2 World Trade Center

Last updated

2 World Trade Center
200 Greenwich Street
Two World Trade Center photomontage, Memorial view 2.jpg
Artist's impression of a 2022 Foster and Partners redesign, with 3 World Trade Center south of 2 WTC
2 World Trade Center
General information
StatusOn hold
TypeCommercial
Architectural style Neomodern
Location200 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, New York City 10007
CountryUnited States
Coordinates 40°42′44″N74°0′40″W / 40.71222°N 74.01111°W / 40.71222; -74.01111
Construction startedNovember 10, 2008
Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Height
Architectural1,350 ft (410 m)
Technical details
Floor count82
Floor area2,800,000 sq ft (260,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s) Foster and Partners
Architecture firmAdamson Associates Architects
Developer Silverstein Properties
EngineerJaros Baum & Bolles
Structural engineer WSP Cantor Seinuk
Services engineerVan Deusen & Associates
References
https://www.curbed.com/2022/02/2-world-trade-center-new-design-foster-partners.html

2 World Trade Center (2 WTC; also known as 200 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper being developed as part of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. [1] It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed as part of the first World Trade Center in 1973 and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center. The foundation work was completed in 2013, [2] [3] though no construction has taken place since.

Contents

Original building (1973–2001)

The two original towers, 1 World Trade Center (with the antenna) and 2 World Trade Center (without the antenna) on September 1, 2001 New York --- Skyline lower Manhattan (7780079092).jpg
The two original towers, 1 World Trade Center (with the antenna) and 2 World Trade Center (without the antenna) on September 1, 2001

When completed in 1973, 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the World – behind its twin, 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower). The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high. [4] The World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop. [5] Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the completion of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010. [6] [7]

Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services in mechanical floors (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators. [8] The tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m2) of office space. [9]

Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade", the South Tower, along with 1 World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower) at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies – mostly financial firms tied to Wall Street — became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon, Salomon Brothers and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center, [10] along with a PATH station. [11]

Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC. [12] [13]

The 110th floor of 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1 WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC.

September 11 attacks

United Airlines Flight 175 hits 2 World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg
United Airlines Flight 175 hits 2 World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks

At 9:03 a.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern face of the South Tower. [14] [15] Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2 WTC, collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure. [16] The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half. [17]

The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely. [18] [19] The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above. [20] The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel. [16]

New building

The new 82-story building, if erected, will have an architectural and roof height of 1,345 feet (410 m). This height is similar to that of the original South Tower, which carried the same address. [21] If and when completed, the building would likely become the 5th tallest in the city when measured by roof height.

Site redevelopment

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001. [22] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks. [23] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. [24] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003. [25] [26] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub. [27] [28] By July 2004, the 65-story 2 World Trade Center was being proposed for the northeast corner of the site. [27] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers. [29] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC. [30] [31]

British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners was hired to design the new 2 World Trade Center, on the northeastern part of the World Trade Center site at 200 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were selected as the architects for 3 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively. [32] [33] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006. [34] [35] 2 World Trade Center would be a 78-story, 1,254-foot-tall (382 m) building, rising to a pinnacle with four diamonds. [34] [36] [37] The building would have contained 143,000 sq ft (13,300 m2) of retail space in its base; four trading floors; and 2.3×10^6 sq ft (210,000 m2) of offices across 60 stories. [36] The lowest stories of 2 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall. [38]

In Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk. [39] The four diamonds on the roof would have sloped down toward the memorial, indicating the sites of the original towers on the skyline. The tower was designed to resemble a diamond, with cross bracing and indentations breaking up each elevation of the facade. [40] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey said that Foster's design "incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September 11." [41]

Construction

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild WTC Building Arrangement in preliminary site plan.svg
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild
The initial design by Norman Foster featured a diamond-shaped crown that sloped towards the memorial. 2 WTC (2006 version) photomontage, aerial view.jpg
The initial design by Norman Foster featured a diamond-shaped crown that sloped towards the memorial.

