Timeline of Tanzanian history

This is a timeline of Tanzanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Tanzania and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Tanzania. See also the list of presidents of Tanzania.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Early Pleistocene

Year	Date	Event
1.65 mya to 1.53 mya		Oldowan stone tool culture at Olduvai Gorge. [1]

3rd millennium BC

Year	Date	Event
3000BC		Evidence of indigenous pottery and agriculture dating as far back as this period is found in the Tanzanian coast and offshore islands. [2]

6th century BC

Year	Date	Event
600BC		International trade goods including Graeco-Roman pottery, Syrian glass vessels, Sassanian pottery from Persia and glass beads dating to this century are found at the Rufiji River delta. [3]

1st century BC

Year	Date	Event
1000BC – 300AD		The earliest settlements in the Swahili coast appear on the archaeological record in Kwale in Kenya, Misasa in Tanzania and Ras Hafun in Somalia. [4]

1st century AD

Year	Date	Event
~1AD – 50AD		The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, a Graeco-Roman manuscript is written. It describes the East African coast (Azania) and an established Indian Ocean Trade route [5]

2nd century AD

Year	Date	Event
100AD – 600AD		Centuries ahead of European metallurgists, the Haya people from the western shores of Lake Victoria manufacture carbon steel. [6] [7]

4th century AD

Year	Date	Event
300AD – 1000AD		Growth of Azanian and Zanj settlements in the Swahili coast. Local industry and international trade flourish. [4]

7th century AD

Year	Date	Event
614AD – 900AD		Starting with the first Hijrah (migration) of Prophet Muhammad's followers to Ethiopia, Islam spreads across Eastern, Northern and Western Africa. [4] [8]
630AD – 890AD		Archaeological evidence indicates that crucible steel is manufactured at Galu, south of Mombasa. Metallurgical analysis of iron artefacts indicates that the techniques used by the inhabitants of the Swahili coast combined techniques used in other African sites as well as those in West and South Asian sites. [4] [9]

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1000AD – 1500AD		Emergence of the Swahili City States. [4] [10]
1000AD – 1200AD		The oldest Swahili texts in existence date to this period. They are written in old Swahili script (Swahili-Arabic alphabet) based on Arabic letters. [11]

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1178–1195		Suleiman Hassan (c. 1178–1195), conquers the rival nation of Sofala.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
~1331		Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta visits Kilwa. [12] [13]

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1400–1500		The ancestors of the Iraqw are credited as the builders of the Iron Age settlement at Engaruka in Northern Tanzania. Complex irrigation systems supporting intensive agriculture supported an estimated peak population of 40,000. It is recognised as the largest abandoned system of irrigated agricultural fields and terraces in sub-Saharan Africa. [14] [15] [16]
1498	25 February	The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama is the first known European to reach the East African coast, landing at Kilimane, where he stayed for 32 days. [17]

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1505	August	Captain John Homere, part of Francisco de Almeida's fleet, captures the archipelago of Zanzibar, making it part of the Portuguese Empire. [18]

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1698		Zanzibar falls under the control of the Sultan of Oman. [18]
1700		Over 100,000 slaves pass through Zanzibar as part of the Arab slave trade.

