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The following timeline is a chronological list of all the major events leading up to, during, and immediately following the September 11 attacks against the United States in 2001, through the first anniversary of the attacks in 2002.
Day | Month | Year(s) | Location | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | 1950 | Egypt | Sayyid Qutb returns to Egypt from a two-year visit to the United States sponsored by the Ministry of Education, and joins the Muslim Brotherhood due to his disgust towards Western culture. [1] |
- | - | 1951-1965 | Qutb writes the book Fi Zilal al-Quran while in prison for an assassination attempt against Gamal Abdel Nasser. The book claims that Israel and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf are American satellite states and calls for an Islamist revolution against secularism—including Arab nationalism, socialism, and liberal democracy—to establish a Middle Eastern theocracy rooted in sharia law. [1] The book also concludes that any Muslims who support secularism are kuffar . [2] The book becomes highly influential towards Islamic terrorists. [1] | |
5 | Aug | 1966 | Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States | Work is started on the original World Trade Center [3] |
- | - | Egypt | Sayyid Qutb is executed in Egypt and his brother Muhammad Qutb flees to Saudi Arabia, acquiring a teaching position at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. | |
- | - | 1973 | Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States | Work is completed on the original World Trade Center [3] |
- | - | 1976 | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Osama bin Laden, son of Saudi billionaire businessman Mohammed bin Laden, is radicalized by Qutb while attending King Abdulaziz University for business administration. [4] [2] |
- | - | 1979 | United States | The United States first becomes concerned over Islamic extremism after the Iranian Revolution, the Iran hostage crisis, and the Grand Mosque seizure. |
- | - | 1980 | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Bin Laden completes University [4] [2] |
- | - | Pakistan | Bin Laden travels to Pakistan to volunteer and assist the Sunni Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. He will become increasingly radicalised over the course of his participation in the conflict. [5] [6] | |
- | - | 1981 | Bin Laden's future deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of Jama At al-Jihad, is arrested for his role in the assassination of Anwar Sadat and imprisoned for three years. [1] | |
- | - | 1983 | United States Marine Corps barracks, Beirut Airport 'Drakkar' barracks of French 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Ramlet al Baida, Beirut | The 1983 Beirut barracks bombings targeting the Multinational Force in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War provides inspiration for Bin Laden. [7] |
- | Oct | 1984 | Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) and Pakistan | Bin Laden cofounds a network, the Maktab al-Khidamat, with Abdullah Yusuf Azzam in Afghanistan and Pakistan to recruit Muslims for the Afghan resistance. [4] [8] |
- | - | 1986 | Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) | Bin Laden travels to Afghanistan to lead MAK forces in combat. [8] |
- | Feb | 1987 | Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) | Al-Qaeda establishes its first training camps in Afghanistan. [8] |
25 | May | Paktia Province, Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) | Bin Laden withstands a Soviet attack during the Battle of Jaji, establishing his reputation in the Arab world. [8] | |
8 | Dec | Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territory | The First Intifada begins in Palestine. Bin Laden expresses vocal support for the conflict, and begins to advocate in favor of jihad against the West. [9] [10] | |
- | - | 1988 | Osama bin Laden forms a computer database of Islamist militants, founding al-Qaeda. [11] He declares that Muslims must protect the holy sites of Mecca and Medina from foreign control as a religious duty. [10] | |
15 | Feb | 1989 | Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) | The Soviet Army completes its withdrawal from Afghanistan, and bin Laden advocates transforming al-Qaeda into a global network to fund jihad. Azzam prefers to focus on the Afghan Civil War and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. [12] [2] |
- | May-June | Jalalabad, Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) | Al-Qaeda forces are badly defeated by the Afghan National Army in the Battle of Jalalabad, leading to a drop in membership and reorientation of tactics. [2] [8] | |
30 | Jun | Sudan, North Africa | Omar al-Bashir and Hassan Al-Turabi's National Islamic Front seize control of Sudan in a coup d'état. Al-Turabi would invite bin Laden to stay in the country. [13] | |
- | Nov | Saudi Arabia | Bin Laden returns to Saudi Arabia and Prince Turki bin Faisal rejects his offer to send al-Qaeda to overthrow the Communist government in South Yemen. [2] | |
