Turin King List | |
---|---|
Created | c. 1245 BCE |
Discovered | 1820 Luxor, Luxor Governorate, Egypt |
Discovered by | Bernardino Drovetti |
Present location | Turin, Piedmont, Italy |
The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum) [1] in Turin. The papyrus is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II.
The papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.
The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manetho's book. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources.
The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta. The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (enclosing borders which indicate the name of a king), and a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners, although typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed.
The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt – including mythical kings such as gods, demi-gods, and spirits, as well as human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. As such, the papyrus is less likely to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to include all the kings of Egypt known to its writers up to the 19th or 20th Dynasty.
The papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1820 in Luxor (Thebes), Egypt and was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated Papyrus Number 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion, examining it, could recognize only some of the larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research.
The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine the meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction.
In 1997, prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C." After another study of the papyrus, an updated version from Ryholt is expected.[ when? ] Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although many of the list's names correspond to monuments and other documents, there are some discrepancies and not all of the names correspond, questioning the absolute reliability of the document for pre-Ramesses II chronology.
Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of the papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m wide, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009, previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition. [2] A new edition of the papyrus is expected.[ when? ]
The name Hudjefa, found twice in the papyrus, is now known to have been used by the royal scribes of the Ramesside era during the 19th Dynasty, when the scribes compiled king lists such as the Saqqara King List and the royal canon of Turin and the name of a deceased pharaoh was unreadable, damaged, or completely erased.
The papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so badly damaged.
It's possible that a twelfth column once existed that contained Dynasties 18–19/20, but that section has since been lost.
These are the actual names written on the papyrus, omitting the years, summations and headings:
First Column | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Row | Name | Notes | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
12 | Ra | - | - | - | |
13 | .. | probably Shu [3] | - | - | - |
14 | Geb | gb | |||
15 | Osiris | wsir | |||
16 | Set | stH | |||
17 | Horus | Hr | |||
18 | Thoth | DHwti | |||
19 | Maat | mAat | |||
20 | Hor.. | possibly Haroeris | Hr.. | ||
Second Column | |||||
