Chamber of Commerce Building (Manhattan)

Last updated

Chamber of Commerce Building
Chamber of Commerce Building (New York City).jpg
In 2013
Chamber of Commerce Building (Manhattan)
Location65 Liberty Street
Manhattan, New York City [1]
Coordinates 40°42′32″N74°00′35″W / 40.70889°N 74.00972°W / 40.70889; -74.00972
Built1901–02
ArchitectJames Barnes Baker [2]
Architectural style Beaux-Arts [2]
Part of Wall Street Historic District (ID07000063)
NRHP reference No. 73001214 [3]
NYSRHP No.06101.000412
NYCL No.0053
Significant dates
Added to NRHPFebruary 6, 1973 [1]
Designated NHLDecember 22, 1977 [4]
Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980
Designated NYCLJanuary 18, 1966

The Chamber of Commerce Building is a commercial building on 65 Liberty Street, between Liberty Place and Broadway, in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by architect James Barnes Baker, the four-story Beaux-Arts building was constructed between 1901 and 1902 as the first headquarters to be built specifically for the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York.

Contents

The structure is clad with Vermont marble and includes a rusticated masonry base, a short colonnade, and a copper mansard roof. The facade formerly contained statues of John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and DeWitt Clinton, which had been designed by Daniel Chester French and Philip Martiny. The second story contained the Chamber of Commerce's Great Hall, hung with portraits of important individuals from American history. The rest of the building was largely devoted to offices or meeting rooms for the Chamber. Over the years, numerous stores and banks have rented out the ground story. The building's design was largely positively received upon its completion.

The building was constructed after funds were raised from wealthy members of the Chamber of Commerce. Architects Helmle and Corbett remodeled the interior and built a new floor in 1922, resulting in changes to the mansard roof. French and Martiny's sculptures, installed in 1903, were removed in 1926 due to severe deterioration. After the Chamber of Commerce relocated to Midtown Manhattan in 1979, the building stood vacant for ten years. The International Commercial Bank of China bought the building in 1989 and the interior was subsequently renovated by Haines Lundberg Waehler.

The Chamber of Commerce Building's design and scale was largely praised upon its completion. The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1973. The building also became a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It is a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, an NRHP district created in 2007.

Site

The Chamber of Commerce Building is in the Financial District of Manhattan, on the southeastern corner of a block bounded by Broadway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, Liberty Place to the east, and Maiden Lane to the north. Liberty Place serves as an alley between the Chamber of Commerce Building to the west and the Liberty Tower, facing Nassau Street, to the east. [5]

The building's land lot has a total area of 7,878 square feet (731.9 m2). [6] The lot has a frontage of 83.42 feet (25 m) on Liberty Street and extends 91.25 feet (28 m) deep. [6] The Chamber of Commerce Building is surrounded by numerous other structures, including the Liberty Tower and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building to the east, 28 Liberty Street to the southeast, 140 Broadway to the south, and One Liberty Plaza to the west. [5]

Architecture

The Chamber of Commerce Building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by architect James Barnes Baker, [2] [7] [8] a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, for which the structure was erected. [9] The building was expanded in 1922 by Helmle & Corbett, while the interior design dates to a 1991 renovation by Haines Lundberg Waehler. [2] Charles T. Wills served as the primary contractor for the original work [10] as well as for the 1922 expansion. [11] [12]

The building is four stories high, plus a half-story attic. [13] Its structural system consists of masonry load-bearing walls. [13] According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the interior gross floor area is 30,681 square feet (2,850.4 m2). [6]

Facade

The facade is made of Vermont marble upon a base of rusticated blocks of masonry. The top story is housed in a mansard roof clad with copper. [10] [13] [14] The main facade on Liberty Street contains four vertical bays and is divided horizontally into three sections: ground story, second story, and third and fourth stories. On Liberty Street, the leftmost bay is generally more elaborate than the three rightmost bays. The side facade on Liberty Place is similar to that on Liberty Street, though more simple in design, and is five bays wide. [13] [15]

There are two entrances at the ground story on Liberty Street, both raised slightly above street level. [10] The entrance to the building's ground floor is within a segmental arch in the second bay from the right; it is flanked by two full-height windows, one on each side. A more ornate entrance to the upper levels protrudes slightly from the leftmost bay. [16] [17] [18] The left entrance is topped by an arched pediment with an elaborate carving. [19] Above that entrance was a carving by Karl Bitter, which contained depictions of Ceres and Mercury, two ancient Roman gods that collectively depicted commerce. [20] [21] A carved marble band runs above the ground story. [15]