24 | Peshawar, Pakistan | Azzam is assassinated in a car bombing, allowing bin Laden to dominate the organization. [12] | ||
22 | May | 1990 | South and North Yemen | The governments of South and North Yemen merge into the unified Republic of Yemen. Bin Laden runs afoul of the Saudi Interior Ministry for attempting to violently disrupt the unification process. [2] |
2 | Aug | Kuwait, West Africa | Ba'athist Iraq invades and annexes Kuwait. Fearing an Iraqi threat to Eastern Province oilfields, King Fahd rapidly accepts American military assistance to the opposition of Bin Laden. [2] [14] | |
- | Sept | Bin Laden makes an offer to Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to defend Saudi Arabia from Ba'athist Iraq with 100,000 fighters after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. He is turned down, and becomes embittered by the intervention of non-Islamic troops from the U.S.-led international coalition in the Gulf War. [15] [2] | ||
5 | Nov | New York Marriott East Side, Midtown Manhattan, New York City | El Sayyid Nosair commits the assassination of Meir Kahane at the New York Marriott East Side, one of the first Islamist terrorist attacks in the United States. The FBI subsequently finds documents linking the attack to al-Qaeda, making it the organization's first involvement in attacks in the United States. [16] | |
- | Apr | 1991 | Sudan, East Africa | Bin Laden moves to Sudan and begins expanding al-Qaeda using legitimate businesses as front organizations. [13] [10] [17] |
- | - | 1992 | Arabian Peninsula and Horn of Africa | Bin Laden begins to target U.S. military forces in the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa, as well as to consider alliances with Shiite Iranian-backed organizations such as Hezbollah. [17] |
27 | Apr | Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) | The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan collapses after Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin seizes Kabul, but a new stage of civil war begins when the Peshawar Accords collapse. | |
29 | Dec | Aden, Yemen, West Africa | Al-Qaeda attacks U.S. military forces for the first time in the Yemen hotel bombings in Aden. | |
26 | Feb | 1993 | World Trade Center New York City, New York, U.S. | Ramzi Yousef carries out the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. |
3-4 | Oct | Mogadishu, Somalia, Horn of Africa | 18 American servicemen are killed by al-Qaeda-trained forces in the Battle of Mogadishu. [17] | |
9 | Apr | 1994 | Bin Laden's Saudi citizenship is revoked. [10] [17] | |
- | Sept | Kandahar, Kandahar Province, Islamic State of Afghanistan | Mohammed Omar founds the Taliban in Kandahar. | |
24-26 | Dec | Houari Boumediene Airport, Algiers, Algeria and Marseille Provence Airport, Marseille, France | Armed Islamic Group of Algeria militants attempt to crash Air France Flight 8969 into the Eiffel Tower, influencing al-Qaeda's future planning. [9] [18] | |
6 | Jan | 1995 | Doña Josefa apartments in Manila, Philippines, | Operation Bojinka, a planned terrorist attack, is discovered by the Filipino police in Manila on a laptop computer in an apartment after a fire. |
7 | Feb | Pakistan | Ramzi Yousef is arrested in Pakistan, and is discovered to have financial links to Bin Laden. [17] [2] | |
- | Jun | U.S. intelligence links al-Qaeda to an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [17] | ||
8 | Jan | 1996 | As Bin Laden makes bellicose statements regarding United States and Saudi Arabia. Michael Scheuer creates a CIA unit, the Bin Laden Issue Station, to gather intelligence on Bin Laden. [1] [10] | |
18 | May | Islamic State of Afghanistan | Heading from Africa to Asia, Bin Laden moves to Afghanistan providing him a safe haven for al-Qaeda activities. [2] | |
25 | Jun | Khobar Towers,Khobar, Saudi Arabia | Al-Qaeda commits the Khobar Towers bombing targeting American servicemen in Saudi Arabia to participate in Operation Southern Watch. | |
23 | Aug | Bin Ladin issues a fatwa declaring war on the United States, which is published in the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi in London. [19] The FBI and the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York open a criminal file on him under the charge of seditious conspiracy. [2] | ||
27 | Sept | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | The Taliban, a radical Islamic movement, rises to power by conquering Kabul and declares the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. | |
- | Nov | Informant Jamal al-Fadl reveals the existence of al-Qaeda to the FBI. [2] | ||
23 | Grande Comore, Comoros | Attackers hijack Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 and most of the passengers die in the resulting crash landing. [20] | ||
- | - | 1998 | An embassy bombing suspect claims that an 'extensive network of al-Qaeda sleeper agents' is planning a 'big attack' inside the United States. [21] | |
- | - | Hamburg, Germany | 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and associates are monitored some by US and Germany in their Hamburg apartment. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] | |