Row | Name | Notes | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | Hab | "Ibis" | hAb | ||
2 | Aped | "Bird" | Apd | ||
3 | Hepu | "Apis bull" | Hpw | ||
4 | Shemsu | "Follower" | Smsw | ||
5 | Meni.. | mni.. | |||
6 | Werqa.. | "Great of height" | wr-qA.. | ||
8 | Af.. | i[f].. | |||
9 | Set.. | cf. 1.16 | stH.. | ||
10 | Sunu.. | "Doctor" | swnw.. | ||
11 | Horus.. | cf. 1.17 | Hrw.. | ||
14 | Ni-ib.. | "Does not thirst" | n ib.. | ||
15 | Nesensebk..sew.. | very uncertain | |||
16 | Pensetensepet.. | "Clods of the shore" | pns.t n spt | ||
17 | Her-hemut-shepsesut.. | "Possessor of noble women" | Xr-Hm.wt-Sps.w[t].. | ||
18 | Khu-hemut-shepsesut.. | "Protector of noble women" | xw-Hm.wt[-Sps.wt?].. | ||
22 | Sokar.. | cf. Seker | skr.. | ||
23 | Iaret.. | cf. Uraeus | ar[t].. | ||
Third Column | |||||
Row | Name | Notes | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
2 | Spirits | group of kings | Axw | ||
3 | Spirits | group of kings | Axw | ||
6 | Followers of Horus | group of kings | Smsw Hr | ||
Third Column (continued) | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
11 | Meni | Menes | mni | <-Y5:N35-M17-> | 𓏠𓈖𓇋 |
12 | Teti | Hor-Aha | ttij | <-X1:X1-M17-Z4-> | 𓏏𓏏𓇋𓏭 |
13 | Iti, Ita | Djer | iti | <-M17-X1-//-G7-> | 𓇋𓏏…𓅆 |
15 | Itui | Djet | itjwi | <-//-G4#12-M17-> | …𓅂𓇋 |
16 | Qenti | Den | qntj | <-Aa8:X1*Z4-> | 𓐖𓏏𓏭 |
17 | Merbiapen | Anedjib | mr-biA-pn | <-U7:D21-U17-Q3:N35-//-> | 𓌻𓂋𓍅𓊪𓈖… |
18 | Semsem | Semerkhet | smsm | <-S29-G17-S29-G17-> | 𓋴𓅓𓋴𓅓 |
19 | (Qe)beh | Qa'a | qbH | <-//-D58-V28-G7-> | …𓃀𓎛𓅆 |
20 | Baunetjer | Hotepsekhemwy | bAw-nTr | <-//-G30-R4:Q3-G7-> | …𓅢𓊵𓊪𓅆 |
21 | Kakau | Nebre | kA-kAw | <-//-E2-D52:Z1*Z1*Z1-G7-> | …𓃓𓂸𓏤𓏤𓏤𓅆 |
22 | Banetjer | Nynetjer | bA-nTr | <-//-R8-D21:N35-G7-> | …𓊹𓂋𓈖𓅆 |
23 | ..s | Wadjnes | ..s | <-//-//-S29-G7-> | … …𓋴𓅆 |
24 | Sened.. | Senedj | snDi | <-G54-//-> | 𓅾… |
25 | Neferka | Neferkara I | nfr-kA | <-O29-D28-Z1-> | 𓉼𓂓𓏤 |
Fourth Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | Neferkasokar | Neferkasokar | nfr-kA-skr | <-F35-D28-Z1-O34:V31:D21-Z5-G7-> | 𓄤𓂓𓏤𓊃𓎡𓂋𓏯𓅆 |
2 | Hudjefa | "missing" | HwDfA | <-O34-I10-S29-> | 𓊃𓆓𓋴 |
3 | Bebti | Khasekhemwy | bbtj | <-D58-D58-N21-G7-> | 𓃀𓃀𓈅𓅆 |
4 | Nebka | Nebka | nbkA | <-V30-D28-Z1-> | 𓎟𓂓𓏤 |
5 | Djoser..it | Djoser | Dsr..it | <-D45:D21-M17-.:X1#12-G7-> | 𓂦𓂋𓇋𓏏𓅆 |
6 | Djoser..ti | Sekhemkhet | Dsrti | <-D45:D21-X1:Z4-G7-> | 𓂦𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆 |
7 | Hudjefa | "missing" | HwDfA | <-O34-I10-S29-> | 𓊃𓆓𓋴 |
8 | Huni | Huni | Hwni | <-V28-Z5-A25-//-G7-> | 𓎛𓏯𓀝…𓅆 |
9 | Senefer | Sneferu | snfr | <-S29-F35-I9:D21-G7-> | 𓋴𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆 |
10 | [lost] | Khufu [4] | - | - | |
12 | ..kha.. | Khafre | ..xa.. | <-//-N28-D36-//-G7-> | …𓈍𓂝…𓅆 |
14 | [lost] | Menkaure [5] | - | - | |
17 | ..kaf | Userkaf | ..kAf | <-//-//-D28:I9-G7-> | … …𓂓𓆑𓅆 |
23 | Menkahor | Menkauhor | mn-kA-Hr | G5-<-G7-Y5:N35-D28-Z1-G7-> | 𓅃𓅆𓏠𓈖𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
24 | Djed | Djedkare | Dd | <-R11-R11-> | 𓊽𓊽 |
25 | Unis | Unas | wnis | <-E34:N35-M17-S29-> | 𓃹𓈖𓇋𓋴 |
Fifth Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | [lost] | Teti [6] | - | - | |
5 | [lost] | Pepi II [7] | - | - | |
7 | Neitiqerty | Neitiqerty Siptah | ntiqrti | <-N35:X1*Z5-M17-N29-D21:X1*Z4-G7-> | 𓈖𓏏𓏯𓇋𓈎𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆 |
9 | Neferka-khered | Neferkare Pepiseneb | nfr-kA | <-F35-D28-Z1-G7-> | 𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
