM. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ↑ "Research Institutes". UKM. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  14. ↑ "Senarai Institut". UKM. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  15. ↑ "Timbalan Menteri Hal Ehwal Ugama". www.mora.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  16. ↑ "Jabatan Majlis-Majlis Mesyuarat - Members of The Legislative Council". www.councils.gov.bn. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  17. ↑ "Permanent Secretary Ministry of Defence". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  18. ↑ "HANDOVER CEREMONY FOR NEWLY APPOINTED JOINT FORCE COMMANDER". Joint Force Headquarters. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  19. ↑ "My grandfather's love for Jaffa". Mondoweiss. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  20. ↑ Mohamad Yusop Damit (1995). Brunei Darussalam 1944-1962: Constitutional and Political Development in a Malay-Muslim Sultanate. University of London 1995. p. 412.
  21. ↑ "Keluaran Khas Sempena Pelantikan Menteri-Menteri Kabinet dan Timbalan-Timbalan Menteri" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in Malay). 12 June 2010. p. 7. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  22. ↑ "Global education index disappointed UM, UKM snubbed rankings poll - the Malaysian Insider". Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  23. ↑ "Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia". Quacquarelli Symonds. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia". Quacquarelli Symonds. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  25. ↑ "Global education index disappointed UM, UKM snubbed rankings poll". Archived from the original on 2 October 2014.
  26. ↑ "UM and UKM defend snubbing of global varsity rankings". Archived from the original on 2 October 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.