Front view of the second-story colonnade on the rightmost three bays 65 Liberty Street 9488.JPG
Front view of the second-story colonnade on the rightmost three bays

On the second floor, in the three rightmost bays facing Liberty Street, there is a small colonnade with six double-height fluted columns topped by Ionic-style capitals. The colonnade contains a pair of columns at each end, as well as two single columns in the center. [13] [15] Within the colonnade's bays, there were three sculptural groups supported on pedestals. [15] [19] The sculptural groups were each 8 feet (2.4 m) tall and depicted DeWitt Clinton (carved by Daniel Chester French) and John Jay and Alexander Hamilton (carved by Philip Martiny). [20] [22] Near the top of the colonnade are oval windows overlooking what was originally the Chamber of Commerce's main room. [7] [13] These windows are supported by brackets, with a frieze of wreaths below each window, as well as swags above. Above the colonnade is an entablature with modillions and dentils beneath it. [15] [16] The leftmost bay on Liberty Street is not included in the colonnade but has an oval window above a large rectangular window. The Liberty Place facade contains similar oval windows at the top of the wall, although they are subdivided by flat pilasters. [23]

The third and fourth floors were originally set back behind the Liberty Street facade, creating a terrace above the colonnade. The third floor is plainly decorated, with paired windows in each bay, while the fourth floor is within the dormer roof. [15] [16] Within the mansard roof, there are three dormer windows each facing Liberty Street and Liberty Place. The dormer windows are topped by decorative hoods and flanked by volutes on the side. [14] [16]

Interior

As designed, the main entrance to the upper levels opened into a large vestibule, which in turn led to a double-height hall measuring 20 by 80 feet (6.1 by 24.4 m). This hall was made of Caen stone and marble. The building's elevators, as well as a stair to the second-floor Great Hall, were placed at the end of this hall. [10] [17] [23] The design of the stair was inspired by the Ducal Palace in Venice and led to the second-story main room and elevator hall. [11] [12] The decoration of the hall's upper half was extremely elaborate. Colored-marble Ionic columns supported a frieze, above which rose a domed ceiling. Between each set of columns, there were tablets that were inscribed with the names of the Chamber of Commerce's officers. At the time of the building's construction, the tablets accommodated names of past officers and could be inscribed with the names of future officers. [23] The rest of the ground floor was rented out as a banking room, the only commercial concern in the building. [10] [9] [18]

In general, the upper stories had decorative woodwork and marble work. [21] On the third and fourth stories were meeting rooms as well as space for the Commerce Club. [10] [16] This portion of the building contained the library, president's room, committee rooms, and offices. Much of the furniture was colonial in design. The president's room was more elaborately decorated than the other rooms on these levels. [23] Following the 1922 renovation, the fourth floor contained an oak-paneled elevator landing and vaulted stair hall. The ceiling of the fourth-floor elevator landing had three octagonal allegorical reliefs depicting commerce, industry, and transportation. The original library on the fourth floor became a banquet room, while another story with a library and committee rooms was added. [11] [12] During the 1991 renovation, the third and fourth floors became executive offices for the International Commercial Bank of China, while the top story became a cafeteria. [24]

Great Hall

Great Hall NY Chamber of Commerce interior.jpg
Great Hall

The Great Hall, the building's main room on the second story, has floor dimensions of 90 by 60 feet (27 by 18 m) with a ceiling 30 feet (9.1 m) high. [7] [10] [25] The lower part of the room was not designed with any windows because the Chamber's massive portraits were to be hung in that area. [17] [19] The upper part of the main room, above 20 feet (6.1 m), contains the oval windows of the facade. [7] [17] The walls are topped by elaborate multicolored decorations such as cartouches, wreaths, swags, and horns. [26] The ceiling has a skylight at its center, surrounded by a gilded coved ceiling. [7] [9] [10]