10 | Nefer | Neferkamin Anu | nfr | <-F35-I9:D21-G7-> | 𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆 |
11 | Ibi | Qakare Ibi | ibi | <-M17-D58-E8-> | 𓇋𓃀𓃙 |
20 | Neferkare | Neferkare VII | nfr-kA-ra | <-N5-F35-D28-Z1-G7#12-> | 𓇳𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
21 | Khety | Nebkaure Khety | Xti | <-F32:X1-A50-M17-M17-G7-> | 𓄡𓏏𓀻𓇌𓅆 |
22 | Senenh.. | Senenh.. | snnh.. | <-S29-M22-M22-N35:N35-A53-.:O4-//> | 𓋴𓇒𓈖𓈖𓀾𓉔 … |
24 | Mer.. | Mer.. | mrr.. | <-U7:D21-//-> | 𓌻𓂋 … |
25 | Shed.. | Shed.. | Sd.. | <-F30:D46#24-//-> | 𓄞𓂧 … |
26 | H.. | H.. | H.. | <-V28-//-> | 𓎛 … |
Sixth Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
12 | [lost] | Mentuhotep I [8] | - | - | |
14 | ..n.. | Intef II | ..n.. | <-//-N35-//-> | …𓈖… |
16 | Nebhepetre | Mentuhotep II | nb-hpt-ra | <-N5:V30-P8-> | 𓇳𓎟𓊤 |
17 | Seankhkare | Mentuhotep III | s-anx-kA-ra | <-S29#34-S34#34-N35:Aa1-D28#34-> | 𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓂓 |
20 | ..pib.. | Amenemhat I | ..p-ib.. | <-//-.:Q3-.:F34-.:Z1-G7-> | …𓊪𓄣𓏤𓅆 |
21 | ..ka.. | Senusret I | ..kA.. | <-//-D28-Z1-> | …𓂓𓏤 |
24 | [lost] | Senusret III [9] | - | - | |
25 | [lost] | Amenemhat III [10] | - | - | |
Seventh Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | Maakherure | Amenemhat IV | mAa-xrw-ra | <-N5-U5:D36-P8-V1-A2-> | 𓇳𓌷𓂝𓊤𓍢𓀁 |
2 | Sobeknefrure | Sobekneferu | ..nfrw-ra | 𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓆊𓅆 | |
5 | Khutawire | Wegaf or Sobekhotep I | xwt-Awi-ra | <-N5-D43:N17:N17#1234-> | 𓇳𓂤𓇿𓇿 |
6 | Sekhemkare | Sekhemkare Sonbef | sxm-kA-ra | <-N5#123-Y8#1234-D28#1234-Z1-> | 𓇳𓏣𓂓𓏤 |
7 | Amenemhat..re | Sekhemkare Amenemhat V | imn-m-HAt | N5-Y5:.#34-G17-F4:X1*Z1-G7 | 𓇳𓏠𓅓𓄂𓏏𓏤𓅆 |
8 | Sehetepibre | Hotepibre | sHtp-ib-ra | N5-S29-R4:X1*Q3-F34 | 𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤 |
9 | Iufeni | Iufni | iwfni | i-Z7-f-n:A1 | 𓇋𓏲𓆑𓈖𓀀 |
10 | Seankhibre | Amenemhet VI | s-anx-ib-ra | ra-s-anx-ib | 𓇳𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓄣𓏤 |
11 | Semenkare | Semenkare Nebnuni | smn-kA-ra | ra-s-mn:n-kA | 𓇳𓋴𓏠𓈖𓂓 |
12 | Sehetepibre | Sehetepibre | sHtp-ib-ra | N5-s-R4:t*p-ib-Z1 | 𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤 |
13 | Sewadjkare | Sewadjkare | swAD-kA-ra | ra-s-wAD-kA | 𓇳𓋴𓇅𓂓 |
14 | Nedjemibre | Nedjemibre | nDm-ib-ra | ra-nDm-m-mDAt-ib | 𓇳𓇛𓅓𓏛𓄣 |
15 | Sebek..p..re | Khaankhre Sobekhotep | sbk-(Htp)-ra | //-N5-I4-// | …𓇳𓆋… |
16 | Renseneb | Renseneb | rn..nbw | r:n-A2-//-n:b-Y1 | 𓂋𓈖𓀁…𓈖𓃀𓏛 |
17 | Autibre | Awybre Hor I | Awt-ib-ra | ra-Aw-Z7:t-Y1:Z2-ib-Z1 | 𓇳𓄫𓏲𓏏𓏛𓏥𓄣𓏤 |
18 | Sedjefakare | Amenemhat VII | sDfa-kA-ra | ra-s-D:f-A-//-kA | 𓇳𓋴𓆓𓆑…𓂓𓏤 |
19 | Amenemhatsebekhotep | Sobekhotep I or Wegaf | imn-m-hAt-sbk-Htp | M17-Y5:N35-G17-F4:X1-I4-R4:X1-Q3 | 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓆋𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
20 | User..re ..djer | Khendjer | wsr..ra..nDr | N5-F12-//-Z1-N5:N35-M36:D21 | 𓇳𓄊…𓏤𓇳𓈖𓇥𓂋 |
21 | ..kare | Imyremeshaw | ..kA-ra | <-N5-//-D28-G7-> | 𓇳…𓂓𓅆 |
22 | ..re | Intef IV | ..ra | //-D28-Z1-G7-W25:N35-X1:I9-G7 | …𓂓𓏤𓅆𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓅆 |
23 | ..ibre..seth | Seth Meribre | ..ib-ra..stX | N5-Y8-//-I5-Htp:t-p | 𓇳𓏣…𓆌𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
24 | [lost] | Sobekhotep III [11] | - | - | |
