Theater District, Manhattan

Last updated

Theater District
Neighborhood
Broadway Theaters 45th Street Night.jpg
The Golden Theatre, Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre, Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre and Booth Theatre on West 45th Street in Manhattan's Theater District
Theater District, Manhattan
Location in New York City
Coordinates: 40°45′32″N73°59′06″W / 40.759°N 73.985°W / 40.759; -73.985
Country United States
State New York
City New York City
Borough Manhattan
ZIP Codes
10018, 10019, 10036 [1]
Area codes 212, 332, 646, and 917

New York City's Theater District, sometimes spelled Theatre District and officially zoned as the "Theater Subdistrict", [2] is an area and neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan where most Broadway theaters are located, in addition to other theaters, movie theaters, restaurants, hotels, and other places of entertainment. It is bounded by West 40th Street on the south, West 54th Street on the north, Sixth Avenue on the east and Eighth Avenue on the west, and includes Times Square. The Great White Way is the name given to the section of Broadway which runs through the Theater District.

Contents

It also contains recording studios, record label offices, theatrical agencies, television studios, restaurants, movie theaters, Duffy Square, Shubert Alley, the Brill Building, and Madame Tussauds New York. [3] [4] [5]

Boundaries

The City of New York defines the subdistrict for zoning purposes to extend from 40th Street to 57th Street and from Sixth Avenue to Eighth Avenue, with an additional area west of Eighth Avenue from 42nd Street to 45th Street. [6] The Times Square Alliance, a Business Improvement District organization dedicated to improving the Theater District, defines the district as an irregularly shaped area within the bounding box of 40th Street, 6th Avenue, 53rd Street, and 9th Avenue. [7] As of 2024, the Vivian Beaumont Theater (part of Lincoln Center) is the only Broadway-class theater not located in the Theater District.

Other nearby theater areas

The area known as Theatre Row is an area on 42nd Street from Ninth Avenue to Eleventh Avenue, which includes many Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway theaters.

History

Origins and early history

In 1836, mayor Cornelius Lawrence opened 42nd Street to encourage the city's northern expansion, saying "move up town and enjoy the pure, clean air". [8] The Theater District began attracting theaters and restaurants after the Metropolitan Opera House moved to West 39th Street and Broadway in 1883. [9] Oscar Hammerstein I opened his Victoria Theatre on 42nd Street in 1899. [8] Accessibility to the Theater District improved as electrified trolley lines started in 1899, followed by the opening of the New York City Subway's first line in 1904. [8]

"The Great White Way" is a nickname for a section of Broadway in Midtown Manhattan that encompasses the Theater District. In 1880, Broadway between Union Square and Madison Square was illuminated by Brush arc lamps, making it among the first electrically lighted streets in the United States. [10] By the 1890s, 23rd Street to 34th Street was so brightly illuminated by electrical advertising signs people began calling it "The Great White Way". [11] As the theater district shifted uptown just before the turn of the century, the nickname stuck and became synonymous. [12]

Over the years, the district has been referred to by New Yorkers as "the Rialto", "The Main Stem", and "Broadway". Around the turn of the 20th century, it was simply called "The Street". [13] [14]

By the 1970s, 42nd Street was seedy and run-down; X-rated movie houses, peep shows, and so-called grindhouses began to locate there. It was considered by some New Yorkers as a somewhat dangerous place to venture. However, in the 1990s the entire area was significantly revitalized by the city. Most of the adult theater businesses closed and an array of new theaters, multiplex movie houses, restaurants, and tourist attractions opened. [4]

In 1974, the exterior of the Lyceum Theatre became the first Broadway theatre to receive the landmark status designation from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC). [12] [15] This was followed in 1979 by the exterior and interior of the New Amsterdam Theatre. [16]

Preservation

Joe Papp's "Save the Theatres" campaign

In early 1982, Joseph Papp, the Broadway theatrical producer, and director who had established The Public Theater, led a campaign called "Save the Theatres" in Manhattan. [17] The primary initial goal of the "Save the Theatres" effort, which was sponsored by Papp's not-for-profit group and supported by the Actors Equity union, was to save several theater buildings in the Theatre District neighborhood from their impending demolition by monied Manhattan development interests. [18] [19] [20] [21] Papp provided financial resources, campaign buttons, posters, and newspaper ads for the effort; recruited a publicist and actors to promote the cause; and provided a various stage and street venues for public events in support of the campaign for saving the historic theatres. [19]