There were nearly three hundred portraits in the room at its peak. [27] [28] The portraits included those of John Cruger, the first President of the Chamber; Alexander Hamilton, a Founding Father of the United States; and Ulysses S. Grant, the former President of the United States. [29] The paintings dated to 1772 and were generally only of deceased individuals; the Chamber did not remove portraits once they were hung. [30] The collection was also generally viewable only to Chamber members, but the public was occasionally allowed inside the building. [31] Many portraits were removed in 1979 when the Chamber moved out. [9] The collection was broken up, with some portraits being donated or sold. [32]

The floor had a "large and beautiful rug", which covered almost the whole space. [33] The custom carpet, measuring 59.67 by 37.67 feet (18 by 11 m), weighed 2,750 pounds (1,250 kg) and had to be delivered in a custom crate. Part of the building's outer wall had to be temporarily removed so the carpet could be put inside. [34] The original floor surface was made of marble, although it was covered with a plywood platform in 1991. [35] When the building was used by the Chamber of Commerce, the seats were arranged along the walls. At the center of one wall, a raised platform had space for the President's chair and desk, as well as the desks of other officials. [33] Mahogany desks for the International Commercial Bank of China were installed in 1991 after the building was renovated. [24]

History

The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York was founded in 1768 as the first organization of its type in North America. After the Chamber was granted a formal charter by King George III of Great Britain in 1770, it held an inaugural meeting at the Fraunces Tavern with twenty merchants in attendance. [14] [36] When the Real Estate Exchange Building at 65 Liberty Street was completed in 1884, the Chamber of Commerce had moved there. [37] This structure was an iron-fronted building with six stories. [38] Before the current building at 65 Liberty Street was built, the Chamber had never been housed in a building specifically constructed for use as its headquarters. [7] [39]

Planning and construction

As shown in the Historic American Buildings Survey MAIN ELEVATION - Chamber of Commerce Building, 65 Liberty Street, New York, New York County, NY HABS NY,31-NEYO,156-1.tif
As shown in the Historic American Buildings Survey

By the end of the 19th century, the Chamber of Commerce was looking to construct a building with enough space for offices and an assembly room. According to Architectural Record magazine, the Chamber of Commerce wished for its assembly hall to be "spacious and imposing" and for the exterior to be "large enough to avoid insignificance". [40] At the time, the Chamber of Commerce was housed in a "small apartment". [41] [42] While the Chamber's monthly meetings were lightly attended, the annual luncheons drew hundreds of members, even though the previous quarters could fit only fifty people. [41]

A fund for a new building for the Chamber of Commerce was established early in 1897. By that June, it had raised $450,000 out of a projected $1 million. [43] By April 1900, the entire $1 million amount had been raised. [44] [45] Wealthy members of the Chamber ultimately raised a collective $1.5 million. Subscribers to the fund included Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt III, William Collins Whitney, and the Guggenheim family. [46] The Chamber's president Morris K. Jesup bought the Real Estate Exchange Building in January 1901 from the Central Realty, Bond, and Trust Company, [38] [47] at a cost of $700,000. [48] James B. Baker had been selected as the architect by that May. [10] [17] The cornerstone of the building was laid on November 8, 1901, with ceremonies attended by over a hundred members of the Chamber of Commerce. [49]

In May 1902, Chamber members Morris Ketchum Jesup, John Stewart Kennedy, and William E. Dodge donated the statues of DeWitt Clinton, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The sculptures, to cost $12,000 each, were contracted to Martiny and French after the original plan to decorate the Liberty Street facade with allegorical sculptures was abandoned. [22] The Chamber of Commerce Building opened on November 11, 1902, just more than a year after the opening ceremony. Former U.S. President Grover Cleveland was the primary orator at the opening ceremony. while the guests included then-current U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and various ambassadors and representatives from other nations. [42] [21] The sculptures by Martiny and French were dedicated on November 17, 1903, with a ceremony attended by 400 Chamber members. [50] [51]

Chamber of Commerce use

During the first decade of the 20th century, the Lawyers' Title Insurance and Trust Company had offices in the Chamber of Commerce Building, with 700 employees. The company moved to its own structure between July and September 1908. [52] The Lawyers' Mortgage Company occupied the basement and ground floor from 1906 until 1921, [53] when the space was leased by the Guaranty Trust Company. [54] Following World War I, the Chamber of Commerce's influence started to shrink as corporations became more prominent. [9] In June 1921, the building was temporarily closed so architects Helmle and Corbett could remodel the interior. As part of the project, the mansard roof was modified to accommodate a full story, which housed the chamber's library and two committee rooms. A dining room was added on the third floor, and a new elevator lobby and emergency stairway was added. [11] [12] The expanded building opened on January 5, 1922, at the monthly meeting of the Chambers. [55]