25 | Khamaatreneferhotep | Neferhotep I | xa..ra..nfr-Htp | N5-N28:D36:Y1-//-F35-R4:X1-Q3 | 𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛…𓄤𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
26 | (Re)Sahathor | Sihathor | sA-Hwt-Hr | <-N5-O6-X1:O1-G5-G7-G38-Z1-G7-> | 𓇳𓉗𓏏𓉐𓅃𓅆𓅬𓏤𓅆 |
27 | Khaneferre-Sobekhotep | Sobekhotep IV | xa-nfr-ra-sbk-Htp | <-N5-N28:D36-Y1-F35-I3-R4:X1-Q3-> | 𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛𓄤𓆊𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
Eighth Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | Khaheteprehotep | Sobekhotep VI | xa-Htp-ra-Htp | N5-N28:D36*Y1-R4:X1-Q3-G7 | |
2 | Wahibreibiau | Wahibre Ibiau | wAH-ib-ra-ibiaw | ra-wAH-H-Y1-ib-Z1-i-a:mw-A24-ib-Z1 | |
3 | Merneferre | Merneferre Ay | mr-nfr-ra | N5-U7:D21-F35 | |
4 | Merhetepre | Merhotepre Ini | mr-Htp-ra | N5-U6-R4:X1*Q3 | |
5 | Seankhenresewadjtu | Sankhenre Sewadjtu | s-anx-n-ra-swDtwi | ra-s-anx-n:x-n-s-wAD-t-Z7 | |
6 | Mersekhemre Ined | Mersekhemre Ined | mr-sxm-ra-ind | ra-U7:r-sxm-Z1-i-in:n-d:wr | |
7 | Sewadjkare Hori | Hori | swAD-kA-ra-Hri | N5-S29-M13-S28-Z1-G7-G5-M17 | |
8 | Merkawre Sobek.. | Merkawre Sobekhotep | mr-kAw-ra-sbk.. | N5-U7:D21-Z1-D28-Z1-//-I3-// | |
17 | Merkheperre | Merkheperre | mr-xpr-ra | N5-U7:D21-L1 | |
18 | Merka.. | Merkare | mr..kA.. | //-U7:.#234-D28-Z1 | |
22 | ..mose | Djedneferre Dedumose | i-m-s-s | //-F31-S29-Z5 | |
23 | ..maat..re Ibi | Ibi | ..mAat-ra-ibi | <-N5-//-X1-H6->-G7-M17-E8-M17-A1 | |
24 | Webenre Hor | Webenre Hor | ..wbn-Hr | <-N5-//-G43-D58-N35:N5->-G7-G5 | |
25 | Se..kare | Se..kare | s..kA-ra | N5-S29-//-D28-Z1-G7 | |
26 | ..enre | Seheqenre Sankhptahi | ..enra | N5-//-Y1:N35 | |
Ninth Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | Nehesy | Nehesy | nḥsi | G21-V28-S29-Z4-T14 | |
2 | Khatyre | Khatyre | xa.ti-ra | N5-N28:D36*Y1-U33-Z4 | |
3 | Nebfaure | Nebfautre | nb-fAw-t-ra | N5-V30:I9-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2 | |
4 | Sehabre | Sehebre | sHb-ra | N5-S29-V28-b-W3:N5 | |
5 | Merdjefare | Merdjefare | mr-DfA-ra | N5-U7:D21-G42-G41:G37 | |
6 | Sewadjkare | Sewadjkare III | swAD-kA-ra | N5-S29-M13-D28-Z1 | |
7 | Neb("erased")re | Nebdjefare | nb-DfA-ra | N5-N5:V30-I10:I9-G42-Z7-G41:G37 | |
8 | Webenre | Webenre | wbn-ra | N5-Z7-D58-N35:N5-G7 | |
10 | ("erased")re | ..re | ..ra..dfA | N5-//-G41:G37 | |
11 | ("erased")webenre | ..webenre | ..wbn..ra | //-D58#3-N35:N5-G7 | |
12 | Autibre | Autibre | Aw-t-ib-ra | N5-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2-F34-Z1 | |
13 | Heribre | Heribre | hr-ib-ra | N5-O4-D21:Y1-F34-Z1 | |
14 | Nebsenra | Nebsenre | nb-sn-ra | N5-V30-S29-N35:Z2 | |
16 | Sekheperenre | Sekheperenre | s-xpr-n-ra | N5-S29-L1-D21:N35 | |
17 | Djedkherure | Djedkherure | Dd-xrw-ra | N5-R11-G7-P8-Z7 | |
18 | Seankhibre | Seankhibre | s-anx-ib-ra | N5-S29-S34-N35:Aa1-F34-Z1 | |
19 | (Ka)nefertemre | Kanefertemre | kA-nfr-tm-ra | N5-F35-X1:U15-//-G7 | |
20 | Sekhem..re | Sekhem..re | sxm..ra | N5-S42-G17-// | |
21 | Ka..kemure | Kakemure | kA..kmw-ra | N5-D28-D52:E1-//-I6-Z7:X1-E1 | |
22 | Neferib..re | Neferibre | nfr-ib-ra | N5-F35-F34-// | |
23 | Dj..re | Sewadjare Mentuhotep | i..ra | N5-M17-A2-// | |
24 | Kha..re | Kha..re | xa..ra | N5-N28:D36*Y1-// | |
25 | Aakare | Aakare | aA-kA-ra | N5-O29v-D28-// | |
26 | Semen..re | Semen..re | smn..ra | N5-S29-Y5:N35-// | |
27 | Djed..re | Djed..re | Dd..ra | <-N5-R11-R11-// | |
29 | Anati | Anati | in-nti | <-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-V30:N35-N35:G1-U33-M17-D54 | |