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1822		United Kingdom signs the Moresby Treaty with Sultan Seyyid Said to begin the abolition of slavery in Zanzibar. [19]
1840	December	Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moves his capital to Zanzibar City. [18] [20]
1848	11 May	German missionary Johannes Rebmann, accompanied by Johann Ludwig Krapf, become the first Europeans to report seeing Mount Kilimanjaro. [21] [22]
1856		Sultan Seyyid Said dies at sea and is succeeded by his sons Thuwaini bin Said, in Muscat and Oman and Majid bin Said, in Zanzibar. [23]
1857	26 June	British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke travel from Zanzibar to the East African coast and begin their exploration of continental East Africa. [24]
1858	13 February	Burton and Speke reach Lake Tanganyika, the first known Europeans to do so. [24]
1861	2 April	Zanzibar and Oman are split into two separate principalities with Majid bin Said becoming the first Sultan of Zanzibar. [25]
1873		Zanzibari Sultan Barghash bin Said stops the export of slaves over the sea. [26]
1876		Barghash bin Said closes Zanzibar's slave market. [26]
1884	28 March	The Society for German Colonization is formed by Karl Peters in order to acquire German colonial territories in overseas countries. Peters signs treaties with several native chieftains on the mainland opposite Zanzibar. [27]
1885	3 March	The German government announces its intention to establish a protectorate in East Africa.
	2 April	The German East Africa Company is formed by Karl Peters to govern German East Africa.
1886	1 November	An agreement is reached between Britain and Germany designating a 10-mile (16 km) wide strip of land along the coast as being controlled by Sultan Barghash bin Said, along with Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia. The area that is to become Tanganyika is assigned to Germany while the area to become Kenya is assigned to Britain. [28]
1888	April	The German East Africa Company leases the coastal strip opposite Zanzibar from Sultan Khalifah bin Said for 50 years. [29]
1890	1 July	The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty makes Zanzibar and Pemba a British protectorate. [18]
	1 August	The Sultan of Zanzibar signs an anti-slavery decree. [26]
1896	27 August	The Anglo-Zanzibar War is fought between Zanzibar and the United Kingdom. It lasted approximately 38 minutes and is the shortest war in history. [C]
1897	5 April	Sultan Hamoud bin Mohammed issues a decree making slavery illegal in Zanzibar. [19] [26]
1898	19 July	Following years of resistance, Chief Mkwawa of the Hehe is cornered by German soldiers and commits suicide in lieu of capture. [30]