The sculptural groups on the facade, having worn down significantly due to chemical reactions and weather conditions, were removed in 1926. [56] [57] The Piccirilli Brothers made casts for the sculptural groups so they could be redone in granite or bronze if the Chamber ever requested their reinstallation, although that never occurred. [56] The same year, the Interstate Trust Company opened in the ground floor and basement [58] after alterations were made to these stories. [59] The ground-floor space was occupied by the Harriman National Bank by 1929. [60] [61] Harriman only stayed in the building through the mid-1930s. [62] The Chamber of Commerce was generally slow to adopt new technology, and this was reflected in the building's machinery. For example, in 1927, the Chamber voted to replace the building's original light dimmers rather than buy a newer lighting system for the building. [63]

The ground floor and basement were leased to the Wanamaker's department store in 1944, with the space to be used by Wanamaker's men's division. [62] After World War II, most of the Chamber's day-to-day operations were outsourced and the Chamber was staffed exclusively by volunteers. The Great Hall was consequently no longer used frequently. [9] In 1968, the general public was allowed to regularly enter the Great Hall for the first time in the building's history. [26] The New York Chamber of Commerce merged with the Commerce and Industry Association in 1973, and 65 Liberty Street became the headquarters of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. [64]

Later use

Seen in 2020 Financial District Sep 2020 29.jpg
Seen in 2020

The Chamber decided to sell 65 Liberty Street in 1979, relocating to 200 Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan and merging with the New York City Partnership to create the Partnership for New York City. [9] With the relocation, the Great Hall's portraits had to be removed as well. The new offices could only fit 10 to 20 of the Great Hall's 300 portraits, but the Chamber of Commerce Building could store about 200 of these portraits. There was a controversy over the portraits' removal, since art experts considered these to be integral to the room's character, and about 80 portraits would have to be given away. [65] The Chamber's collections curator, Evelyn G. Ortner, said in early 1983 that the Chamber was no longer selling portraits. [66] Some of these portraits were subsequently exhibited at the New-York Historical Society. [67]

The Chamber of Commerce Building remained unoccupied for ten years because potential tenants balked at the cost of retrofitting it to modern standards, and potential buyers had already twice failed to complete the sale. In 1989, the International Commercial Bank of China (now Mega International Commercial Bank) purchased the building for $5.75 million. [35] Two years later, Haines Lundberg Waehler finished renovating the building into office space at a cost of more than $12 million. [24] The badly damaged wall covering was replaced with velvet; a plywood floor surface was laid atop the original marble floor of the Great Hall, and cables were run beneath the plywood floor. [35] The mechanical systems were also overhauled. Since the building was on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and was a New York City designated landmark, the bank hoped to receive a tax credit for the renovation. [24] As of 2021, Mega International still owned the building. [5]

Reception and landmark designations

When the Chamber of Commerce Building was being constructed, a writer for The Century Magazine stated, "Of non-official buildings projected or already begun, none is more important in its indirect bearing on the commercial greatness of the city than the home of the Chamber of Commerce." [68] Upon its completion, the Architectural Record said the structure "is distinguished at once from the merely business buildings by its sumptuous character, its costly materials, and the obvious freedom from ordinary business limitations, shown by its design." [15] The Brooklyn Daily Eagle , in 1910, stated that the building and its portrait collection were "well worth seeing", despite being relatively unknown to New Yorkers. [69] However, as The New York Times reported upon the building's opening, "Comments on the building as a whole are not always favorable". [21] Among the criticisms was the fact that the colonnade was not genuine and served to "obscure the windows on the top floor", as well as the lack of natural lighting at ground level. [21]

Later critics looked favorably on the structure. Ada Louise Huxtable, architectural writer for The New York Times, wrote that "Inside and out, the building is an example of the kind of period architectural opulence [...] that, if you have to ask the cost, you can't afford it". [26] Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern, in his book New York 1900, compared the design of the exterior to the Paris Opéra House by Charles Garnier. [7] According to Stern, the interior was "one of New York's greatest interior spaces". [7] [9]

