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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Sulfurovum is a genus within the Campylobacterota which was first described in 2004 with the isolation and description of the type species Sulfurovum lithotrophicum from Okinawa trough hydrothermal sediments. Named for their ability to oxidize sulfur and their egg-like shape, cells are gram-negative, coccoid to short rods. Mesophilic chemolithoautotrophic growth occurs by oxidation of sulfur compounds coupled to the reduction of nitrate or molecular oxygen.
Sulfurovum lithotrophicum is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from Okinawa Trough hydrothermal sediments. It is mesophilic and also oxidises thiosulfate. It is a gram-negative, non-motile and coccoid to oval-shaped bacterium. The type strain is 42BKTT.
Sulfurimonas autotrophica is a sulfur- and thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium. It is mesophilic, and its cells are short rods, each being motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Its genome has been sequenced.
Desulfosalsimonas is a bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Brevirhabdus is a Gram-negative and aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae with one known species, Brevirhabdus pacifica. B. pacifica has been isolated from deep-sea sediments from a hydrothermal vent field from the East Pacific Rise
Lebetimonas is a genus of bacteria from the family Nautiliaceae.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Thermostilla is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species. Thermostilla marina has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from a Vulcano Island in Italy.
Ardenticatena is a Gram-negative, thermophilic and chemoheterotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ardenticatenaceae with one known species. Ardenticatena maritima has been isolated from iron-rich sediments from a coastal hydrothermal field from Kagoshima in Japan.
Lactivibrio is a genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae with one known species. Lactivibrio alcoholicus has been isolated from mesophilic granular sludge from Tokyo in Japan.
Nitratifractor is a genus of bacteria from the order Campylobacterales, with one known species.
Natranaerobaculum is a Gram-positive, obligately alkaliphilic, anaerobic, thermotolerant, halotolerant and spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Natranaerobiaceae with one known species. Natranaerobaculum magadiense has been isolated from sediments from the Lake Magadi in Kenya.
Parafrigoribacterium mesophilum is a species of bacteria from the family Microbacteriaceae which has been isolated from soil from the Bigeum Island in Korea.
Inmirania is a thermophilic and facultatively autotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Inmirania thermothiophila has been isolated from water and sediments from a thermal spring from the Kuril Islands.
Thioalbus is a mesophilic, facultatively anaerobic and autotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Thioalbus denitrificans has been isolated from sediments from the Sea of Japan in Korea.
Thiogranum is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Thiogranum longum has been isolated from a rock from a deep-sea hydrothermal field from the coast of Suiyo Seamount in Japan.
Thiobaca is a phototrophic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Chromatiaceae with one known species. Thiobaca trueperi has been isolated from sediments from a eutrophic lake.
The Campylobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria. It used to be known as Epsilonproteobacteria. Only a few genera have been characterized, including the curved to spirilloid Wolinella, Helicobacter, and Campylobacter.
References
- 1 2 "Thioreductor". www.uniprot.org.
- 1 2 "Thioreductor". LPSN .
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (16 April 2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the genera". NamesforLife, LLC. doi:10.1601/tx.9347.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 Nakagawa, S. (1 March 2005). "Thioreductor micantisoli gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel mesophilic, sulfur-reducing chemolithoautotroph within the -Proteobacteria isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (2): 599–605. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63351-0 . PMID 15774631.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-16661". www.dsmz.de.
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