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1905	July	The Maji Maji Rebellion starts as a violent resistance to colonial rule in Tanganyika. [31]
1907	August	The Maji Maji Rebellion ends, leaving between 200,000 and 300,000 rebels dead. [32] [D]
1914	8 August	The East African Campaign of the First World War begins. [33]
	3 November	The Battle of Tanga, the first major military engagement of the First World War, takes place. [34] (to 5 November)
1916	4 September	Dar es Salaam is occupied by troops from the United Kingdom and South Africa. [35]
1919	28 June	Following the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles divides German East Africa, with the United Kingdom acquiring the largest section which it names the Tanganyika Territory. [36]
1920		Sir Horace Byatt is appointed the first governor of Tanganyika. [37]
	10 January	The British mandate over Tanganyika comes into force. [38]
1929		The Tanganyika African Association is founded by members of the Tanganyika Territory African Civil Service association. [39]
1946	13 December	British mandate over Tanganyika is converted to a United Nations Trusteeship. [40]
1954	9 June	Germany returns the skull of Hehe chief Mkwawa (died 1898) to Tanzania and it is put on display near Iringa. [41]
	7 July	Julius Nyerere forms the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and becomes its first president. [42] [43]
1961	October	The University College, Dar es Salaam is established as one of three constituent colleges of the University of East Africa, with 14 law students. [44]
	9 December	Tanganyikan independence; Julius Nyerere as Prime Minister. [45]
	14 December	Tanganyika becomes a member of the United Nations. [46]
1962	22 January	Julius Nyerere resigns as Prime Minister and is succeeded by Rashidi Kawawa. [45]
	9 December	Tanganyika becomes a republic with Julius Nyerere as its first president. [47]
1963	16 December	Zanzibar becomes a member of the United Nations. [46]
	19 December	Zanzibar receives independence from the United Kingdom, becoming a constitutional monarchy. [48]
1964	12 January	The Zanzibar Revolution by local Africans overthrows the Sultan of Zanzibar and his primarily Arab government. Sheikh Abeid Karume becomes the first President of Zanzibar. [49]
	26 April	The Republic of Tanganyika and the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba unite to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. [46]
	1 November	The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar changes its name to the United Republic of Tanzania. [46]
1965	21 September	President Nyerere is returned to power in a one-party election. [50]
	1 October	Nyerere is sworn in for his second presidential term. [51]
1967	5 February	President Nyerere issues the Arusha Declaration, outlining the principles of Ujamaa . [52]
1969	24 September	The Arusha Agreement is signed between the European Union and the East African states of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. [53]
1970	1 July	Tanzania's first university, the University of Dar es Salaam is founded from the split of the University of East Africa into three national universities. [44] [54]
1971	1 January	The Arusha Agreement is enacted. [53]
1972	7 April	Vice President Abeid Karume is assassinated in Zanzibar Town. [50]
	11 April	Aboud Jumbe becomes the second President of Zanzibar and Vice President of Tanzania. [49]
1976		Archaeologist Mary Leakey and her team discover homoinid fossil footprints at Laetoli, south of the Olduvai Gorge. [55] [56]
1977	5 February	Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and Zanzibar's Afro-Shirazi Party merge to become Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). [57]
	18 April	The border between Tanzania and Kenya is closed. [58]
	25 April	The constitution of Tanzania is adopted. [48]
1978	27 October	Ugandan forces under Idi Amin invade Tanzania, starting the Uganda–Tanzania War, also known as the Liberation War. [59]
1979	11 April	Tanzanian troops capture the Ugandan capital of Kampala, heralding the end of the Uganda–Tanzania War and Amin's regime. [60]
1983		Tanzania's first AIDS diagnosis is made in Bukoba district, Kagera Region. [61]
	17 November	The Tanzania–Kenya border reopens. [62]
1984	31 January	Ali Hassan Mwinyi is sworn in as the third President of Zanzibar and Vice President of Tanzania. [62]
1985	5 November	Julius Nyerere retires and Ali Hassan Mwinyi becomes the second President of Tanzania. [63] Mwinyi is succeeded as vice president by Joseph Sinde Warioba. [64]
1990	October	Ali Hassan Mwinyi wins a single-party election with 95.5% of the vote and is sworn in for a second presidential term. [65]
1992	28 May	The Civic United Front is formed. [18]
1995	29 October	Tanzania holds its first multi-party election. [66]
	23 November	Benjamin Mkapa is sworn in as the third President of Tanzania. [67]
1973	February	The Tanzanian parliament moves from Dar es Salaam to the new capital of Dodoma. [68]
1998	7 August	The United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya are simultaneously bombed. [69]
1999	14 October	Julius Nyerere dies of leukaemia in London. [52]
	30 November	The East African Community Treaty between Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is signed in Arusha. [70]
2000	7 July	The East African Community Treaty comes into force. [70]
	29 October	Benjamin Mkapa is re-elected as President of Tanzania, with 72 percent of the vote. [71]

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2001	28 January	Demonstrators in Zanzibar protesting the 2000 elections, clash with police and 32 people are killed. [72]
	5 July	Ali Mohamed Shein becomes Vice President of Tanzania. [48]
	December	The government controversially decides to spend £28m on a new air traffic control system. [73]
2002	24 June	The Igandu train disaster kills more than 200 people and is Tanzania's worst train crash. [74]
	July	Mkapa's government is criticized for purchasing a £15m presidential jet shortly before reaching an agreement with the UK for £270m in aid. [75]
2003	December	The Kipunji, a new species of monkey, is found in Tanzania—the first new African monkey species since 1974. It is also independently discovered in July 2004. [76]
2005	14 December	General elections are held. [48] Anna Senkoro of the Progressive Party of Tanzania–Maendeleo is the first woman in Tanzania to run for president. [77]
	21 December	Jakaya Kikwete is sworn in as the fourth President of Tanzania. [78]
	30 December	Edward Lowassa is sworn is as Prime Minister. [79]
2006	11 May	Scientists announce that the Kipunji monkey found in 2003 belongs to a new genus of African monkey—the first to be discovered since 1923. [80]
	9 August	$642m of Tanzania's debt is cancelled by the African Development Bank. [81]
2008	6 February	A parliamentary committee reports on corruption within the cabinet. [82]
	7 February	Prime Minister Edward Lowassa and two other ministers resign following the report on corruption. President Kikwete dissolves the cabinet. [83]
2021	17 March	John Magufuli, President of Tanzania, dies. [84]
	19 March	Samia Suluhu Hassan is sworn in as Tanzania's first female President. [85]