The Chamber of Commerce Building's exterior was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) as an official city landmark on January 18, 1966. [14] It was one of the first landmarks to be designated by the LPC in Manhattan. [70] The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 [1] and was re-added to the NRHP as a National Historic Landmark in 1977. [71] [4] Following the Chamber's relocation in 1979, the LPC also considered the Great Hall as an interior landmark. The LPC ultimately decided against it because the agency's rules mandated that interior landmarks had to be public spaces, and the Chamber had claimed that the interior was a private space. [9] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, [72] an NRHP district. [73]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Singer Building</span> Former skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Singer Building was an office building and early skyscraper in Manhattan, New York City. The headquarters of the Singer Manufacturing Company, was at the northwestern corner of Liberty Street and Broadway in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. Frederick Gilbert Bourne, leader of the Singer Company, commissioned the building, which architect Ernest Flagg designed in multiple phases from 1897 to 1908. The building's architecture contained elements of the Beaux-Arts and French Second Empire styles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House is a government building, museum, and former custom house at 1 Bowling Green, near the southern end of Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. Designed by Cass Gilbert in the Beaux-Arts style, it was erected from 1902 to 1907 by the government of the United States as a headquarters for the Port of New York's duty collection operations. The building contains the George Gustav Heye Center museum, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, and the New York regional offices of the National Archives. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is listed on both the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as a National Historic Landmark. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the NRHP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Hall</span> Memorial in Manhattan, New York

Federal Hall is a memorial and historic site at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The current Greek Revival–style building, completed in 1842 as the Custom House, is owned by the United States federal government and operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial called the Federal Hall National Memorial. The memorial is named for an earlier Federal style building on this same site, completed in 1703 as City Hall, which the government of the newly independent United States used as its capital building during the 1780s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">40 Wall Street</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

40 Wall Street is a 927-foot-tall (283 m) neo-Gothic skyscraper on Wall Street between Nassau and William streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. Erected in 1929–1930 as the headquarters of the Manhattan Company, the building was designed by H. Craig Severance with Yasuo Matsui and Shreve & Lamb. The building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); it is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, an NRHP district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">28 Liberty Street</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

28 Liberty Street, formerly known as One Chase Manhattan Plaza, is a 60-story International style skyscraper between Nassau, Liberty, William, and Pine Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The building, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), opened in 1961. It is 813 feet (248 m) tall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lever House</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Lever House is a 307-foot-tall (94 m) office building at 390 Park Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Constructed from 1950 to 1952, the building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie de Blois of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) in the International Style, a 20th-century modern architectural style. It was originally the headquarters of soap company Lever Brothers, a subsidiary of Unilever. Lever House was the second skyscraper in New York City with a glass curtain wall, after the United Nations Secretariat Building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">140 Broadway</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

140 Broadway is a 51-story International Style office building on the east side of Broadway between Cedar and Liberty streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft, of the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and consists of a mostly smooth black facade on a trapezoidal plot. It is approximately 688 feet (210 m) tall, with approximately 1.17 million rentable square feet (109,000 m2). It is known for the distinctive sculpture at its entrance, Isamu Noguchi's Cube.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Knickerbocker Hotel</span> Hotel in Manhattan, New York

The Knickerbocker Hotel is a hotel at Times Square, on the southeastern corner of Broadway and 42nd Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Built by John Jacob Astor IV, the hostelry was designed in 1901 and opened in 1906. Its location near the Theater District around Times Square was intended to attract not only residential guests but also theater visitors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building, also known as 33 Liberty Street, is a building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, which serves as the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The building occupies the full block between Liberty, William, and Nassau Streets and Maiden Lane; it narrows at its east end, following the footprint of the block.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1 Hanover Square</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

One Hanover is a commercial building at 1 Hanover Square, on the southwestern edge of the square, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was the site of the United States' first cotton futures exchange, the New York Cotton Exchange.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">330 West 42nd Street</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

330 West 42nd Street, also known as the McGraw-Hill Building and formerly the GHI Building, is a skyscraper in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by Raymond Hood and J. André Fouilhoux in a mixture of the International Style, Art Deco, and Art Moderne styles, the building was constructed from 1930 to 1931 and originally served as the headquarters of McGraw-Hill Companies. The 485-foot-tall (148 m) building contains 33 stories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">55 Wall Street</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