30 | ..ka.. Bebnem | Bebnum | ..kA..bbnm | <-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-D58-D58-N35:Z2-G17-D54 | |
Tenth Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
7 | Senefer..re | Senefer..re | s-nfr..ra | N5-S29-F35-// | |
8 | Men(ib)..re | Men..re | mn-ib..ra | N5-Y5:N35-ib*Z1#1234 | |
9 | Djed.. | Djed.. | Dd.. | R11*R11#34-// | |
13 | Inenek | Inenek | in-n-k | M17-K1:N35:V31A-// | |
14 | Ineb | Ineb | inbi | M17-A1-V30-// | |
15 | Ip.. | 'Apepi | ip.. | M17-A1-Q3-// | |
16 | Hab | Hab | hbi | M17-O4-G1-D58 | |
17 | Penensetensepet | Penensetensepet | pnnstt-n-spt | Q3:N35:N35-S29-K3:X1*X1-N35-S29-Q3:X1 | |
18 | Kherethebshepesu | Kherethebshepesu | xrt-Hb-Spsw | <-T28:D21-W3:X1*B1-Z3A-A50-Z3A-//-> | |
19 | Khut..hemet | Khut..hemet | xw..Hmt.. | <-Aa1:D43-Z7-//-N42:X1-B1-//-> | |
27 | [lost] | Apepi [12] | - | - | |
28 | Khamudi | Khamudi | xA-mdw-i | xA-A-m-Z7-d:y-T14 | |
29 | Zeket.. | Zeket.. | skt.. | <-O34:V31:X1*Z5-//-Z1-G7-//-> | |
30 | Ar.. | Ar.. | Ar.. | <-D36:D21-//-> | |
31 | ..nia.. | ..nia.. | ..niA.. | //-G7-N35-M17-G1-// | |
Eleventh Column | |||||
Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
1 | Sekhem..re | Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuti | sxm..ra | <-N5-S42-Z1-//-> | |
2 | Sekhem..re | Sekhemre Susertawi Sobekhotep VIII | sxm..ra | <-N5-S42-Z1-G7-//-> | |
3 | Sekhemre S.. | Sekhemre Sankhtawy Neferhotep III | sxm-ra-s.. | <-N5-S42-Z1-G7-S29-//-> | |
4 | Sewadjenre.. | Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I | swAD-n-ra.. | <-N5-S29-M13-N35:.#234-//-> | |
5 | Nebiriaure | Nebiriaure | nb-iri-Aw-ra | #b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e | |
6 | Nebiretaure | Nebiretaure | nb-iri-Awt-ra | #b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-X1:.-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e | |
7 | Semenre | Semenre | smn-ra | #b-<-N5-S29-Y5:N35-U32-Y1:.*Z1->#e | |
8 | Seuserre.. | Seuserenre Bebiankh | s-wsr-ra.. | #b-<-N5-S29-F12-S29-D21:D36->#e | |
9 | Sekhemre Shedwaset | Sekhemre Shedwaset | sxm-ra-Sd-wAst | <-N5-S42-F30:D46-A24-R19-X1:O49-G7-> | |
16 | Woser..re | Woseribre Senebkay | wsr..ra | <-N5-F12-D21:.#1234-//-> | |
17 | Woser.. | Woser.. | wsr.. | <-F12#3-//-> | |
26 | [...]hebre | [...]hebre | ...-hb-ra | ||
30 | [...]hebre | [...]hebre | ...-hb-ra | ||
31 | [...]webenre | [...]webenre | ...-wbn-ra |
Merneferre Ay was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the mid 13th Dynasty. The longest reigning pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty, he ruled a likely fragmented Egypt for over 23 years in the early to mid 17th century BC. A pyramidion bearing his name shows that he possibly completed a pyramid, probably located in the necropolis of Memphis.
Khepermaatre Ramesses X was the ninth pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His birth name was Amonhirkhepeshef. His prenomen or throne name, Khepermaatre, means "The Justice of Re Abides."
The Eighth Dynasty of ancient Egypt is a poorly known and short-lived line of pharaohs reigning in rapid succession in the early 22nd century BC, likely with their seat of power in Memphis. The Eighth Dynasty held sway at a time referred to as the very end of the Old Kingdom or the beginning of the First Intermediate Period. The power of the pharaohs was waning while that of the provincial governors, known as nomarchs, was increasingly important, the Egyptian state having by then effectively turned into a feudal system. In spite of close relations between the Memphite kings and powerful nomarchs, notably in Coptos, the Eighth Dynasty was eventually overthrown by the nomarchs of Heracleopolis Magna, who founded the Ninth Dynasty. The Eighth Dynasty is sometimes combined with the preceding Seventh Dynasty, owing to the lack of archeological evidence for the latter which may be fictitious.
