Meatpacking District, Manhattan

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Gansevoort Market Historic District
Meatpacking District 4546163360 81d5f0f55b crop.jpg
An old meatpacking building converted into a boutique
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Meatpacking District
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Meatpacking District
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Meatpacking District
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Meatpacking District
LocationRoughly bounded by West 16th Street to the north; Ninth Avenue, and Hudson Street to the east; Gansevoort Street to the south; and West Street and 11th Avenue to the west
Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates 40°44′25″N74°00′25″W / 40.74028°N 74.00694°W / 40.74028; -74.00694
Area44 acres (18 ha)
Architectvarious
Architectural stylevarious
NRHP reference No. 07000487 [1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 30, 2007
Designated NYCLSeptember 9, 2003

The Meatpacking District is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan that runs from West 14th Street south to Gansevoort Street, and from the Hudson River east to Hudson Street. [2] [3] [4] The Meatpacking Business Improvement District along with signage in the area, extend these borders farther north to West 17th Street, east to Eighth Avenue, and south to Horatio Street. [5]

Contents

History

Pre-colonial

A Lenape trading station called Sapohanikan was on the riverbank, which, accounting for landfill, was located about where Gansevoort Street meets Washington Street today. [6] [7] [8] The footpath that led from Sapohanikan inland to the east became the foundation for Gansevoort Street, [9] which by accident or design aligns, within one degree, so that the Manhattanhenge phenomenon, where the setting sun crosses the horizon looking down the street, occurs at the spring and autumnal equinoxes. [10] In recognition of this history, petitions were made to call the 14th Street Park "Saphohanikan Park", although it appears no formal recognition was given. [11]

Initial development

The earliest development of the area now known as the Meatpacking District came in the mid-19th century. Before that it was the location of Fort Gansevoort [a] and of the upper extension of Greenwich Village, which had been a vacation spot until overtaken by the northward movement of New York City. The irregular street patterns in the area resulted from the clash of the Greenwich Village street system with that of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which sought to impose a regular grid on the undeveloped part of Manhattan island. [12]

Construction of residences in the neighborhood – primarily rowhouses and town houses, some of which were later converted into tenements – began around 1840, primarily in the Greek Revival style which was prominent at the time. [12] By mid-century, with Fort Gansevoort replaced by freight yards of the Hudson River Railroad, a neighborhood developed which was part heavy industry and part residential – a pattern which was more typical of an earlier period in the city's history but which was becoming less usual, as industry and residences began to be isolated in their own districts. In the western portion of the neighborhood, heavy industry such as iron works and a terra cotta manufacturer could be found, while lighter industry such as carpentry and woodworking, lumber yards, paint works, granite works and a plaster mill blended into the residential area. [12] At the time of the Civil War the part of the district west of Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street and above 10th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene, a lamp fuel. [13]

After the Civil War

When development began again after the war in the 1870s, the tenor of the neighborhood changed. Since it was no longer considered a desirable area to live in, construction of single-family residences was replaced with the building of multiple-family dwellings, and the continued internal industrialization increased. In addition an elevated railroad line had been constructed through the neighborhood along Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street, completed in 1869. [12] Additional development began in the 1880s when two new markets began operating in the area. On the old freight yards, the Gansevoort Market (originally the "Farmer's Market"), an open-air space for the buying and selling of regional produce started in 1879, and the West Washington Market, 10 brick buildings used for meat, poultry and dairy transactions, relocated to the river side of West Street in 1884. [12] By 1900 the area was home to 250 slaughterhouses and packing plants, [14] and by the 1920s, what had been a neighborhood based on mixture of marketplaces became more tightly focused on meatpacking and related activities. Other industries continued to be located there, some of which included cigar-making, transportation-related businesses such as automobile repair, express services and garages, import-export firms, marine supplies, cosmetics, and printing. [12] After decades of debate, the High Line elevated freight line was authorized in 1929 as part of the "West Side Improvement Plan", and the New York Central Railroad completed construction, passing through the neighborhood, in 1934. [12]