See also

• Timeline of Dar es Salaam
• Timeline of Zanzibar City

Notes

1. ^
   Sources vary as to the exact timescale of the migration of Khoisan from Southern Africa. Nurse & Spear say "as long as twenty thousand years ago". ^[86]
2. ^
   The Bantu expansion from West Africa likely happened in several stages. ^[87] Sources vary as to the exact timescale of the arrival of Bantu people to East Africa. Nurse & Spear say from "twenty-five hundred years ago". ^[86] Ndembwike says 100–200 AD. ^[88]
3. ^
   Several durations are given by sources, including 38, ^{[89] [90]} 40 ^[91] and 45 ^[92] minutes, but the 38 minute duration is the most often quoted. The variation is due to confusion over what actually constitutes the start and end of a war. Some sources take the start of the war as the order to open fire at 09:00 and some with the start of actual firing at 09:02. The end of the war is usually put at 09:40 when the last shots were fired and the palace flag struck, but some sources place it at 09:45. The logbooks of the British ships also suffer from this with St George indicating that cease-fire was called and Khalid entered the German consulate at 09:35, Thrush at 09:40, Racoon at 09:41 and Philomel and Sparrow at 09:45. ^[93]
4. ^
   There is no exact figure for the number of deaths in the Maji Maji Rebellion. German officials at the time estimated 75,000. ^[94] Most sources say over 200,000. ^{[94] [95] [96]}

References

General

• "Timeline: Tanzania". BBC. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2010.