55 Wall Street, formerly the National City Bank Building, is an eight-story building on Wall Street between William and Hanover streets in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. The lowest three stories were completed in either 1841 or 1842 as the four-story Merchants' Exchange and designed by Isaiah Rogers in the Greek Revival style. Between 1907 and 1910, McKim, Mead & White removed the original fourth story and added five floors to create the present building. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is listed on both the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as a National Historic Landmark. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the NRHP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scribner Building</span> Commercial building in Manhattan, New York

The Scribner Building is a commercial structure at 155 Fifth Avenue, near 21st Street, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by Ernest Flagg in the Beaux Arts style, it was completed in 1893 as the corporate headquarters of Charles Scribner's Sons publishing company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberty Tower (Manhattan)</span> Residential skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Liberty Tower, formerly the Sinclair Oil Building, is a 33-story residential building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It is at 55 Liberty Street at the northwest corner with Nassau Street. It was built in 1909–10 as a commercial office building and was designed by Henry Ives Cobb in a Gothic Revival style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cartier Building</span> Cartier flagship store in New York City

The Cartier Building, also 653 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial building on the southeast corner of 52nd Street and Fifth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building serves as the flagship store of Cartier in New York City. It consists of two conjoined residences completed in 1905: the Morton F. Plant residence at 651–653 Fifth Avenue, designed by Robert W. Gibson, and the Edward Holbrook residence at 4 East 52nd Street, designed by C. P. H. Gilbert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surrogate's Courthouse</span> Historic courthouse in Manhattan, New York

The Surrogate's Courthouse is a historic building at the northwest corner of Chambers and Centre Streets in the Civic Center of Manhattan in New York City. Completed in 1907, it was designed in the Beaux Arts style. John Rochester Thomas created the original plans while Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery oversaw the building's completion. The building faces City Hall Park and the Tweed Courthouse to the south and the Manhattan Municipal Building to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)</span> Building in Rockefeller Center, New York City

La Maison Francaise, also known by its address 610 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial building at Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1933, the six-story structure was designed in the Art Deco style by Raymond Hood, Rockefeller Center's lead architect. La Maison Francaise, along with the nearly identical British Empire Building and the high-rise International Building to the north, comprise a group of retail-and-office structures known as the International Complex. La Maison Francaise and the British Empire Building are separated by Channel Gardens, a planted pedestrian esplanade running west to the complex's Lower Plaza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York Stock Exchange Building</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

The New York Stock Exchange Building, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, is the headquarters of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). It is composed of two connected structures occupying part of the city block bounded by Wall Street, Broad Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The central section of the block contains the original structure at 18 Broad Street, designed in the Classical Revival style by George B. Post. The northern section contains a 23-story office annex at 11 Wall Street, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in a similar style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5 West 54th Street</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

5 West 54th Street is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along 54th Street's northern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The four-story building was designed by R. H. Robertson in the Italian Renaissance Revival style and was constructed between 1897 and 1899 as a private residence. It is the easternmost of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block during the 1890s, the others being 7, 11, 13 and 15 West 54th Street. The first floor is clad with rusticated blocks of limestone, while the other floors contain buff-colored brick trimmed with limestone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">165 West 57th Street</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

165 West 57th Street, originally the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing headquarters, is a building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue. The five-story building was designed by George A. and Henry Boehm for dance instructor Louis H. Chalif. It was designed as an event space, a school, and Chalif's apartment.