The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for 70 years.
Hor Awibre was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom.
Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw was a minor king of the early 13th Dynasty during the late Middle Kingdom. He apparently had a short reign and is mainly attested in the Memphis-Faiyum region in Egypt.
Semenkare Nebnuni is a poorly attested pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. He is mainly known for his position in the Turin King List.
Khaankhre Sobekhotep was a pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. His chronological position is much debated. In literature, Khaankhre Sobekhotep is known as Sobekhotep I. However, he is now believed to be Sobekhotep II or Sobekhotep IV.
Nubkheperre Intef was an Egyptian king of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt at Thebes during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided by rival dynasties including the Hyksos in Lower Egypt.
Seankhibre Ameny Antef Amenemhat VI was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early Thirteenth Dynasty.
Iufni was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.
Sewadjkare was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the early Second Intermediate Period.
Seth Meribre was an Ancient Egyptian petty king during the early 13th Dynasty during the late Middle Kingdom.
Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.
Sewahenre Senebmiu is a poorly attested Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period, thought to belong to the late 13th Dynasty.
Merkare was an Egyptian pharaoh of the late 13th Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period reigning for a short while, some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC.
Bebnum is a poorly known ruler of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, reigning in the early or mid 17th century BC.
'Apepi was a ruler of some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1650 BC. According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, 'Apepi was the fifty-first ruler of the 14th Dynasty. As such he would have ruled from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the Western Delta as well. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty.
Netjerkare Siptah was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the seventh and last ruler of the Sixth Dynasty. Alternatively some scholars classify him as the first king of the Seventh or Eighth Dynasty. As the last king of the 6th Dynasty, Netjerkare Siptah is considered by some Egyptologists to be the last king of the Old Kingdom period.
Nebsenre was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 14th Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Nebsenre reigned for a least five months over the Eastern and possibly Western Nile Delta, some time during the first half of the 17th century BCE. As such Nebsenre was a contemporary of the Memphis based 13th Dynasty.