Specific

1. Leaky, Mary (1979). Olduvai Gorge. London, England: London: Book Club Associates. pp. 11–17, 40
2. Felix A. Chami and Amandus Kwekason. Neolithic Pottery Traditions from the Islands, the Coast and the Interior of East Africa. African Archaeological Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, June 2003
3. "Tanzanian dig unearths ancient secret". 17 April 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
4. Chap Kusimba and Randal Pouwells. The Rise and Fall of Swahili States. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 33(2):437. DOI: 10.2307/220701. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274126407_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Swahili_States/link/58cbce7c458515b6361d58ee/download
5. "The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
6. "Science: Africa's Ancient Steelmakers". Time. 25 September 1978. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
7. Schmidt, P.; Avery, D.H. (1978). "Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania". Science. 201 (4361): 1085–89. Bibcode:1978Sci...201.1085S. doi:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085. PMID   17830304. S2CID 37926350
8. Hussein D. Hassan. CRS Report for Congress. Islam in Africa. Available from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22873.pdf
9. Chap Kusimba. HE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF IRON FORGING ON THE KENYA COAST. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 66, No. 3 (1996), pp. 386–410
10. Pradines, Stephane. "Islamization and Urbanization on the Coast of East Africa: recent excavations at Gedi, Kenya." Azania vol. 38 (2003): 181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672700309480369
11. Zhukov, Andrey (2004). "Old Swahili-Arabic Script and the Development of Swahili Literary Language". Sudanic Africa. 15: 1–15. ISSN   0803-0685.
12. "The Red Sea to East Africa and the Arabian Sea: 1328 – 1330 | ORIAS". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
13. Ibn Battuta's & Zhao Rugua's East African Travels (Excerpts) http://users.rowan.edu/~mcinneshin/5394/wk05/battutaTVLsEAFR.htm
14. "Lost city" used 500 years of soil erosion to benefit crop farming. University of New York Department of Archeology. Available from: https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/news-and-events/news/external/news-2017/engaruka-soil-erosion/
15. Stump, Daryl (2006). "The development and expansion of the field and irrigation systems at Engaruka, Tanzania". Azania. 41: 69–94. doi:10.1080/00672700609480435
16. Laulamaa, Vesa (2006). "Estimation of the population of ancient Engaruka—a new approach". Azania. 41: 95–102. doi:10.1080/00672700609480436
17. Walker, Eric (1940). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive. p. 85. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
18. Notholt, Stuart (2008). Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict. Troubador Publishing. p. 2.52. ISBN   978-1-906510-47-3. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
19. Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history, Volume 1. CRC Press. p. 1711. ISBN   1-57958-453-5.
20. McIntyre, Chris; McIntyre, Susan (2009). Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 13. ISBN   978-1-84162-254-5.
21. Missionaries from Gerlingen: Johannes Rebmann — Discoverer and explorer, Johannes Rebmann Foundation, 4 June 2009, archived from the original on 19 July 2011, retrieved 10 March 2010
22. Raum, Otto Friedrich; Moore, Sally Falk (1996). Chaga Childhood: A Description of Indigenous Education in an East African Tribe. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. xvi. ISBN   3-89473-874-X. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
23. Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1989). Dictionary of African Historical Biography. University of California Press. p. 214. ISBN   0-520-06611-1.
24. Wright, Thomas (2008). The Life of Sir Richard Burton. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 116–122. ISBN   978-0-554-22005-5. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
25. Bhacker, Mohamed Reda (1992). Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: Roots of British Domination. Routledge. p. 191. ISBN   0-415-07997-7.
26. Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 593. ISBN   0-395-65237-5.
27. Perras, Arne (2004). Carl Peters and German Imperialism, 1856–1918: A Political Biography. Oxford University Press US. p. 38. ISBN   0-19-926510-0.
28. Taylor, James Clagett (1963). The Political Development of Tanganyika . Stanford University Press. p.  15. ISBN   0-8047-0147-4.
29. Okoth, Assa (2006). A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800–1915. East African Publishers. p. 132. ISBN   9966-25-357-2.
30. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN   0-521-29611-0.
