Women in warfare and the military (1945–1999)

This list is about women in warfare and the military from 1945 to 1999, worldwide.

For the United States specifically, see Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1950 to 1999 . Also see Women in the Vietnam War.

Netiva Ben-Yehuda

Li Zhen

Rawya Ateya

Hassiba Ben Bouali

Ani Pachen

Dilma Rousseff

Dương Thu Hương

Tamara Bunke

Aminta Granera

Fay Chung

Gioconda Belli

Joyce Mujuru

Đặng Thùy Trâm

Roza Papo

Gioconda Belli

Nora Astorga

Comandanta Ramona

1945–1949

• 1948 Netiva Ben-Yehuda fights in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. ^[1]
• 1948 Moheba Khorsheed leads an all-female Palestinian brigade in the 1948 Palestine War ^[2]

1950s

• 1950: Hate Woman of the Kainai Nation died. When she married her husband Weasel Tail, she loved him so much that she refused to let him go into battle without her, so that they would never die apart. She went on five raids armed with a six-shooter. On one raid, she stole a saddle, an ammunition bag, and a war club. After another raid, she, her husband and one other man returned with fourteen good horses. Hate Woman was asked to tell her adventures at the Sun Dance celebration, an unusual honor. ^[3]
• 1950: Blanca Canales leads the Jayuya Uprising in Puerto Rico against the federal government of the United States. ^[4]
• 1950: Korean War. Women's Army Corps is created in Korea. ^[5]
• 1950: The Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force was reestablished and allowed to use a Royal prefix to be called WRAAF. ^[6]
• 1950: The Women's Royal Australian Army Corps was founded in place of the Australian Women's Army Service. ^[6]
• 1951: The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service was reestablished. ^[6]
• 1951: Yael Rom (Hebrew : יעל רום; 1932–2006), born Yael Finkelstein, was one of the first female pilots of the Israeli Air Force and the first trained and certified by the force. Rom received her wings on December 27, 1951, graduating the IAF's 5th flying course. ^[7]
• 1953: Korean War ends. Women start serving in the South Korean military. ^[8]
• 1953–1959: Cuban women fight in the Cuban Revolution led by Celia Sánchez Mandulay, among them Haydée Santamaría.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1955: Private Esther Arditi becomes the first female soldier to be awarded an IDF decoration, the Medal of Distinguished Service.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1955: August 22, 1955: Vijayalakshmi Ramanan became the Indian Air Force's first female officer; she was commissioned in the Army Medical Corps on August 22, 1955, and was seconded to the Air Force with effect from the same day. ^[9]
• September 27, 1955: Chinese Li Zhen is given the 1st Class Order of Liberation granted the rank of Major General. ^[10]
• 1956: Rawya Ateya became the first woman to be commissioned as an officer in the Liberation Army. She played an active role in the Suez War, during which Egypt was invaded by the United Kingdom, France and Israel. She helped train 4,000 women in first aid and nursing amid the war. ^{[11] [12]} She held the rank of captain in a women's commando unit. ^[13]
• 1956–1957: Battle of Algiers (1956–1957) takes place. Several women participate, including Hassiba Ben Bouali, ^[14] and Zohra Drif. ^[15]
• 1958–1960: Tibetan Buddhist nun Ani Pachen leads her clan in armed rebellion against the Chinese. ^[16]
• 1958^{[ citation needed ]}: Dương Thu Hương leads a communist youth brigade for ten years in the Vietnam War. She later became a political dissident and is now living in exile from Vietnam. ^[17]

1960s

• 1960: Margaret George Shello is commonly believed to have been the first female Peshmerga; she joined the Peshmerga in 1960. ^[18]
• 1961: Josephine Okwuekeleke Tolefe was the first female Commissioned Officer in the Nigerian Army; she was granted Short Service Commission on February 7, 1961, in the rank of Second Lieutenant with seniority in the rank with effect from same date. ^[19]
• 1961–1964: Phung Le Ly fights for the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, an experience she chronicles in her memoir When Heaven and Earth Changed Places . ^[20]
• 1963: Josephine Okwuekeleke Tolefe became the first woman to attain the rank of an Army Captain in Nigeria, which she attained on June 1, 1963. ^[19]
• 1965: The government decided to let women be employed in the Canadian military with a fixed ceiling of 1,500 (which was 1.5% of the military at that time.) ^[21]
• 1967: Dilma Rousseff fights as a guerrilla in Brazil. She later became Brazil's first female president. ^[22]
• August 31, 1967: Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider, alias Tania the Guerrilla, communist revolutionary, is killed battling Bolivian soldiers. ^[23]
• 1969: Annapurna Kunwar became the first female officer in the Nepali Army to para jump. ^[24]