Decline and resurgence

The area's decline began around the 1960s as part of the general decline of the waterfront area. Containerization of freight; the advent of supermarkets which changed the distribution pattern for meat, dairy and produce from a locally or regionally based system to a more national one; and the development of frozen foods and refrigerated trucks to deliver them were all factors in this, but meatpacking continued to be the major activity in the neighborhood through the 1970s. At the same time, a new "industry" of nightclubs and other entertainment and leisure operations catering to a gay clientele, began to spring up in the area. [12]

In the 1980s, as the industrial activities in the area continued their downturn, it became known as a center for drug dealing and prostitution. Concurrent with the rise in illicit sexual activity, the sparsely populated industrial area became the focus of the city's burgeoning BDSM subculture; over a dozen sex clubs flourished in the area including such notable ones as The Anvil, The Manhole, the ,Mineshaft, and the heterosexual-friendly Hellfire Club. [15] Many of these establishments were under the direct control of the Mafia or subject to New York Police Department protection rackets. The Mineshaft was forcibly shuttered by the city in 1985 at the height of AIDS preventionism. [16]

Aerial view Meatpacking District 001.JPG
Aerial view

Beginning in the late 1990s, the Meatpacking District went through a transformation. High-end boutiques catering to young professionals and hipsters opened, including Diane von Fürstenberg, Christian Louboutin, Alexander McQueen, Stella McCartney, Barbour, Rubin & Chapelle, [17] Theory, Ed Hardy, Puma, Moschino, ADAM by Adam Lippes, and an Apple Store; restaurants such as Pastis—which closed in 2014 [18] —and 5 Ninth; [19] and nightclubs such as Tenjune. In 2004, New York magazine called the Meatpacking District "New York's most fashionable neighborhood". [20]

A catalyst for even greater transformation of the area was the opening in June 2009 of the first segment of the High Line linear park. [21] A former elevated freight railroad built under the aegis of Robert Moses, it opened to great reviews in the District (and in Chelsea to the north) as a greenway modeled after Paris's Promenade Plantée. [22] Thirteen months earlier, the Whitney Museum of American Art had announced that it would build a second home, designed by Renzo Piano, at 99 Gansevoort Street, just west of Washington Street and adjacent to the southernmost entrance to the High Line; and on May 1, 2015, the museum opened at this site. [23] [24] These were turning points in the changes experienced by the neighborhood over the first two decades of the 21st century, transforming it from a gritty manufacturing district into a bustling high-end retail, dining, and residential area, as documented by photographer Brian Rose in his 2014 book Metamorphosis. [25]

Preservation

In September 2003 the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) established the Gansevoort Market Historic District, [26] and in 2007 New York State Parks Commissioner Carol Ash approved adding the entire Meatpacking District, an area which included both the Gansevoort Market Historic District and the neighborhood's waterfront, to the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. [27] The state district was listed on the National Register on May 30, 2007, and included 140 buildings, two structures, and one other site. [1] Structures such as The Standard, High Line, hotel and the Whitney Museum opened in the Meatpacking District during the 21st century. By 2024, there was only one meatpacking business remaining in the area. [28]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Named after Peter Gansevoort, a general in the Revolutionary War