References

    Citations

    1. 1 2 3 "Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 7107 (Feb. 6, 1979)" (PDF). Library of Congress. February 6, 1979. p. 7538 (PDF p. 338). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
    2. 1 2 3 4 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN   978-0-19538-386-7.
    3. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
    4. 1 2 "New York Chamber of Commerce". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 10, 2007. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
    5. 1 2 3 "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
    6. 1 2 3 "59 Liberty Street, 10038". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915 . New York: Rizzoli. pp. 189–190. ISBN   0-8478-0511-5. OCLC   9829395.
    8. ↑ New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-470-28963-1.
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gray, Christopher (April 23, 1989). "Streetscapes: The Chamber of Commerce Building; New Owner for a 1902 Landmark" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
    10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The New Chamber of Commerce Building". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 67, no. 1729. May 4, 1901. p. 787. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via columbia.edu.
    11. 1 2 3 4 "Chamber of Commerce Enlarged and Beautified: Liberty Street Structure Will Be Ready for Resumption of This Week" . New-York Tribune. January 1, 1922. p. A16. ProQuest   576549150. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via ProQuest.
    12. 1 2 3 4 "Commerce Home Altered: Many New Features in Chamber of Commerce Building" (PDF). The New York Times. January 1, 1922. p. 113. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Park Service 1973 , p. 2; National Park Service 1977 , p. 2.
    14. 1 2 3 4 "Chamber of Commerce Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. January 18, 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
    15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Architectural Record 1903 , p. 61.
    16. 1 2 3 4 5 National Park Service 1977 , p. 2.
    17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Chamber of Commerce Plans for New Home; Marble Palace Will Be on Site of Old Real Estate Exchange" (PDF). The New York Times. May 2, 1901. p. 7. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
    18. 1 2 Architectural Record 1903 , pp. 61, 65.
    19. 1 2 3 National Park Service 1973 , p. 2.
    20. 1 2 National Park Service 1973 , p. 3; National Park Service 1977 , p. 7.
    21. 1 2 3 4 5 "New Chamber of Commerce Opened; Grover Cleveland the Orator at the Dedication" (PDF). The New York Times. November 12, 1902. p. 3. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    22. 1 2 "Gifts of Three Statues.; Heroic Figures to Adorn the Chamber of Commerce Building" (PDF). The New York Times. May 22, 1902. p. 8. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    23. 1 2 3 4 Architectural Record 1903 , p. 65.
    24. 1 2 3 4 Garbarine, Rachelle (July 31, 1991). "Real Estate; Taiwan Bank In Manhattan Landmark" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    25. ↑ National Park Service 1973 , p. 3.
    26. 1 2 3 Huxtable, Ada Louise (January 6, 1968). "Chamber Finally Admits Public to Its Great Hall" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    27. ↑ Kusserow, Karl; Blackmar, Elizabeth; Staiti, Paul J; Bluestone, Daniel M; Barquist, David L (2013). Picturing power: portraiture and its uses in the New York Chamber of Commerce. ISBN   978-0-231-12358-7. OCLC   693812388. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    28. ↑ Berger, Meyer (November 30, 1955). "New York State Chamber of Commerce, Born in 1768, Is Oldest Existing Body of Its Kind" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 38. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    29. ↑ National Park Service 1973 , p. 3; National Park Service 1977 , p. 2.
    30. ↑ Walker, Waldo (July 3, 1927). "Chamber of Commerce Has Its Hall of Fame" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 8. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    31. ↑ "Nation Makers' Portraits on Public View This Week; Famous Gallery of the Chamber of Commerce of New York State Has Paintings of 233 Builders of American Prosperity" (PDF). The New York Times. November 23, 1924. p. X13. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    32. ↑ Roberts, Sam (April 20, 2013). "300 Portraits of Power" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    33. 1 2 Architectural Record 1903 , p. 69.
    34. ↑ "Largest Rug in America". The Standard Union. November 16, 1902. p. 19. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    35. 1 2 3 Dunlap, David W. (December 22, 1991). "Commercial Property: Unusual Spaces; An Oak Board Room, Anyone?" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    36. ↑ "The Chamber of Commerce" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1897. pp. 28, 30. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    37. ↑ National Park Service 1977 , p. 3.
    38. 1 2 "Chamber of Commerce Site". The New York Times. January 9, 1901. p. 6. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    39. ↑ Architectural Record 1903 , p. 57.
    40. ↑ Architectural Record 1903 , pp. 57, 61.