31. Iliffe, p. 167
32. Gwassa, G. C. K. (1972). "Kinjikitile and the Ideology of Maji Maji". In Ranger, Terence O.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (eds.). The Historical Study of African Religion. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN   0-520-02206-8.
33. Samson, Anne (2006). Britain, South Africa and the East Africa Campaign, 1914–1918: The Union. I.B.Tauris. p. 29. ISBN   1-84511-040-4.
34. Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. ABC-CLIO. p. 1148. ISBN   1-85109-420-2.
35. Taylor, p. 23
36. Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press. p. 162. ISBN   0-226-31971-7.
37. Taylor, p. 43
38. Taylor, p. 38 Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
39. Stock, Robert F. (2004). Africa South of the Sahara: a Geographical Interpretation. Guilford Press. p. 439. ISBN   1-57230-868-0.
40. Brownlie, Ian; Burns, Ian R. (1979). African boundaries: a legal and diplomatic encyclopaedia. C. Hurst & Co. p. 931. ISBN   0-903983-87-7.
41. Longford, Michael (2001). The Flags Changed at Midnight: Tanganyika's Progress Towards Independence. Gracewing Publishing. p. 191. ISBN   0-85244-551-2.
42. Okoth, p. 15
43. Mohiddin, Ahmed (1981). African Socialism in Two Countries. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ISBN   0-389-20170-7.
44. Wallenius, Anna-Britta (1971). Libraries in East Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 43. ISBN   91-7106-051-0.
45. Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2006). Tanzania Under Mwalimu Nyerere: Reflections on an African Statesman. Godfrey Mwakikagile. p. 28. ISBN   0-9802534-9-7.
46. Rosenne, Shabtai (1974). Documents on the International Court of Justice. Brill Archive. p. 224. ISBN   0-379-00188-8.
47. Lawrence, David (2009). Tanzania: The Land, Its People and Contemporary Life. Godfrey Mwakikagile. p. 215. ISBN   978-9987-9308-3-8. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
48. Central Intelligence Agency (2008). The CIA World Factbook. Skyhorse Publishing. p.  636. ISBN   978-1-60239-282-3.
49. Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1974). Guide to Government Ministers: The British Empire and Successor States 1900–1972. Routledge. p. 155. ISBN   0-7146-3017-9.
50. Europa Publications Limited (2003). Africa South of the Sahara 2003, Volume 32. Routledge. p. 1062. ISBN   1-85743-131-6.
51. Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 585. ISBN   0-313-30247-2.
52. "Julius Nyerere Obituary", The Guardian, 15 October 1999, archived from the original on 31 October 2013, retrieved 28 February 2010
53. Rothchild, Donald S.; Robert L. Curry (1978). Scarcity, Choice, and Public Policy in Middle Africa . University of California Press. p.  253. ISBN   0-520-03378-7.
54. Newa, John M. (1996). "The CD-ROM Service for the University of Dar es Salaam". In National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs (ed.). Bridge Builders: African Experiences with Information and Communication Technology. United States National Academies. p. 13. ISBN   9780309054836.
55. McKie, Robin (13 January 2008), "Man's earliest footsteps may be lost forever", The Guardian, archived from the original on 1 September 2013, retrieved 11 March 2010
56. Henderson, Mark (27 February 2009), "Footprints of ancient Man point the way out of Africa", The Times , archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 28 February 2010
57. Hydén, Göran (1980). Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. University of California Press. p. 137. ISBN   0-520-04017-1.
58. Kalley, Schoeman & Andor, p. 620
59. Jessup, John E. (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN   0-313-28112-2.
60. Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria. Nova Publishers. p. 221. ISBN   1-56072-967-8. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
61. Baylies, Carolyn Louise; Bujra, Janet M. (2000). "Responses to the AIDS epidemic in Tanzania and Zambia". AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa: Collective Strategies and Struggles in Tanzania and Zambia. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN   1-84142-027-1.
62. Kalley, Schoeman & Andor, p. 627
63. Shillington, p. 1167
64. Europa Publications Limited (2004). Africa South of the Sahara 2004, Volume 33. Routledge. p. 1114. ISBN   1-85743-183-9.
65. Europa Publications Limited (2004), p. 1115
66. "Polling Problems Mar Election in Tanzania", The New York Times, p. A4, 30 October 1995, archived from the original on 1 November 2014, retrieved 11 March 2010
67. "Tanzania swears in Mkapa as president", The Blade , Block Communications, p. 2, 24 November 1995, retrieved 11 March 2010
68. Lawrence, p. 21
69. "World News Briefs; 5 Arrested in Tanzania in U.S. Embassy Bombing", The New York Times, p. 113, 13 September 1998, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 28 February 2010