- | Feb | Bin Laden expands religious edict against US and allies by issuing a second fatwa calling on Muslims to join a jihad against Jews and Christians until the United States and Israel evacuate the Middle East, and reiterates the themes in a televised interview with ABC News. [17] [13] | ||
8 | Jun | A U.S. grand jury delivers a sealed indictment of bin Laden for "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States." [17] | ||
7 | Aug | Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | The 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania bring al-Qaeda to US public attention for the first time. | |
8-10 | Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | In Mazar-i-Sharif, the Taliban and Al Qaeda's 055 Brigade massacred between 4,000 and 8,000 people, including 11 Iranian diplomats. Iran threatened to intervene, but relented after mediation by the United Nations. | ||
20 | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Operation Infinite Reach, U.S. cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda training camp in Khost, Afghanistan, in retaliation of Al-Qaeda's U.S. embassy bombings two weeks earlier. | ||
8 | Oct | 1999 | United States | Al-Qaeda is designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the U.S. State Department. [30] [31] The Federal Aviation Administration instructs airlines to maintain "a high degree of alertness" against the organization. [32] |
15 | New York City, New York, United States | The United Nations Security Council passes a resolution demanding that the Taliban extradite Bin Ladin. | ||
31 | Atlantic Ocean, 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi) south of Nantucket | Suicide pilot crashes EgyptAir Flight 990 into the ocean. [33] | ||
- | Nov-Dec | The 2000 millennium attack plots for bombings in Jordan and Los Angeles International Airport are discovered and prevented. | ||
- | Dec | Hijacked in Indian airspace between Kathmandu, Nepal and Delhi, India; landed at Amritsar, India; Lahore, Pakistan; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Kandahar, Afghanistan. | Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacked. One passenger dies while the others are released. | |
12 | Oct | 2000 | Yemen, West Africa | The USS Cole is bombed in Yemen by Al-Qaeda. |
10 | Jul | 2001 | FBI Agent Kenneth Williams writes a memo warning that al-Qaeda members are training at flight schools in the United States, and CIA Director George Tenet briefs officials such as National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice. [32] | |
6 | Aug | President George W. Bush receives the President's Daily Brief Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US warning of an imminent attack on the United States by al-Qaeda. [34] | ||
4 | Sept | The United States National Security Council prepares a $200 million plan to aid opponents of the Taliban in the Afghan Civil War, but it is not presented to President Bush. [32] | ||
9 | Khwājah Bahā ud Dīn (Khvājeh Bahāuḏḏīn), Takhar Province in northeastern Afghanistan | Al-Qaeda assassinates Ahmad Shah Massoud, commander of the Northern Alliance. |
Day | Month | Year(s) | Location | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | 1992 | Germany | Mohamed Atta arrives in Germany. |
- | - | 1994 | Philippines | Planning on Operation Bojinka begins |
- | - | 1995 | Germany | Operation Bojinka foiled, Said Bahaji and Ramzi bin al-Shibh arrive in Germany. |
- | - | 1996 | Marwan al-Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah arrive in Germany. | |
- | - | 1997 | Zakariyah Essabar arrives in Germany. | |
- | - | 1998 | Recruitment of terrorists in Germany starts. | |
- | - | United States | Bill Clinton warned 'bin Laden preparing to hijack US aircraft' inside US. [35] | |
- | - | 1999 | Hamburg, Germany | Hamburg cell is fully formed. |
- | - | Germany | German authorities monitors call to 9/11 hijacker al-Shehhi, shares information with CIA. [36] | |
- | - | Germans monitor call mentioning key al-Qaeda Hamburg cell members, including 9/11 hijacker Atta's full name and number. [37] | ||
- | - | 9/11 hijacker Jarrah has unofficial wedding; photograph later suggests German intelligence has informant. [38] | ||
- | - | Three 9/11 hijackers obtain US visas. [39] | ||
- | - | Hani Hanjour obtains pilot's license despite dubious skills. [40] [41] [42] [43] | ||
- | - | Germany | German intelligence records calls between 9/11 hijacker al-Shehhi and others linked to al-Qaeda. [29] [37] | |
- | - | Saudi ambassador's wife gives funds that are possibly passed to 9/11 hijackers. [44] | ||
- | - | United States | President Clinton warned about al-Qaeda operatives living in US. [45] | |
- | - | Watch list importance is stressed but procedures are not followed. [46] [47] | ||
- | - | United States | NSA tells CIA about planned al-Qaeda summit involving future hijackers. | |
- | - | 2000 | Malaysia and United States | 2000 al-Qaeda Summit in Malaysia, pilots head to the United States and attend flight training schools. |
- | - | 2001 | United States | Remaining hijackers go to the United States, Zacarias Moussaoui goes to the United States and is arrested, other cell members flee Germany. |
All times are in local time (EDT or UTC−4).