    41. 1 2 "New Home of Chamber of Commerce; Comparatively Small in Size, the New Building Will Be Distinctly Artistic -- Constructed Entirely of Stone, Without Steel Girders -- Many Additional Conveniences for Members -- Good Kitchen and Dining Room Among the New Features" (PDF). The New York Times. September 28, 1902. p. 27. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    42. 1 2 "Chamber of Commerce Fittingly Dedicated". The Brooklyn Citizen. November 11, 1902. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    43. ↑ "A Chamber of Commerce Building" (PDF). The New York Times. June 2, 1897. p. 11. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    44. ↑ "Chamber of Commerce: Fund of $1,000,000 for the New Building Completed" (PDF). The New York Times. April 6, 1900. p. 6. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    45. ↑ "It Has Raised a Million: Subscribers to the Chamber of Commerce Fend Home of Its Own Commensurate With the Importance of That Body Now Assured" . New-York Tribune. April 5, 1900. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via ProQuest.
    46. ↑ National Park Service 1977 , p. 6.
    47. ↑ "Chamber of Commerce Site". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 16, 1901. p. 11. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    48. ↑ "News and Gossip from New York". Democrat and Chronicle. February 21, 1901. p. 6. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    49. ↑ "Chamber of Commerce Cornerstone Laid; Prominent Members Present for the Simple Ceremonies. Short Addresses by C.s. Smith and Morris K. Jesup -- Prayer by Bishop Potter" (PDF). The New York Times. November 9, 1901. p. 6. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
    50. ↑ "Notable Event in New York". The Buffalo Enquirer. November 18, 1903. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    51. ↑ "Statuary Group Unveiled". The New York Times. November 18, 1903. p. 6. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    52. ↑ "Newest Home of Title Insurance; Lawyers' Company Finally Installed in Its Recently Completed Broadway Building" (PDF). The New York Times. September 27, 1908. p. 12. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    53. ↑ "Lawyers Mortgage Co. To Build Home: Nassau Street Corner to Be Improved With a Monumental Structure" (PDF). The New York Times. June 5, 1921. p. 100. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    54. ↑ "Downtown Changes.; Liberty Street Lease Recalls Old Names of Thoroughfare" (PDF). The New York Times. February 6, 1921. p. 56. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    55. ↑ "Prince Says Japan Seeks No More War; Tokugawa, Head of Japanese Delegation to Arms Conference, Guest of State Chamber of Commerce" (PDF). The New York Times. January 6, 1922. p. 27. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    56. 1 2 "Commerce Building Statues Removed; Crumbling of Marble Called a Public Danger -- New Ones May Be Made" (PDF). The New York Times. September 22, 1926. p. 41. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    57. ↑ National Park Service 1977 , p. 7.
    58. ↑ "New Trust Co. Opens To-day In Liberty St: Interstate Starts With Paid in Capital of $3,000,000 and $900,000 Surplus; Ex-Gov.Silzer Is Head" . New York Herald Tribune. October 14, 1926. p. 34. ProQuest   1112637752 . Retrieved February 9, 2021– via ProQuest.
    59. ↑ "Interstate Trust Co. To Open About Oct. 1; State Permit Is Asked to Add Five More Directors to Silzer Bank's Board" (PDF). The New York Times. August 22, 1926. p. E9. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    60. ↑ "Downtown Office for Harriman Bank; Quarters in Chamber of Commerce Building on Liberty St" (PDF). The New York Times. June 11, 1929. p. 49. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    61. ↑ "Bank Leases Downtown Space For $1,000,000: Harriman National to Locate in Liberty St.; Park Place Realty Figures in Deal" . New York Herald Tribune. June 13, 1929. p. 40. ProQuest   1111686957 . Retrieved February 9, 2021– via ProQuest.
    62. 1 2 "Wanamaker Plans New Men's Store; Gets Space for Second Branch in Liberty Street" (PDF). The New York Times. July 7, 1944. p. 26. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
    63. ↑ "1902 Light System Kept as Tradition" (PDF). The New York Times. January 18, 1927. p. 35. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    64. ↑ Seigel, Max H. (April 5, 1973). "2 Major Business Units Make Merger Final Here" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    65. ↑ Brenson, Michael (June 9, 1982). "For Business Group, Art Is a Moving Problem" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    66. ↑ Herman, Robin; Johnston, Laurie (February 9, 1983). "New York Day by Day" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    67. ↑ Lewis, John (September 14, 1986). "Art show to focus on industry giants". New York Daily News. p. 744. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    68. ↑ Blackshaw, Randall (1902). "The New New York". The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Vol. 64, no. 4. p. 503. hdl:2027/uiug.30112113988072. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    69. ↑ "Alonzo B. Hepburn, President of the Chamber of Commerce". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 11, 1910. p. 25. Retrieved February 9, 2021– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
    70. ↑ "Seven More Landmarks Chosen in Manhattan" (PDF). The New York Times. January 29, 1966. p. 29. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    71. ↑ United States. Dept. of the Interior (1985). Catalogue of National Historic Landmarks. U.S. Department of the Interior. p. 162. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
    72. ↑ "Wall Street Historic District" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. February 20, 2007. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    73. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Park Service. 2007. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.

    Sources

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.