At Papp's behest, in July 1982, U.S. Representative Donald J. Mitchell of New York and 13 co-sponsors [lower-alpha 1] introduced a bill titled "A bill to designate the Broadway/Times Square Theatre District in the City of New York as a national historic site" (H.R. 6885). [23] The proposed legislation, which was not enacted, would have required the Federal Government to aid financially and otherwise in preserving the district and its historic theatre houses as an official National Historic Site. [23]

The Save the Theatres campaign then turned their efforts toward supporting the establishment of the Theater District as a New York City historic district under the purview of the LPC. [24] [25] In December 1983, Save the Theatres prepared "The Broadway Theater District, a Preservation Development and Management Plan," and demanded that each theater in the district receive landmark designation. [25] Mayor Ed Koch ultimately responded by creating a Theater Advisory Council, that included Papp as a member, [19] and which eventually led to the area being officially zoned as the "Theater Subdistrict". [2] Each theater's land lot could be developed with a certain maximum floor area, but many theaters used far less floor area than the maximum. The zoning plan allowed the unused development rights on the theaters' site to be sold to developers of nearby buildings that needed more than the maximum floor area. [26]

Landmark status for individual theaters

The LPC considered protecting close to 50 "legitimate theaters" as individual city landmarks in 1982, following the destruction of the Helen Hayes and Morosco theatres. A city-landmark status would prevent the theaters from being modified without the LPC's permission, thereby protecting them from development. The landmarks under consideration included both facades and interiors, which were designated separately. [27] Manhattan Community Board 5, under whose jurisdiction the vast majority of the theaters fell, supported many of the proposed landmark protections. [28] An advisory panel under mayor Koch voted to allow the LPC consider theaters not only on their historical significance but also on their architectural merits. [29] In response to objections from some of the major theatrical operators, several dozen scenic and lighting designers offered to work on the LPC for creating guidelines for potential landmarks. [30]

The first theaters to be landmarked under the 1982 plan were the Neil Simon, Ambassador, and Virginia (August Wilson) in August 1985. [31] [32] The landmark plan was then deferred temporarily until some landmark guidelines were enacted; [33] the guidelines, implemented in December 1985, allowed operators to modify theaters for productions without having to consult the LPC. [34] [35] The three theaters' operators objected to the landmark statuses. [35] [36]

Landmark designations of theaters increased significantly in 1987, [37] starting with the Palace in mid-1987. [38] The LPC designated the Al Hirschfeld, Belasco, Booth, and Brooks Atkinson (Lena Horne), [39] [40] as well as the Broadhurst, Ethel Barrymore, and Biltmore (Samuel J. Friedman) in early November 1987. [41] [39] This was followed by the Cort (James Earl Jones), 46th Street (Richard Rodgers), John Golden, Hayes, Hudson, Imperial, and Mark Hellinger later the same month, as well as the Embassy, which was never a Broadway venue. [42] In December 1987, the LPC designated the Eugene O'Neill, Henry Miller's (Stephen Sondheim), Longacre, Lunt-Fontanne, Majestic, Music Box, and Plymouth (Gerald Schoenfeld) as landmarks, as well as the Lyceum's interior. [43] These actions brought the number of current or former Broadway theaters with landmark status to 26. [44] Five more landmarks were designated by early 1988: the Ed Sullivan, Royale (Bernard B. Jacobs), Shubert, St. James, and Winter Garden. [45]

In March 1988, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the 28 landmark designations that had been approved in 1987 and 1988. [46] [47] Of these, both the interior and exterior of 19 theaters were protected, while only the interiors of seven theaters (including the Lyceum, whose exterior was already protected) and the exteriors of two theaters were approved. [47] Several theater owners argued that the landmark designations impacted them negatively, despite Koch's outreach to theater owners. [48] The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. [49] The New York Supreme Court upheld the LPC's designations of these theaters the next year. [50] [51] The dispute went all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States, which upheld the designations in 1992. [52]