Excavation for 200 Greenwich Street commenced in 2008, [42] at which point the building was scheduled to be completed sometime between 2011 and 2016. By May 2009, the Port Authority was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein. [43] [44] The developer had requested that the Port Authority fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower. [44] [45] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg attempted to mediate the dispute with little success. [46] In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to arbitration. [47] [48] Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month. [49] [50] He requested that the Port Authority pay $2.7 billion in damages. [51] [52] An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages. [51] [52] However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to Port Authority if they were not completed by 2014. [52] [53]

As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site. [54] The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold. [55] In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term. [56] The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of the space. [57] [58] Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space. [59] PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the Bayonne Bridge. [60] [61]

Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, 2010, but construction was halted in August 2012. [62] The street-level foundation was finished by November 2012 [63] and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013. [2] [64] The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 could be found. [65] Larry Silverstein said in a 2019 interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant. He stated, "For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about 2022, 2023." [66]

Redesigns

Bjarke Ingels Group

The building's proposed design by Bjarke Ingels Group in 2015 2 WTC HeroShot Image by BIG.jpg
The building's proposed design by Bjarke Ingels Group in 2015

On June 9, 2015, Wired magazine reported that Two World Trade Center would be redesigned by Bjarke Ingels of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and be built by 2021. The bottom half of the new design would have been leased out to 21st Century Fox and News Corp [67] until they decided against leaving their current headquarters. [68]

Bjarke Ingels Group began redesigning 2 World Trade Center in May 2015, upon the requests of the property's developer Silverstein Properties and its possible future media tenants. [21] The project's redesign was warranted since financial firms had since migrated away from the Financial District, making leasing out the new buildings a struggle and further prolonging the World Trade Center's redevelopment. Financial firms were the intended occupants for Foster and Partners' 2 World Trade Center, and the original proposal's sky lobby design was not attractive to media tenants, who have been the leading tenants of the new WTC towers and were expected to occupy BIG's redesigned building.

This design featured a cantilevering structure viewed from a northern perspective, but a terraced structure from an eastern perspective. From the south and west, the building's profile was vertically straight, but appeared to be leaning slightly toward One World Trade Center because of the cantilevering design. In an interview, Bjarke Ingels described the concept of the redesign as such: "Two World Trade is almost like a vertical village of bespoke buildings within the building, that also can be seen as a single tower. It actually has an inclination towards One World Trade Center, so the two towers – even though they're not twinning – by having a mutual relationship, the space between them is parallel, although at an incline." [21] The tower had also been described to integrate Tribeca with the Financial District, as the design's cantilevers and terraces resembled the modern architecture known of the neighborhood.

The first three floors of the 2,800,000 square feet (260,000 m2) office building, including the ground level, would have featured about 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of retail space. [69] The tower would have been the second–tallest skyscraper on the World Trade Center site, following One World Trade Center.

Return to Foster and Partners

After the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's design to be reverted to its original incarnation. [70] In a press interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant. [71] In February 2019, Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon begin "on spec", or without an anchor tenant, given the strong economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers. [72] In January 2020, Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were working together to update Foster's original design, and that it would be "significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste". [73] [74] Renderings of a revised Foster and Partners design were published in early 2022. [75]

Possible tenants

The unfinished construction during 2 World Trade Center's rebuilding in 2023 Two World Trade Center 2023.jpg
The unfinished construction during 2 World Trade Center's rebuilding in 2023

In 2013, Citigroup had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on 399 Park Avenue expired in 2017. [76] The company eventually chose nearby 388 Greenwich Street, however: a building that it already had under lease.

Silverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floor space in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in Midtown Manhattan despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the Upper East Side, North Jersey, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut. Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby Brooklyn, the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as Facebook or Google), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as News Corp and Fox Corporation). [77]

Bloomberg Business reported on June 2, 2015, that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, had signed a non-binding agreement with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to create a joint headquarters at Two World Trade Center. Silverstein said, "A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to move to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street." [78] The change of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design. Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the original building design. [79] On January 15, 2016, it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the Avenue of the Americas. [68] [80] They had concluded that "given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that [ sic ] our resources would be better directed elsewhere." [77]

In September 2017, Deutsche Bank was considering relocating their U.S. headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby 60 Wall Street. [81] However, in May 2018, it was announced the bank was instead relocating to Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle. [82]