Time (a.m) H:M: | Location | Notes |
---|---|---|
7:59 | Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts | American Airlines Flight 11 takes off from Boston Logan, bound for Los Angeles. |
8:14 | Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts | United Airlines Flight 175 takes off from Boston Logan, also bound for Los Angeles. |
8:20 | Washington Dulles International Airport, Dulles, Virginia | American Airlines Flight 77 takes off from Washington Dulles International Airport, also bound for Los Angeles. |
8:42 | Newark International Airport, Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey | United Airlines Flight 93 takes off from Newark International Airport, bound for San Francisco International Airport. |
8:42–8:46 | United States airspace | Flight 175 is hijacked. |
8:46:40 | North Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York | Flight 11 crashes into the North Tower of the World Trade Center between the 93rd and 99th floors. |
8:50–8:54 | United States airspace | Flight 77 is hijacked. |
9:03:02 [48] | South Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York | Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower of the World Trade Center between the 77th and 85th floors. |
9:28 | United States airspace | Flight 93 is hijacked. |
9:37:46 | The Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia | Flight 77 crashes into The Pentagon. |
9:59:00 | South Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York | The South Tower collapses. |
10:03:11 | Shanksville, Pennsylvania | Flight 93 crashes into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. [49] |
10:28:25 | North Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York | The North Tower collapses. |
Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate. Its membership is mostly composed of Arabs, but also includes people from other ethnic groups. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian, economic and military targets of the US and its allies; such as the 1998 US embassy bombings, the USS Cole bombing and the September 11 attacks. The organization is designated as a terrorist group by NATO, the UN Security Council, the European Union, and various countries around the world.
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was a Saudi Arabian-born Islamist dissident and militant leader who was the founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda. Ideologically a pan-Islamist, he participated in the Afghan jihad against the Soviet Union and supported the activities of the Bosnian mujahideen during the Yugoslav Wars. In the mid-to-late 1990s, Bin Laden masterminded terrorist attacks in several countries which led to him being indicted for international crimes and being sought for by the United States government. Later, Bin Laden oversaw al-Queda's planning and execution of the September 11 attacks in the U.S. in 2001.
The September 11 attacks of 2001 were a major event that had a significant long-lasting impact even beyond the day of the attacks itself. This article summarizes events which relate to the attacks in the remaining days of September 2001. News coverage was significant in the period after the attacks which meant that many of these events were reported on quickly by news agencies at the time.
There were many video and audio recordings released by Osama bin Laden between 2000 and his death in 2011.
Marwan Yousef Mohamed Rashid Lekrab al-Shehhi was an Emirati terrorist hijacker from al-Qaeda who served as the hijacker-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, crashing the Boeing 767 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks. He was one of five hijackers aboard the aircraft and one of two Emiratis to take part in the attacks, the other being Fayez Banihammad, who helped him hijack the same plane.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, often known by his initials KSM, is a terrorist, mechanical engineer and the former Head of Propaganda for al-Qaeda. He is currently held by the United States at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp under terrorism-related charges. He was named as "the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks" in the 2004 9/11 Commission Report.
Said Bahaji, was a citizen of Germany, electrical engineer, and an alleged member of the Hamburg cell that provided money and material support to the perpetrators of the September 11 attacks.
"Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US" was a President's Daily Brief prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency and given to U.S. President George W. Bush on Monday, August 6, 2001. The brief warned, 36 days before the September 11 attacks, of terrorism threats from Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, including "patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for a hijacking" of U.S. aircraft.