Theater Subdistrict zoning

In January 2001, the New York Appellate Division, First Department in Fisher v. Giuliani, partially upheld the 1998 expansion of the Theater Subdistrict zoning regulations, which added receiving sites along Eighth Avenue where development rights from the landmarked Broadway theaters could be sold. Community and civil society organizations opposed the expansion of the district as it would impinge the nearby residential neighborhood of Hell's Kitchen/Clinton. The court objection, filed in 1999, did not challenge the pre-existing Theater Subdistrict itself or the original development rights zoning legislation. [53]

Under the 1998 zoning regulation, New York City also created the Theater Subdistrict Council (TSC), a not-for-profit corporation. [54] The TSC administers the Theater Subdistrict Fund and allocates grants. [54]

The New York City Zoning Resolution for special purpose districts, as amended on April 30, 2012, contains special regulations for the Theater Subdistrict, including the transfer of development rights, incentives for the rehabilitation of existing theaters, the creation of a theater council to promote theaters, and zoning and signage for theaters, and contains a list of theaters that qualify for special provisions in the regulations. [55]

Points of interest

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</span> New York City agency

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) is the New York City agency charged with administering the city's Landmarks Preservation Law. The LPC is responsible for protecting New York City's architecturally, historically, and culturally significant buildings and sites by granting them landmark or historic district status, and regulating them after designation. It is the largest municipal preservation agency in the nation. As of July 1, 2020, the LPC has designated more than 37,800 landmark properties in all five boroughs. Most of these are concentrated in historic districts, although there are over a thousand individual landmarks, as well as numerous interior and scenic landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Imperial Theatre is a Broadway theater at 249 West 45th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1923, the Imperial Theatre was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed for the Shubert brothers. It has 1,457 seats across two levels and is operated by The Shubert Organization. The auditorium interior is a New York City designated landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Hellinger Theatre</span> Former theater in Manhattan, New York

The Mark Hellinger Theatre is a church building at 237 West 51st Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, which formerly operated as a cinema and Broadway theater. Opened in 1930, the Hellinger Theatre is named after journalist Mark Hellinger and was developed by Warner Bros. as a movie palace. It was designed by Thomas W. Lamb with a modern facade and a Baroque interior. It has 1,605 seats across two levels and has been a house of worship for the Times Square Church since 1989. Both the exterior and interior of the theater are New York City landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palace Theatre (New York City)</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Palace Theatre is a Broadway theater at 1564 Broadway, at the north end of Times Square, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Milwaukee architects Kirchhoff & Rose, the theater was funded by Martin Beck and opened in 1913. From its opening to about 1929, the Palace was considered among vaudeville performers as the flagship venue of Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward Franklin Albee II's organization. The theater had 1,648 seats across three levels as of 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al Hirschfeld Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Al Hirschfeld Theatre, originally the Martin Beck Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 302 West 45th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1924, it was designed by G. Albert Lansburgh in a Moorish and Byzantine style and was constructed for vaudevillian Martin Beck. It has 1,404 seats across two levels and is operated by ATG Entertainment. Both the facade and the interior are New York City landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethel Barrymore Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Ethel Barrymore Theatre is a Broadway theater at 243 West 47th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1928, it was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in the Elizabethan, Mediterranean, and Adam styles for the Shubert family. The theater, named in honor of actress Ethel Barrymore, has 1,058 seats and is operated by the Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longacre Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Longacre Theatre is a Broadway theater at 220 West 48th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Opened in 1913, it was designed by Henry B. Herts and was named for Longacre Square, now known as Times Square. The Longacre has 1,077 seats and is operated by The Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium's interior are New York City designated landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Golden Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The John Golden Theatre, formerly the Theatre Masque and Masque Theater, is a Broadway theater at 252 West 45th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1927, the Golden Theatre was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in a Spanish style and was built for real-estate developer Irwin S. Chanin. It has 800 seats across two levels and is operated by the Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998)</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Lyric Theatre is a Broadway theater at 214 West 43rd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1998, the theater was designed by Richard Lewis Blinder of Beyer Blinder Belle, in collaboration with Peter Kofman, for Garth Drabinsky and his company Livent. The Lyric Theatre was built using parts of two former theaters on the site: the Apollo Theatre, built in 1920 to a design by Eugene De Rosa, and the old Lyric Theatre, built in 1903 to a design by Victor Hugo Koehler. The theater contains 1,622 seats across three levels and is operated by ATG Entertainment. The theater building is owned by the city and state governments of New York and was developed by New 42nd Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugene O'Neill Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Eugene O'Neill Theatre, previously the Forrest Theatre and the Coronet Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 230 West 49th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The theater was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed for the Shubert brothers. It opened in 1925 as part of a hotel and theater complex named after 19th-century tragedian Edwin Forrest. The modern theater, named in honor of American playwright Eugene O'Neill, has 1,108 seats across two levels and is operated by ATG Entertainment. The auditorium interior is a New York City designated landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel J. Friedman Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Samuel J. Friedman Theatre, formerly the Biltmore Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 261 West 47th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1925, it was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in the neo-Renaissance style and was constructed for Irwin Chanin. It has 650 seats across two levels and is operated by the Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC). The auditorium interior is a New York City landmark, and the theater is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since 2008, the theater has been named for Broadway publicist Samuel J. Friedman (1912–1974), whose family was a major donor to MTC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belasco Theatre</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Belasco Theatre is a Broadway theater at 111 West 44th Street, between Seventh Avenue and Sixth Avenue, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Originally known as the Stuyvesant Theatre, it was built in 1907 and designed by architect George Keister for impresario David Belasco. The Belasco Theatre has 1,016 seats across three levels and has been operated by The Shubert Organization since 1948. Both the facade and interior of the theater are New York City landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)</span> Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