Scale models of the building were publicly revealed in September 2024, although Silverstein was still trying to secure funding for the tower at the time. [83] [84] That month, Silverstein began negotiating with American Express to sign them on as the anchor tenant for 2 WTC. The deal, if finalized, would allow construction of the long-stalled tower to resume. [85] [86]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)</span> Former skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The original One World Trade Center was one of the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center complex in New York City. It was completed in 1972, stood at a height of 1,368 feet (417 m), and was the tallest building in the world until 1973, when surpassed by the Willis Tower in Chicago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Trade Center site</span> Grounds of the World Trade Center in New York City

The World Trade Center site, often referred to as "Ground Zero" or "the Pile" immediately after the September 11 attacks, is a 14.6-acre (5.9 ha) area in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) owns the site's land. The original World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7 World Trade Center</span> Office building in Manhattan, New York

7 World Trade Center is an office building constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on a city block bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay Streets on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. 7 World Trade Center was developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Larry Silverstein</span> American businessman

Larry A. Silverstein is an American businessman. Among his real estate projects, he is the developer of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City, as well as one of New York's tallest residential towers at 30 Park Place, where he owns a home.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows on the World</span> Defunct restaurant in New York City

Windows on the World was a complex of dining, meeting, and entertainment venues on the top floors of the North Tower of the original World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One World Trade Center</span> Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

One World Trade Center, also known as One WTC and Freedom Tower, is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. It is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westfield World Trade Center</span> Shopping mall in New York City

Westfield World Trade Center is a shopping mall at the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York, which is operated and managed by Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield. The mall opened on August 16, 2016, as the largest shopping complex in Manhattan, with 125 retail spaces. It replaced The Mall at the World Trade Center, the underground shopping mall under the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed on September 11, 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5 World Trade Center</span> Proposed skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

5 World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper at the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The site is across Liberty Street, to the south of the main 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site. In February 2021, it was announced the new 5 World Trade Center will be developed in a joint venture between Silverstein Properties and Brookfield Properties. The proposed building shares its name with the original 5 World Trade Center, which was heavily damaged as a result of the collapse of the North Tower during the September 11 attacks and was later demolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4 World Trade Center</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

4 World Trade Center is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site. Fumihiko Maki designed the 978 ft-tall (298 m) building. It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3 World Trade Center</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

3 World Trade Center is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street along the eastern side of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and is managed by Silverstein Properties through a ground lease with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), the landowner. It is 1,079 ft (329 m) high, with 80 stories. As of 2023, it is the ninth-tallest building in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bjarke Ingels</span> Danish architect (b.1974)

Bjarke Bundgaard Ingels is a Danish architect, founder and creative partner of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)</span> Former skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The original Two World Trade Center was one of the Twin Towers in the original World Trade Center Complex in New York City. The Tower was completed and opened in 1973 at a height of 1,362 feet (415 m) to the roof, distinguishable from its twin, the North Tower, by the absence of a television antenna. On the 107th floor of this building was a popular tourist attraction called "Top of the World Trade Center Observatories," and on the roof was an outdoor observation deck accessible to the public and a disused helipad at the center. The address of this building was 2 World Trade Center, with the WTC complex having its own ZIP code of 10048.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VIA 57 West</span> Residential skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

VIA 57 West is a residential building at 625 West 57th Street, between 11th and 12th Avenues, in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The pyramid shaped tower block or "tetrahedron", designed by the Danish architecture firm Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), rises 467 ft (142 m) and is 35-stories tall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twin Towers 2</span> Proposed building complex in Manhattan, New York

The Twin Towers II was a proposed twin-towered skyscraper complex which would have been located at the World Trade Center site in Manhattan, New York City. The proposed complex would have replaced the former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center destroyed in the September 11 attacks, restoring the skyline of the city to its former state. The main design for the proposed complex would have included twin towers, nearly identical to the original North and South towers designed by Minoru Yamasaki, though it would feature 115 stories—5 floors taller than the originals, among other differences. Beside the towers, an above-ground memorial would have occupied the footprints of the original towers. The new site would also have featured three 12-story buildings, replacing the original 3, 4 and 5 World Trade Center. The complex was designed and developed by American architect Herbert Belton and American engineer Kenneth Gardner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perelman Performing Arts Center</span> Performing arts center in Manhattan, New York