The bin Laden family, also spelled bin Ladin, is a wealthy family intimately connected with the innermost circles of the Saudi royal family. It is the namesake and controlling shareholder of Saudi Binladin Group, a multinational construction firm. Following the September 11 attacks, the family became the subject of media attention and scrutiny due to the activities of Osama bin Laden, the former head of al-Qaeda.
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen is a Pakistan-based Islamist jihadist group operating primarily in Kashmir. The group had links to Osama bin Laden and Mullah Omar.
Michel Chossudovsky is a Canadian economist and author. He is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Ottawa and the president and director of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), which runs the website globalresearch.ca, founded in 2001, which publishes falsehoods and conspiracy theories. Chossudovsky has promoted conspiracy theories about 9/11.
On September 11, 2001, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists took control of four commercial aircraft and used them as suicide weapons in a series of four coordinated acts of terrorism to strike the World Trade Center in New York City, The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and an additional target in Washington, D.C. Two aircraft hit the World Trade Center while the third hit the Pentagon. A fourth plane did not arrive at its target, but crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after a passenger revolt. The intended target is believed to have been the United States Capitol. As a result, 2,977 victims were killed, making it the deadliest foreign attack on U.S. soil, exceeding Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, which killed 2,335 members of the United States Armed Forces and 68 civilians. The effort was carefully planned by al-Qaeda, which sent 19 terrorists to take over Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 aircraft, operated by American Airlines and United Airlines.
PENTTBOM is the codename for the Federal Bureau of Investigation's probe into the September 11 attacks of 2001, the largest criminal inquiry in the FBI's history. Its name stands for "Pentagon/Twin Towers Bombing Investigation". The investigation was launched on September 11, 2001, and involved 4,000 special agents and 3,000 professional employees.
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists organized into 4 teams hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the East Coast to California. The first two teams of hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, while the remaining hijackers aimed the next two flights toward targets in or near Washington, D.C., in an attack on the nation's capital. The third team succeeded in striking the Pentagon, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, while the fourth plane hijacked by the fourth team crashed in rural Pennsylvania during a passenger revolt. The September 11 attacks killed 2,977 people, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in history. In response to the attacks, the United States waged the multi-decade global war on terror to eliminate hostile groups deemed terrorist organizations, as well as the foreign governments purported to support them, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and several other countries.
Hamza bin Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, better known as Hamza bin Laden, was a Saudi Arabian-born member of al-Qaeda. He was a son of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, and, following his father's death in 2011, he was described as an emerging leader of the al-Qaeda organization.
Osama bin Laden took ideological guidance from prominent militant Islamist scholars and ideologues from the classical to contemporary eras, such as Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Sayyid Qutb, Nizamuddin Shamzai and Abdullah Azzam. During his middle and high school years, bin Laden was educated in Al-Thager Model School, a public school in Jeddah run by Islamist exiles of the Muslim Brotherhood; during which he was immensely influenced by pan-Islamist ideals and displayed strict religious commitment. As a teenager, bin Laden attended and led Muslim Brotherhood-run "Awakening" camps held on desert outskirts that intended to raise the youth in religious values, instil martial spirit and sought spiritual seclusion from "the corruptions" of modernity and rapidly urbanising society of the 1970s in Saudi Arabia.
The international activities of Al-Qaeda includes involvements in Europe, where members of the group have been involved in militant and terrorist activities in several countries. Al-Qaeda has been responsible for or involved in attacks in Western Europe and Russia, including the 2004 Madrid train bombings, 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, 2011 Domodedovo International Airport bombing, and the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks.
The September 11 attacks were carried out by 19 hijackers of the Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda. In the 1990s, al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden declared a militant jihad against the United States, and issued two fatawa in 1996 and 1998. In the 1996 fatwa, he quoted the Sword Verse. In both of these fatawa, bin Laden sharply criticized the financial contributions of the American government to the Saudi royal family as well as American military intervention in the Arab world.
At around 9:30 pm on September 11, 2001, George Tenet, director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), told President George W. Bush and U.S. senior officials that the CIA's Counterterrorism Center had determined that Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda were responsible for the September 11 attacks. Two weeks after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigation connected the hijackers to al-Qaeda, a militant Salafist Islamist multi-national organization. In a number of video, audio, interview and printed statements, senior members of al-Qaeda have also asserted responsibility for organizing the September 11 attacks.
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., by the al-Qaeda terrorist group, a number of investigations were conducted to determine what intelligence may have existed before the attacks and whether this information was ignored by authorities.
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