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References

  1. 1 2 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ↑ McPherson, Coco (December 24, 2002). "Close-Up on: The Meatpacking District". Village Voice . Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  3. ↑ New York Times map of Meatpacking District
  4. ↑ Mohney, Chris (September 25, 2006). "Close-Up on: The Meatpacking District". Gawker . Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Neighborhood map" . Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  6. ↑ Hudson River Park Trust
  7. ↑ Letter from J. Lee Compton, Chair, City of New York Manhattan Community Board 4 to Kathy Howe (March 8, 2007)
  8. ↑ Burrows, Edwin G. (1999). Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898. Mike Wallace. Oxford. pp. 6–7. ISBN   978-0-585-36462-9. OCLC   47011419.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ Bolton, Reginald Pelham. Indian Paths in the Great Metropolis New York Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1922. pp58-59
  10. ↑ Earth System Research Laboratory
  11. ↑ "Folkies Sing a Different TuneFor Village’s Chapel Buildin [sic]" New York Observer (February 12, 2001)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Shockley, Jay "Gansevoort Market Historic District Designation Report part 1", New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (September 9, 2003)
  13. ↑ Johnson, Clint. "A Vast and Fiendish Plot" New York Archive (Winter 2012)
  14. ↑ New York City Names Gansevoort Market a Historic District Archived 2003-10-03 at the Wayback Machine , from the website of the National Trust for Historic Preservation
  15. ↑ Evans, Hew. "A Dominating Narrative: The Mineshaft and BDSM Culture in the Meatpacking District", Village Preservation, January 24, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2025. "Operating between 1976 and 1985, the Mineshaft is indicative of the larger Queer BDSM (Bondage/Discipline, Dominance/Submission, and Sado-Masochism) culture that existed within the Far West Village. It wasn’t that different from other clubs in the area, like The Anvil, The Manhole, or the heterosexual-friendly Hellfire Club."
  16. ↑ Gay, Tim (July 14–20, 2004). "Bring back the beefcake, and add some flowers too". The Villager . Retrieved August 12, 2011.
  17. ↑ Renzi, Jen. "The raw and the cooked: From red light to limelight, New York's meatpacking district redesigns for fashion", Interior Design (4/1/2003)
  18. ↑ Beth Landman (February 26, 2014). "NYC celebs remember iconic Meatpacking eatery Pastis". New York Post. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  19. ↑ Platt, Adam (May 21, 2005). "Top 5". New York . Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  20. ↑ Steinberg, Jon (August 18, 2004). "Meatpacking District Walking Tour". New York . Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  21. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin. "High Line Poised to Receive Visitors", June 4, 2009. Accessed January 13, 2025. "The first section of the renovated High Line, the elevated former railway that runs along the Hudson River from Gansevoort to West 34th Streets — is scheduled to open to the public on Tuesday, after a ceremony there on Monday presided over by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. Slated for demolition a decade ago, the High Line has now been transformed into a landscaped promenade designed by Field Operations and Diller Scofidio & Renfro. The section, which extends from Gansevoort to West 20th Street and features plantings, wooden chaises and pools of water, will be open daily from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m."
  22. ↑ Filler, Martin. "Urban Lifeline", Australian Financial Review , September 4, 2009. Accessed January 13, 2025. "The High Line was erected some 30 feet above street level, between 1929 and 1934, by the New York Central Railroad, to speed delivery of materials and foodstuffs directly to factories and processing plants, as part of New York City Parks commissioner Robert Moses's West Side Improvement Project (three decades before he conceived of a cross-town highway that would have eviscerated Soho).... The High Line is hardly the first of its kind. The most frequently cited prototype is Jacques Vergely and Philippe Mathieux's Promenade Plantee of 1988-1993 in Paris (also known as Le Viaduc des Arts and La Coulee verte - "the green stream"), a three-mile-long masonry viaduct that extends between the Place de la Bastille and the Bois de Vincennes, with a landscaped pathway atop the structure and shops inserted into the archways below."
  23. ↑ The Building, Whitney Museum of American Art. Accessed January 13, 2025. "Designed by architect Renzo Piano and situated between the High Line and the Hudson River, the Whitney’s building in the Meatpacking District offers the most expansive display ever of its unsurpassed collection of modern and contemporary American art."
  24. ↑ Vogel, Carol. "The Whitney Museum, Soon to Open Its New Home, Searches for American Identity", The New York Times , March 26, 2015. Accessed January 13, 2025. "When the Whitney Museum of American Art opens its new building in Manhattan’s meatpacking district on May 1, it’s the big things everyone will notice first: the sweeping views west to the Hudson River; the romantic silhouettes of Manhattan’s wooden water towers; the four outdoor terraces for presenting sculptures, performances and movie screenings; and the tiered profile of its steel-paneled facade, intentionally reminiscent of the Whitney’s Modernist, granite-clad Marcel Breuer building on Madison Avenue, which had been the museum’s home since 1966."
  25. ↑ "Brian Rose Photography" . Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  26. ↑ Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation Save Gansevoort Market Archived May 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation Meatpacking District Approved for Listing on State and National Register of Historic Places Archived July 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (11 April 2007)
  28. ↑ Quinlan, Adriane (October 28, 2024). "The Meatpacking District With No Meat-packers". Curbed. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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