The Perelman Performing Arts Center, branded as PAC NYC, is a multi-space performing arts center at the northeast corner of the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. The Performing Arts Center is located at the intersection of Vesey, Fulton, and Greenwich Streets in Lower Manhattan. The building is named for billionaire Ronald Perelman, who donated $75 million to its construction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Trade Center (1973–2001)</span> Former development in Manhattan, New York

The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Built primarily between 1966 and 1975, it was dedicated on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001. At the time of their completion, the 110-story-tall Twin Towers, including the original 1 World Trade Center at 1,368 feet (417 m), and 2 World Trade Center at 1,362 feet (415.1 m), were the tallest buildings in the world; they were also the tallest twin skyscrapers in the world until 1996, when the Petronas Towers opened. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center, 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space and, prior to its completion, was projected to accommodate an estimated 130,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Trade Center (2001–present)</span> Skyscraper complex in Manhattan, New York

The World Trade Center (WTC) is a complex of buildings in the Lower Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, replacing the original seven buildings on the same site that were destroyed in the September 11 attacks of 2001. The site is being rebuilt with up to six new skyscrapers, four of which have been completed; a memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks; the elevated Liberty Park adjacent to the site, containing the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and the Vehicular Security Center; the Perelman Performing Arts Center; and a transportation hub. The 104-story One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, is the lead building for the new complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One High Line</span> Pair of buildings in New York City

One High Line is a pair of buildings in New York City designed by architectural firm BIG. The complex will include 247 condominiums, a 137-room Six Senses hotel, 90,000 square feet (8,400 m2) of retail space, art space, a spa and club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)</span> Office building in Manhattan, New York

7 World Trade Center, colloquially known as Building 7 or the Salomon Brothers Building, was an office building constructed as part of the original World Trade Center Complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower was located on a city block bounded by West Broadway, Vesey Street, Washington Street, and Barclay Street on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. It was developed by Larry Silverstein, who held a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Emery Roth & Sons. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks.