The Lyceum Theatre is a Broadway theater at 149 West 45th Street, between Seventh Avenue and Sixth Avenue, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1903, the Lyceum Theatre is one of the oldest surviving Broadway venues, as well as the oldest continuously operating legitimate theater in New York City. The theater was designed by Herts & Tallant in the Beaux-Arts style and was built for impresario Daniel Frohman. It has 922 seats across three levels and is operated by The Shubert Organization. The facade became a New York City designated landmark in 1974, and the lobby and auditorium interiors were similarly designated in 1987.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Times Square Theater</span> Former theater in Manhattan, New York

The Times Square Theater is a former Broadway and movie theater at 215–217 West 42nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, near Times Square. Built in 1920, it was designed by Eugene De Rosa and developed by brothers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn. The building, which is no longer an active theater, is owned by the city and state governments of New York and leased to New 42nd Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberty Theatre</span> Former theater in Manhattan, New York

The Liberty Theatre is a former Broadway theater at 234 West 42nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1904, the theater was designed by Herts & Tallant and built for Klaw and Erlanger, the partnership of theatrical producers Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger. The theater has been used as an event venue since 2011 and is part of an entertainment and retail complex developed by Forest City Ratner. The theater is owned by the city and state governments of New York and leased to New 42nd Street. Brookfield Asset Management, which acquired Forest City in 2018, subleases the venue from New 42nd Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Empire Theatre (42nd Street)</span> Movie theater in Manhattan, New York

The Empire Theatre is a former Broadway theater at 234 West 42nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1912, the theater was designed by Thomas W. Lamb for the Hungarian-born impresario A. H. Woods. It was originally named for female impersonator Julian Eltinge, a performer with whom Woods was associated. In 1998, the building was relocated 168 feet (51 m) west of its original location to serve as the entrance to the AMC Empire 25, a multiplex operated by AMC Theatres, which opened in April 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sam H. Harris Theatre</span> Former theater in Manhattan, New York

The Sam H. Harris Theatre, originally the Candler Theatre, was a theater within the Candler Building, at 226 West 42nd Street, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1914, the 1,200-seat theater was designed by Thomas W. Lamb and built for Asa Griggs Candler, who leased it to George M. Cohan, Sam H. Harris, and George Kleine. Although the theater was intended to host both movies and legitimate Broadway productions, it functioned exclusively as a movie theater after 1933. The theater's auditorium was demolished by 1998. The only remnant of the former theater is its 42nd Street facade, which has been used by the Madame Tussauds New York museum since 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1552 Broadway</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

1552 Broadway, also known as the I. Miller Building, is a commercial structure on Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Located at the northeast corner of Broadway and 46th Street, the building was designed by Louis H. Friedland, with sculptures by Alexander Stirling Calder. The current building, designed for shoe retailer I. Miller, dates to 1926 and was combined from two 19th-century brownstone residences on the site. It contains decorative elements from several styles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy Theatre (New York City)</span> Former movie theater in Manhattan, New York