1970s

• 1970s: Aminta Granera abandons her training as a nun to join the Sandinistas and fight against Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. ^[25]
• 1970s: Fay Chung joins ZANU. ^[26]
• June 22, 1970: Đặng Thùy Trâm, a Vietnamese military doctor, is killed by United States forces while defending a hospital. Her wartime diaries are published in 2005.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1971: Taramon Bibi fights Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1973: Roza Papo, Yugoslav military physician, becomes the first female general on the Balkan Peninsula.
• 1973: Colonel Joan Fitzgerald became the first Canadian military woman to graduate from the National Defence College. ^[21]
• February 17, 1974: Zimbabwean politician Joice Mujuru shoots down a helicopter with a machine gun during the Rhodesian Bush War. She eventually takes the nom-du-guerre Teurai Ropa ("Spill Blood"), and then rose to become one of the first women commanders in Mugabe's ZANLA forces.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1974: Maj. Wendy Clay, a doctor, qualifies for her pilot's wings in the Canadian military six years before the pilot classification is opened to all women. ^[27]
• 1975: Nicaraguan Gioconda Belli is forced into exile for her activities as a Sandinista.^{[ citation needed ] [28]}
• 1976: Gertrude Alice Ram becomes the first Indian woman general officer. Appointed Director of Military Nursing Service. Third army in the world to have women general officers. ^[29]
• 1977: The navy of Japan accepted its first female recruits. ^[30]
• 1977: The Women's Royal Australian Air Force was absorbed into the mainstream RAAF. ^[6]
• 1978: Cpl. Gail Toupin becomes the first female member of the SkyHawks, the Canadian Army's skydiving demonstration team. ^[27]
• 1979: Nora Astorga acts as a guerrilla fighter in the Nicaraguan Revolution.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1979: Canadian military colleges opened to women. ^[21]
• 1979: 81 of 127 Canadian military trades opened to women. ^[21]
• 1979: Australian women in the military got equal pay. ^[6]
• 1979: The Women's Royal Australian Army Corps started being absorbed into the regular army. ^[6]
• 1979: Agnes Fong Sock Har became the first woman to hold the appointment of a commanding officer in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) when she took command of the first Air Supply Base in 1979. ^[31]

1980s

• 1981: 2nd Lieut. Inge Plug becomes the first female helicopter pilot in the Canadian military. ^[27]
• 1981: Lieut. Karen McCrimmon becomes the Canadian Forces' first female air navigator. ^[27]
• 1985: Women have been allowed into almost all operational functions of Norway's Armed Forces since 1985. The exceptions are the para-rangers and marine commandos, because as of 2011 no woman has met the entry requirements. ^[32]
• 1985: The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service was completely integrated into the Royal Australian Navy. ^[6]
• 1986: Rebecca Mpagi joined the National Resistance Army; she was the first Ugandan woman to join the army as a military pilot. ^[33]
• 1986–1987: Alice Auma leads a rebellion against Ugandan government forces.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1987: The first two female Royal Australian Air Force pilots enlisted: Robyn Williams and Deborah Hicks. ^[6]
• 1988: Col. Sheila A. Hellstrom is the first female graduate of National Defence College in Canada. She becomes the first Canadian Regular Force woman to be promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. ^[27]
• 1988: First female gunners in the Canadian Regular Force graduate from qualification 3 training. ^[27]
• January 19, 1989: Canadian Forces soldier Heather Erxleben becomes the first female to graduate from a Regular Force infantry trades training course. ^[34]
• 1989: Maj. Dee Brasseur became the first Canadian female fighter pilot of a CF-18 Hornet. ^[27]
• 1989: The Canadian Human Rights Commission ruled that all obstacles to women's access to any military job must be removed, except for service aboard submarines and Catholic chaplains. ^[21]
• 1989: Lorraine Francis Orthlieb became the first woman in the Canadian military to reach Commodore. ^[21]
• Late 1980s: Latifa and Lailuma Nabizada become the first female graduates of the Afghan Airforce Academy. Lailuma eventually died in childbirth, making Latifa the first female pilot in Afghan history. ^[35]