70. "History", East African Community , eacc.int, archived from the original on 29 March 2010, retrieved 6 April 2010
71. Wright, John (2001). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Routledge. p. 675. ISBN   1-57958-348-2.
72. Butcher, Tim (29 January 2001), "32 dead as police lay siege to Zanzibar", The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, retrieved 3 April 2010
73. Tanzania 'needs costly radar system', BBC News, 21 December 2001, archived from the original on 25 March 2006, retrieved 23 March 2010
74. Ng'Wanakilala, Fumbuka (25 June 2002), "200 die as Tanzanian passenger train runs back into freight train", The Guardian, archived from the original on 26 August 2013, retrieved 22 March 2010
75. Hencke, David (22 July 2002), "£15m jet sparks new Tanzania row", The Guardian, archived from the original on 26 August 2013, retrieved 23 March 2010
76. Jones, Trevor; Carolyn L. Ehardt; Thomas M. Butynski; Tim R. B. Davenport; Noah E. Mpunga; Sophy J. Machaga; Daniela W. De Luca (2005). "The Highland Mangabey Lopocebus kipunji: A New Species of African Monkey". Science . 308 (5725): 1161–1164. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1161J. doi:10.1126/science.1109191. PMID   15905399. S2CID   46580799.
77. Tatic, Sanja; Walker, Christopher (2006). Countries at the Crossroads: A Survey of Democratic Governance. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 532. ISBN   0-7425-5801-0.
78. Malido, Webster (22 December 2005), "Tanzania: Kikwete Walks Tall", allAfrica.com , AllAfrica Global Media, archived from the original on 13 October 2012, retrieved 21 February 2010
79. "New Tanzanian Prime Minister Edward Lowassa sworn in", TVT, Dar es Salaam, 30 December 2005, archived from the original on 8 June 2011, retrieved 26 March 2010
80. Than, Ker (11 May 2006), "Scientists Discover New Monkey Genus in Africa", Live Science, TechMediaNetwork, retrieved 11 March 2010
81. "African Development Bank cancels Tanzania's 642m-dollar loan debt", The Guardian, Dar es Salaam, 10 August 2006, archived from the original on 8 June 2011, retrieved 22 March 2010
82. "Tanzania's Cabinet dissolved after PM, Energy Minister resign", The Hindu , Associated Press, 8 February 2008, archived from the original on 9 February 2008, retrieved 3 April 2010
83. Mehler, Andreas; Melber, Henning; Van Walraven, Klaas (2009). Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2008. BRILL. p. 376. ISBN   978-90-04-17811-3.
84. "Tanzanian President John Magufuli dies at 61". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
85. "Samia Suluhu Hassan becomes Tanzania's first woman president". Associated Press. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
86. Nurse, Derek; Spear, Thomas (1985). The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 32. ISBN   0-8122-1207-X.
87. Harrison, Geoffrey Ainsworth (1977). Population Structure and Human Variation. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN   0-521-21399-1.
88. Ndembwike, John (2006). Tanzania: The Land and Its People. Godfrey Mwakikagile. p. 12. ISBN   0-9802534-4-6.
89. Hernon, Ian (2003). Britain's Forgotten Wars: Colonial Campaigns of the 19th Century. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. p. 403. ISBN   978-0-7509-3162-5.
90. Haws, Duncan; Hurst, Alexander Anthony (1985). The Maritime History of the World: A Chronological Survey of Maritime Events from 5,000 B.C. Until the Present Day, Supplemented by Commentaries. Brighton, Sussex: Teredo Books. p. 74. ISBN   978-0-903662-10-9. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
91. Cohen, John; Jacopetti, Gualtiero; Prosperi, Franco (1966). Africa Addio. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 137. OCLC   230433.
92. Gordon, Philip H. (2007). Winning the Right War: The Path to Security for America and the World . New York: Times Books. p.  146. ISBN   978-0-8050-8657-7.
93. Patience, Kevin (1994). Zanzibar and the Shortest War in History. Bahrain: Kevin Patience. pp. 20–26. OCLC   37843635.
94. Shillington, p. 1539
95. Longford, p. 189
96. Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. p.  161. ISBN   0-521-52750-3.

Bibliography

• Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier, eds. (1990). "Tanzania". Afrika Jahrbuch 1989 (in German). Germany: Leske + Budrich. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5. ISBN   978-3-8100-0831-2. OCLC   19093344. Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Afrika südlich der Sahara
• "Tanzania". Political Chronology of Africa. Political Chronologies of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 423+. ISBN   0203409957.
• Kurt Hirschler; Rolf Hofmeier (2013). "Tanzania". In Andreas Mehler; et al. (eds.). Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. Vol. 9. Koninklijke Brill. p. 401+. ISBN   9789004256002. ISSN   1871-2525.