The Embassy Theatre, also known as the Embassy 1 Theatre, is a former movie theater at 1560 Broadway, along Times Square, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Thomas W. Lamb, the theater opened in 1925 on the ground floor of 1560 Broadway, the headquarters of the Actors' Equity Association. While no longer in use as a theater, the space is preserved as a New York City designated landmark, and it continues to operate as a store.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TSX Broadway</span> Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

TSX Broadway is an under-construction 46-story mixed-use building on Times Square, at the southeastern corner of Broadway and 47th Street, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Developed by L&L Holding, the building will include a 669-room hotel, multi-story retail space, and an existing landmarked Broadway theater called the Palace Theatre. The TSX Broadway development involves the reconstruction of a DoubleTree hotel that was completed in 1991, as well as the lifting of the Palace Theatre at the former hotel's base. The framework of the hotel's first 16 stories remains largely intact, but the upper floors have been demolished. Work on the new structure began in 2019, and the building was completed in 2024.

References

Informational notes

  1. ↑ Co-sponsors of the Mitchell bill included: Rep. Michael D. Barnes (MD), Rep. Barber B. Conable, Jr. (NY), Rep. Thomas A. Daschle (SD), Rep. Arlen Erdahl (MN), Rep. David W. Evans (IN), Rep. Hamilton Fish, Jr. (NY), Rep. Thomas M. Foglietta (PA), Rep. Peter A. Peyser (NY), Rep. Peter W. Rodino, Jr. (NJ), Rep. Louis Stokes (OH), Rep. Ted Weiss (NY), Rep. George C. Wortley (NY), and Rep. Ron Wyden (OR). [22]