1990s

• Early 1990s: Jo Salter becomes the Royal Air Force's first female fighter pilot. ^[36]
• 1991: HMCS Nipigon becomes the first Canadian mixed-gender warship to participate in exercises with NATO's Standing Naval Forces Atlantic. ^[27]
• 1991: Lieut. Anne Reiffenstein (née Proctor), Lieut. Holly Brown and Capt. Linda Shrum graduate from artillery training as the first female officers in the combat arms in Canada. ^[27]
• 1992: On July 13, 1992, 22 women began their naval training at INS Mandovi in Goa to become the first commissioned officers in the Indian defence forces. Prior to 1992, the Indian Navy enlisted women only in the role of doctor. ^[37]
• 1992: Marlene Shillingford became the first woman to join the Snowbirds team in the Canadian military. ^[21]
• 1992: The Australia government declared women could serve in all Army, Navy and Air Force units, except direct combat units. ^[6]
• 1993: Lieut. (N) Leanne Crowe is the first woman in Canada to qualify as a clearance diving officer and is subsequently the first woman to become Officer Commanding of the Experimental Diving Unit. ^[27]
• January 1, 1994: Comandanta Ramona, an officer of Zapatista Army of National Liberation, takes control of San Cristóbal de las Casas, a Mexican city.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1994: The Military University of Mongolia begins recruiting female cadets in 1994. Bolor Ganbold is the first female cadet to be recruited. ^[38]
• 1994: Maj.-Gen. Wendy Clay becomes the first woman in Canada promoted to that rank. ^[27]
• 1994: Women officers have been allowed to do Short Service Commission in the Indian Air Force since 1994. ^[39]
• 1995: Chief Warrant Officer Linda Smith is the first woman to be named Wing Chief Warrant Officer in the Canadian Forces, at 17 Wing Winnipeg. ^[27]
• 1995: Chief Petty Officer, 2nd Class Holly Kisbee becomes the first woman Combat Chief of a major warship in Canada. ^[27]
• 1995: Maj. Micky Colton becomes the first female pilot in Canada to complete 10,000 flying hours in a Hercules aircraft. ^[27]
• 1995: A Norwegian woman, Solveig Krey, became the first female commanding officer of a submarine in the world when she took command of the first Kobben-class submarine on September 11, 1995. ^[40]
• 1995: Lieut. Ruth-Ann Shamuhn of 5 Combat Engineer Regiment becomes the first female combat diver in Canada. ^[27]
• 1995: The Royal Norwegian Navy became the first navy in the world to appoint a female submarine captain.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1996: Law 26628 was adopted in 1996 in Peru. This law opened the Armed Forces’ training schools for officers and noncommissioned officers to women. ^[41]
• 1996: Wafa Dabbagh became the first Canadian Armed Forces member to wear a hijab. ^[42]
• 1997: The first woman officers to be posted on board a warship in the Indian navy were Surgeon Commander Vinita Tomar and Sub Lieutenant Rajeshwari Kori, who in 1997 were posted on INS Jyoti, a fleet support vessel. ^[43]
• 1997: Pyeon Bo-ra, Jang Se-jin, and Park Ji-yeon became the first women to enter South Korea's Air Force Academy, and as such were called the "first female red mufflers". ^[44]
• 1998: The Australian Navy became the second nation to allow women to serve on combat submarines. Canada and Spain followed in permitting women to serve on military submarines.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1998: A woman became the first female commanding officer of a naval shore establishment in the Australian military. ^[6]
• 1998: Brigadier Patricia Purves becomes the first British one-star general selected in open competition across the British Army. (The Women's Royal Army Corps, disbanded in 1992, had a 'tied' brigadier appointment.)^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1998: Although women had served as pilots during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and a few years thereafter, the Israel Defense Forces had until 1995 denied women the opportunity to become pilots. After the prohibition was lifted, the first female graduate was F-16 navigator "Shari" in 1998. ^[7]
• January 1999: Indonesian woman Cut Syamsurniati successfully leads a group of women to negotiate with the military when her village is attacked. ^[45]
• 1999: Arlene dela Cruz became the first woman to graduate at the top of her class at the Philippine Military Academy. ^[46]
• 1999: Australia obtained its first female Navy pilot. ^[6]

See also

• Women in warfare and the military (1900–1945)
• Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)