References

  1. ↑ "Two World Trade Center". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. 1 2 "The Status of the World Trade Center Complex, 13 Years Later". Curbed. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  3. ↑ Greg Smith (September 6, 2014). "Port Authority delays 1 World Trade Center opening as project takes more time, money than expected". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  4. ↑ Mcdowell, Edwin (April 11, 1997). "At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Willis Tower Building Information". Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  6. ↑ "Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014.
  7. ↑ Baldwin, Derek (May 1, 2008). "No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai". Gulfnews. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  8. ↑ Ruchelman (1977), p. 11
  9. ↑ The World Trade Center — Facts and Figures Archived September 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Nysm.nysed.gov (February 26, 1993). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.
  10. ↑ Deutsch, Claudia H (February 26, 1995). "Commercial Property/World Trade Center; Attuning a Huge Concourse to an Upscale Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Air-Cooled PATH Terminal in World Trade Center Opens Tuesday". The New York Times. July 1, 1971. p. 94. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  12. ↑ "World Trade Center Building Performance Study" (PDF). Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2007. Six 1,200-kilowatt (kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply.
  13. ↑ Fischbach, Amy Florence (January 1, 2001). "Towering security". CEE News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2007. E-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants.
  14. ↑ "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  16. 1 2 Miller, Bill (May 1, 2002). "Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  17. ↑ Field, Andy (2004). "A Look Inside a Radical New Theory of the WTC Collapse". Fire/Rescue News. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
  18. ↑ Gross, John L.; Therese P. McAllister (2004). "Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers" (PDF). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster NIST NCSTAR 1–6. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  19. ↑ Wilkinson, Tim (2006). "World Trade Center – Some Engineering Aspects". Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
  20. ↑ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). "Executive Summary". Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers (PDF). NIST. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 YIMBY, New York (June 11, 2015). "Interview: Bjarke Ingels On New Design For 200 Greenwich Street, Aka Two World Trade Center". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  22. ↑ Smothers, Ronald (July 25, 2001). "Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  23. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (November 22, 2003). "Silverstein Will Get Most of His Cash Back In Trade Center Deal". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  24. ↑ McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek. Vol. 138, no. 20. pp. 62–64. ProQuest   1879160632.
  25. ↑ Libeskind, Daniel (2004). Breaking Ground . New York: Riverhead Books. pp.  164, 166, 181, 183. ISBN   1-57322-292-5.
  26. ↑ Wyatt, Edward (February 27, 2003). "Libeskind Design Chosen for Rebuilding at Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  27. 1 2 Dunlap, David W.; Collins, Glenn (July 4, 2004). "A Status Report: As Lower Manhattan Rebuilds, a New Map Takes Shape". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  28. ↑ Frangos, Alex (October 20, 2004). "Uncertainties Soar At Ground Zero". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  29. ↑ Satow, Julie (February 20, 2006). "Ground Zero Showdown: Freedom Tower puts downtown in bind". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 22, no. 8. p. 1. ProQuest   219177400.
  30. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (April 28, 2006). "Freedom Tower Construction Starts After the Beginning". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  31. ↑ Todorovich, Petra (March 24, 2006). "At the Heart of Ground Zero Renegotiations, a 1,776-Foot Stumbling Block". Spotlight on the Region. 5 (6). Regional Plan Association. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  32. ↑ "Rogers, Maki to design towers at Ground Zero" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 194, no. 6. June 2006. p. 44. ProQuest   222120847. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  33. ↑ Frangos, Alex (May 18, 2006). "Triplet Towers". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  34. 1 2 Dunlap, David W. (September 8, 2006). "A First Look at Freedom Tower's Neighbors". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  35. ↑ Chung, Jen (September 7, 2006). "Vision of World Trade Center in the Future". Gothamist. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  36. 1 2 "Designs for three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled" (Press release). Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. September 7, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  37. ↑ Frangos, Alex (September 8, 2006). "Plans for Three Trade Center Towers Are Unveiled; Details Need to Be Finalized For Designs and Outlays; 'Beacon,' Spires, Simplicity". Wall Street Journal. p. B2. ISSN   0099-9660. ProQuest   398987302.
  38. ↑ Hudson, Kris (January 17, 2008). "At Ground Zero, Optimism Returns". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  39. ↑ "Ground Zero Office Designs Hailed as Hopeful Symbols" in Engineering News-Record, September 18, 2006, pg. 12
  40. ↑ Skyscrapernews New World Trade Center Designs Released Archived November 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , URL retrieved September 11, 2006
  41. ↑ "Towers 2, 3, 4, 5, 7". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  42. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (June 11, 2008). "Late Delivery of the 2 World Trade Center Site". Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  43. ↑ Feiden, Douglas (May 11, 2009). "Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  44. 1 2 Agovino, Theresa (May 18, 2009). "Port Authority vs. Silverstein feud heads to Gracie Mansion". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 25, no. 20. p. 4. ProQuest   219150700.