Notes

  1. ↑ "New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)". Zipmap.net. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  2. 1 2 "New York City Department of City Planning". NYC.gov. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  3. ↑ Editors of Time Out (2011). Time Out New York. Time Out Guides. ISBN   9781846702105 . Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  4. 1 2 Eleanor Berman (2013). Top 10 New York City. Penguin. ISBN   9781465407931 . Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  5. ↑ Sascha Zuger (2011). Moon New York State. Avalon Travel. ISBN   9781612380872 . Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Special Purpose Districts: Manhattan: Special Midtown Districts" Archived May 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine on the official NYC website. Accessed: February 21, 2013
  7. ↑ "Times Square: Times Square/Theater District Dining". Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 "Broadway History". Spotlight on Broadway. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  9. ↑ AnneLise Sorensen, Eleanor Berman (2012). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: New York City. Penguin. ISBN   9780756691189 . Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  10. ↑ Burrows & Wallace 1999, p. 1063.
  11. ↑ Burrows & Wallace 1999, p. 1066.
  12. 1 2 Jaramillo, Carina (August 8, 2016). "History of Theater on Broadway". Octane Seating. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  13. ↑ Irving L. Allen (1995). City In Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195357769 . Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  14. ↑ William R. Taylor (April 22, 1996). Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World. JHU Press. ISBN   9780801853371 . Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  15. ↑ Gerston, Jill (November 27, 1974). "2 City Areas Made Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  16. ↑ Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium . New York: Monacelli Press. pp. 702–704. ISBN   978-1-58093-177-9. OCLC   70267065. OL   22741487M.
  17. ↑ The name of the organization was "Save the Theatres, Inc., as noted in court papers. See Shubert Organization, Inc. v. Landmarks Preservation Commission of the City of New York and Save the Theatres, Inc. Archived May 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, First Department, May 16, 1991, accessed March 10, 2013
  18. ↑ "Proposal to Save Morosco and Helen Hayes Theaters" Archived May 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , LHP Architects, accessed March 10, 2013
  19. 1 2 3 Helen Epstein (1994). Joe Papp: An American Life . Little, Brown. p.  403. ISBN   9780316246040 . Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  20. ↑ "City Panel Near Vote On Save-The-Theaters Proposals". The New York Times . New York City. April 15, 1984. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  21. ↑ Corwin, Betty "Theatre on film and tape archive" Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts, accessed May 10, 2013
  22. ↑ Bill Summary & Status – 97th Congress (1981–1982) – H.R.6885 - Co-Sponsors [ permanent dead link ] Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2015
  23. 1 2 H.R.6885 - A bill to designate the Broadway/Times Square Theatre District in the City of New York as a national historic site, and for other purposes (Bill). July 27, 1982. Retrieved December 10, 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  24. ↑ Lynne B. Sagalyn (2003). Times Square Roulette: Remaking the City Icon. MIT Press. ISBN   9780262692953. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  25. 1 2 Peter Bosselmann (August 28, 1985). Representation of Places – Imprimé: Reality and Realism in City Design. ISBN   9780520918269. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  26. ↑ Gottlieb, Martin (September 19, 1983). "Innovative Zoning Plan Could Aid Theaters: Novel Zoning Plan Could Aid Theaters and West Side". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  27. ↑ Goodwin, Michael (April 16, 1982). "Midtown Theaters Surveyed for Landmark Designation". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  28. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (October 20, 1982). "Landmark Status Sought for Theaters". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  29. ↑ "THE CITY; City Panel Splits On Theater Plan". The New York Times. October 14, 1983. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  30. ↑ Johnston, Laurie; Anderson, Susan Heller (June 23, 1983). "New York Day by Day; Doing Justice to Landmakers And to Theater Interiors". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  31. ↑ Schmalz, Jeffrey (August 7, 1985). "Landmarks Panel Listing Broadway Theaters". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  32. ↑ Polsky, Carol (August 7, 1985). "3 Theaters Named Landmarks". Newsday. p. 32. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  33. ↑ Schmalz, Jeffrey (August 14, 1985). "Panel Postpones Landmark Plan for the Theaters". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  34. ↑ "Legitimate: Landmarks Panel Issues Guidelines; Owners Not Happy". Variety. Vol. 321, no. 8. December 18, 1985. pp. 89, 94. ProQuest   1438433105.
  35. 1 2 Shepard, Joan (December 19, 1985). "Limit on B'way landmarks urged". Daily News. p. 165. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  36. ↑ Barbanel, Josh (December 20, 1985). "Theater Owners Ask Board to Delay Landmark Status". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  37. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (November 22, 1987). "The Region; The City Casts Its Theaters In Stone". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  38. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (June 22, 1987). "Panel Weighs Designating Theater as Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  39. 1 2 "Legitimate: Landmarks Panel Names 5 Theaters". Variety. Vol. 329, no. 3. November 11, 1987. p. 93. ProQuest   1286133538.
  40. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (November 5, 1987). "5 More Broadway Theaters Classified as Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  41. ↑ Shepard, Joan; Lippman, Barbara (November 11, 1987). "3 theaters get landmark status". Daily News. p. 79. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  42. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (November 18, 1987). "Plan Blocked for Tower Atop Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  43. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (December 14, 1987). "7 Theaters Become Landmarks; Owners Plan Appeal". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  44. ↑ Oser, Alan S. (February 14, 1988). "Perspectives: Midtown Theaters; Offering an Incentive for Preservation". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  45. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (March 10, 1988). "Landmark Theaters Are Up for Vote". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  46. ↑ Harney, James (March 12, 1988). "Frozen in stage they're now in". Daily News. p. 94. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  47. 1 2 Purdum, Todd S. (March 12, 1988). "28 Theaters Are Approved As Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  48. ↑ Blau, Eleanor (January 11, 1988). "Koch Is to Hold Talks With Theater Council". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  49. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (June 21, 1988). "Owners File Suit to Revoke Theaters' Landmark Status". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  50. ↑ Sullivan, Ronald (December 8, 1989). "Theaters' Landmark Status Upheld". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  51. ↑ Walsh, Thomas (December 15, 1989). "$200 Million Landmark Lawsuit Dismissed; Designations Are Intact". Back Stage. Vol. 30, no. 50. pp. 1A, 4A. ProQuest   962873540.
  52. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (May 27, 1992). "High Court Upholds Naming Of 22 Theaters as Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  53. ↑ Fisher v. Giuliani, 280A.D.2d13 , 720(N.Y.S.2d2001).
  54. 1 2 "Theater Subdistrict Council – New York City Department of City Planning". Nyc.gov. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  55. ↑ "The City of New York Zoning Resolution; Article VIII; Chapter 1;" (PDF). Mayor Bloomberg; New York City Planning Commission; Department of City Planning. May 25, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2013.

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