References

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2. Koutteineh, Farrah. "International Women's Day: When Palestinian women brought Israel's occupation to the brink of collapse". The New Arab.
3. • Hungry Wolf, Beverly, The Ways of My Grandmothers, pp.  59–60, 112
4. Ricanness: Enduring Time in Anticolonial Performance Sandra Ruiz · 2019 p. 64
5. "Women in the Military: a Bastion of Equal Opportunities". The Chosun Ilbo . September 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 3, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
6. Ford, Mazoe (April 21, 2015). "Timeline: Key milestones for women in the Australian Defence Force – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
7. Norton, Bill (2004). Air War on the Edge – A History of the Israel Air Force and its Aircraft since 1947. Midland Publishing. p. 105. ISBN   1857800885.
8. "S. Korea gets its 1st female fighter pilots". Kyodo News International, Inc., Gale Group. September 30, 2002. Retrieved June 25, 2008.^{[ dead link ]}
9. "IAF's first woman officer Vijayalakshmi Ramanan (retd) dies at 96". The Indian Express. October 21, 2020.
10. Wu 吴, Zhife 志菲 (2003). "Li Zhen: cong tongyangxi dao kaiguo jiangjun 李贞：从童养媳到开国将军". Renmin Wang. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
11. Goldschmidt 2000, p. 26
12. Karam 1998, p. 44
13. Sullivan 1986
14. Historical Dictionary of Algeria By Phillip C. Naylor, p. 71
15. Assia Djebar: Out of Algeria By Jane Hiddleston p. 36
16. Pachen; Donnelley, Adelaide (2000). Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun. New York: Kodansha International.
17. Encyclopedia of Censorship By Jonathon Green, Nicholas J. Karolides p. 157
18. "Grave of first female Peshmerga renovated". Rudaw.net. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
19. Ogwuda, Austin (December 10, 2011). "Meet the first female army officer in Nigeria". Just Human. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
20. When Heaven and Earth Changed Places, by Le Ly Hayslip
21. "Timeline – Women and War – Remembering those who served – Remembrance – Veterans Affairs Canada". Veterans.gc.ca. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
22. "Ex-Guerrilla to be Brazil's First Female President". Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2014. by Bradley Brooks, Associated Press , October 31, 2010. Retrieved from Internet Archive January 11, 2014.
23. Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider: the woman who died with Che Guevara ^{[ dead link ]} by Christine Toomey, The Sunday Times , August 10, 2008
24. "Radhika Thapa becomes first female soldier to complete Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare Training (With a list of first females in Nepal Army)". My Republica.
25. "Los "pecados" de Granera". La Prensa . October 6, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
26. Re-living the Second Chimurenga: Memories from Zimbabwe's Liberation Struggle By Fay Chung
27. "Women in the Canadian military". CBC News. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
28. "Revista Envío – Women, Poetry, New Nicaraguan Culture". www.envio.org.ni. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
29. "India's First Woman General" (PDF). archive.pib.gov.in. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
30. Emiko, By. "Answering the call: The women on the front lines of Japan's defense". Wtva.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
31. "Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum – Our Air Force Story (1970s)". www.mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
32. "Women in the military – international". CBC News Online. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
33. Okwera, Oyet (June 13, 2012). "Uganda: First Woman Military Pilot (Page 1 of 3)". allAfrica.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
34. Forster, Merna M. (2004). "This Month in Canadian Herstory: January". heroines.ca: A Guide to Women in Canadian History. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
35. Shafi, Ahmad (September 15, 2011). "A Long, Turbulent Journey For Afghan Female Pilot". NPR. Archived from the original on December 13, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
36. Smyth, Chris (June 18, 2008). "Women on the front line". London: Times Online. Retrieved June 25, 2008.^{[ dead link ]}
37. "20 yrs on, first women naval officers meet in Goa". The Times Of India. July 15, 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
38. "Interview With Bolor Ganbold, Mongolia's First Female General". thediplomat.com.
39. "The Indian Air Force Just Got its First Female Flight Commander". VICE. August 28, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
40. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
41. "First Woman Advisor to the Peruvian Army's General Command Secretariat". June 14, 2022.
42. "Canadian Armed Forces and women over the years". Canadian Military Family Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
43. "Will be eyes & ears of fleet, say Navy's first woman air combatants to operate from warship". September 29, 2020.^{[ dead link ]}
44. "First South Korean female pilots become battalion commanders". Donga.com. December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
45. Marshall, Andrew (April 28, 2003). "Cut Syamsurniati: In Aceh, a woman warrior fights against fear". TIME Magazine . Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
46. "PMA's 1st woman topnotcher laid to rest | News | GMA News Online | The Go-To Site for Filipinos Everywhere". Gmanetwork.com. December 12, 2008. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2013.

Further reading

• Campbell, DAnn, and Karen Hagemann. "Post-1945 Western Militaries, Female Soldiers and Gay and Lesbian Rights" in The Oxford Handbook of Gender, War, and the Western World since 1600 (2020).
• Carreiras, Helena. Gender and the military: Women in the armed forces of western democracies (Routledge, 2006).
• Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN   978-9774245794. OCLC   237384904.
• Herbert, Melissa S. "Feminism, militarism, and attitudes toward the role of women in the military." Feminist Issues 14.2 (1994): 25–48.
• Karam, Azza M. (1998). Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (snippet view). Handbook series. Vol. 2. Stockholm: International IDEA. ISBN   978-9189098190. OCLC   186101396.
• Kennedy‐Pipe, Caroline. "Women and the Military." Journal of strategic studies 23.4 (2000): 32–50.