  45. ↑ "Trade Center Developer and Port Authority at Odds Again". The New York Times . July 18, 2009. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  46. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (June 9, 2009). "Little Progress Is Seen in Talks on Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  47. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (July 7, 2009). "Port Authority Is Blamed for Trade Center Delays". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  48. ↑ Brown, Eliot (July 6, 2009). "Silverstein Goes to the Mattresses! Takes Legal Action To End WTC Stalemate". Observer. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  49. ↑ "Agency report supports Silverstein in World Trade Center dispute". amNewYork. August 13, 2009. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  50. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (August 5, 2009). "Developer at Ground Zero Seeks Arbitration". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  51. 1 2 Bagli, Charles V. (January 27, 2010). "Trade Center Site Developer Set Back". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  52. 1 2 3 Agovino, Theresa (January 27, 2010). "Arbitrators rule against Silverstein at Ground Zero". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  53. ↑ Polsky, Sara (January 27, 2010). "Arbitration Panel Awards Zero Dollars to Silverstein for WTC". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  54. ↑ Brown, Eliot (November 18, 2009). "Silverstein Wants $2.6 B. in WTC Bonds—But for What?". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  55. ↑ Gralla, Joan. "NY agency OKs tax-free debt for World Trade Center". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  56. ↑ Chung, Jen (February 19, 2010). "Silverstein Proposes To Forget World Trade Center Tower 2". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  57. ↑ Gearty, Robert; Jackson, Joe; Schapiro, Rich (March 26, 2010). "World Trade Center developer Larry Silverstein and Port Authority reach deal for two new towers". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  58. ↑ DeStefano, Anthony M.; Wagstaff, Keith; Shallwani, Pervaiz (March 26, 2010). "Tentative WTC site deal reached Three office towers to be built as per agreement Details to be worked out over next 4 months". Newsday. ProQuest   275822215.
  59. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (March 26, 2010). "Tentative Deal Struck for 2 Ground Zero Towers". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  60. ↑ Feiden, Douglas (September 15, 2010). "New Jersey politicians strike back-room deal with Port Authority for Bayonne Bridge, WTC funding". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  61. ↑ Clark, Ryan (August 26, 2010). "Bayonne Bridge, WTC Barter a Done Deal". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  62. ↑ Fedak, Nikolai (August 2, 2012). "Construction Update: Two World Trade Center Still Stalled". New York Yimby. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  63. ↑ WTC Construction Update, November 2012 || News || World Trade Center || Archived April 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Wtc.com (December 23, 2013). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.
  64. ↑ "Joint Statement on World Trade Center Development". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  65. ↑ "World Trade Center Complex on Way to Completion". ABC News. Associated Press. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  66. ↑ Katz, Lily (February 11, 2019). "Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  67. ↑ Rice, Andrew (June 9, 2015). "Revealed: The Inside Story of the Last WTC Tower's Design". Wired. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
  68. 1 2 Gieger, Daniel (January 15, 2016). "Fox, News Corp. back out of move to 2 World Trade Center". Crain's New York Business . Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  69. ↑ "200 Greenwich Street / 2 WTC Building Facts" (PDF). World Trade Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  70. ↑ Fedak, Nikolai (July 1, 2016). "It's Time to Bring Back Norman Foster's Design for 2 World Trade Center". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  71. ↑ Fedak, Nikolai (September 11, 2018). "Larry Silverstein Tells YIMBY Foster's Design for 200 Greenwich Still A Contender, More". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  72. ↑ Katz, Lily (February 11, 2019). "Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  73. ↑ Young, Michael (January 18, 2020). "Norman Foster's Design for Two World Trade Center Will Get A New Redesign, in Lower Manhattan". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  74. ↑ Franklin, Sydney (January 16, 2020). "Norman Foster's original Two World Trade Center will replace BIG's tower". Archpaper.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  75. ↑ Young, Michael (February 1, 2022). "New Renderings Reveal Updated Design For Norman Foster's Two World Trade Center, In Financial District". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  76. ↑ "Citigroup eyes HQ spots as clock ticks on Park Ave lease". The Real Deal. Korangy Publishing Inc. October 3, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  77. 1 2 Putzier, Konrad (January 21, 2016). "Murdoch snub exposes Silverstein's 2 WTC dilemma". The Real Deal . Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  78. ↑ Levitt, David M.; Sakoui, Anousha (June 2, 2015). "Fox, News Corp. Have Tentative Pact For Trade Center Move". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  79. ↑ "21st Century Fox, News Corp Considering Move to World Trade Center" . Wall Street Journal. April 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  80. ↑ Rubinstein, Dana; Pompeo, Joe (January 15, 2016). "Murdochs abandon 2 World Trade, Silverstein soldiers on". Politico PRO. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  81. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: A Conversation With The Man Who Rebuilt The World Trade Center After 9/11 – TV". Bisnow. September 10, 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  82. ↑ "Deutsche Bank to move NY headquarters from Wall Street". Reuters. May 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  83. ↑ Rahmanan, Anna (September 16, 2024). "See models of the new World Trade Center buildings that will soon be erected". Time Out New York. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  84. ↑ "Silverstein Properties Unveils Scale Models of 2 and 5 World Trade Center Skyscrapers in Financial District, Manhattan". New York YIMBY. September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  85. ↑ Weiss, Lois (September 5, 2024). "Silverstein, Amex in talks to build 2 World Trade Center tower". The Real Deal. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  86. ↑ Jones, Sasha (September 5, 2024). "Silverstein May Have A Tenant To Launch Final World Trade Center Tower". Bisnow. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.