Women in Kazakhstan

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Women in Kazakhstan
ISS-34 Women in ceremonial Kazakh dress.jpg
Kazakh women wearing ceremonial dress
General Statistics
Maternal mortality  (per 100,000)51 (2010)
Women in parliament 18.2% (2012)
Women over 25 with secondary education 99.3% (2010)
Women in labour force66.6% (2011)
Gender Inequality Index [1]
Value0.161 (2021)
Rank41st out of 191
Global Gender Gap Index [2]
Value0.719 (2022)
Rank65th out of 146

Women in Kazakhstan are women who live in or are from Kazakhstan. Their position in society has been and is influenced by a variety of factors, including local traditions and customs, decades of Soviet regime, rapid social and economic changes and instability after independence, and new emerging Western values.

Contents

Historical context

Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991, after being a part of the Soviet Union for more than 70 years. Following its independence, Kazakhstan's economy, being in a period of transition, experienced, particularly in the 1990s, a strong decline and destabilization: by 1995 real GDP dropped to 61,4% of its 1990 level, resulting also in a brain drain. [3] [4] This situation of economic depression, coupled with emerging traditionalist views on women's roles in society, has had a negative effect on women. Nevertheless, the 1990s also had some positives for women, such as the accession to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1998. [5] After its independence, Kazakhstan inherited an education system which was quite developed, but during the period of transition, shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union, the education sector suffered serious losses, was continuously under-funded, and school closures, especially in rural areas, were common. [6] However, today the literacy rate of women in Kazakhstan is among the highest in the world at 99.8%, similar to that of men (as of 2015). [7]

The “Concept of state demographic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan” was ratified in 2000, which prioritized demographic problems on the same line with national security issues. It allowed addressing the issues of population rise and women's rights in accordance with the long run political model "Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy." [8]

Reproductive health and fertility

The maternal mortality rate in Kazakhstan is 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 estimate). [7] The total fertility rate is 2.31 children born/woman (as of 2015), [7] which is slightly above the replacement rate. [7] The contraceptive prevalence rate is 51% (2010/11). [7]

Forced marriage and bride kidnapping

Forced marriage and bride kidnapping are problems with which women and girls are confronted in Kazakhstan, although their exact prevalence is not known. [9] [10] In Kazakhstan, bride kidnapping ( alyp qashu ) is divided into non-consensual and consensual abductions, kelisimsiz alyp qashu ("to take and run without agreement") and kelissimmen alyp qashu ("to take and run with agreement"), respectively. [11] Some kidnappers are motivated by the wish to avoid paying a bride price. [12]

Sex trafficking

Citizen and foreign women and girls have been victims of sex trafficking in Kazakhstan. They are raped and physically and psychologically harmed in brothels, businesses, hotels, homes, and other locations throughout the country. [13] [14] [15] [9] Dinara Smailova established NeMolchiKz in 2016 to support victims of sexual violence, as well as domestic abuse. [16]

Women's rights

The government reported to the United Nations their plan 2006-2016 Strategy for Gender Equality in Kazakhstan. [17] In 2009 Kazakhstan introduced the law "On Prevention of Domestic Violence." The law provides comprehensive measures to prevent all forms of violence against women. [18]

International Women's Day is an official state holiday in Kazakhstan. [19]

According to the “Youth of Central Asia. Kazakhstan” report prepared by the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Research Institute Public Opinion, 84.8% of the youth think women in Kazakhstan have enough rights. [20]

The World Bank's Women, Business and the Law report for 2023 shows that women in Kazakhstan enjoy only 75.6% of the rights that men do, placing the country below the world average of 77.1%. [21]

Kazakhstan was ranked 30th out of 144 countries in gender equality in a 2016 report conducted by nonprofit organization Save the Children. The ranking places Kazakhstan ahead of countries such as the U.S. and Japan. [22] Kazakhstan ranked 51st out of 144 countries in the World Economic Forum's 2017 Gender Equality Index. [23]

Women in government

Women are increasingly holding high-ranking political and government positions. [24] In December 2009 Kazakhstan adopted the law "On the state guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women", which stipulates equal access of men and women to civil service. [25] There are 28 women in Kazakhstan's 154-seat Parliament, and women represent 25.2 percent of the lower house of parliament. [26] As of March 2017, the share of women in the lower house of parliament was 27%, which is 10% higher than ten years before. [27]

Kazakhstan's first female presidential candidate Dania Espaeva participated in the 2019 presidential elections. As a Mazhilis MP, Espaeva was nominated from the Ak Zhol Democratic Party and was one of seven candidates. [28]

Women represent 22% of the deputies of the mäslihats (local assemblies) and 47% of the officials in the judiciary sector. [29]

Prior to the 2021 Mäjilis elections, women represented 22% of the Kazakh Parliament. At the end of 2020, Kazakhstan introduced a 30 percent quota to increase the representation of women and youth among candidates for Parliament and Maslikhat deputies at all levels. The initiative is expected to increase women's representation in the Government and promote women's rights protection. [30]

Women in law enforcement and military

Female soldier of the Army of Kazakhstan Female soldier of the Army of Kazakhstan.JPEG
Female soldier of the Army of Kazakhstan

Law enforcement and military careers are considered non-traditional fields for women. It is estimated that somewhere between 6-12% of police officers in Kazakhstan are women. [31] [32] In 1999 a dedicated domestic violence unit was established in Kazakhstan, but due to limited training and resources, this program did not meet expectations and local demand. Recently, Florida State University has been working with the Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan and the Almaty City Police Department to provide high quality training on domestic violence. [32] This program, funded by the US Department of State, has brought US-based experts on domestic violence response, researchers of gender issues and experts from local NGOs in Kazakhstan together to improve police training on domestic violence.

There are approximately 8,000-8,500 women serving in the Kazakh army. [33] Of those women, 750 are officers. [34] The Ministry of Defence has been working to promote women in the military through educational programs and career advancement opportunities. Only 2.1% of leadership positions within the Ministry of Defence are held by women. [31] The Ministry of Defence also hosts Batyr Arular, which is a nationwide competition for service men and women, showcasing their combat skills, combat readiness and overall physical ability. Batyr Arular gives awards for the best service women. [35]

Women in business

In Kazakhstan 28% of manufacturing firms have female ownership. [36] 1.44 million women are engaged in business in Kazakhstan. [37] 44% of the country's small and medium-sized businesses are now run by women. [27]

Kazakhstan's first women's NGO, the Association of Business Women of Kazakhstan, holds regular summits dedicated to women in business and women's rights. The IV Eurasian Women's Summit was held in Astana in November 2015. [38] During the IV Eurasian Women's Summit, EBRD launched Women in Business programme. Under the programme, EBRD allocates multi-million loans to women-led SME's and assists them with accessing finance and business advice. [39] The EBRD signed the first credit line under the programme in September 2016, providing 3.72 billion tenge (approximately US$20 million) to Bank CenterCredit for on-lending to women-led SMEs. [40]

As of 2019, the EBRD with partner financial institutions provided 21,281 sub-loans worth 28.9 billion tenge (US$76 million) to women-led enterprises in Kazakhstan. The EBRD also implements the Women in Microbusiness programme for 350 women entrepreneurs from 14 Kazakh regions to improve their access to efficient business tools and modernize how they do business. [41]

One of the sessions of Astana Economic Forum in 2015 was dedicated to the International Women's Forum organised by the Kazakh Association of Business Women (ABW). The session was specifically dedicated to the economic benefits of gender equality in Central Asia and Afghanistan. [42]

In 2016 Kazakhstan held its first Women's Entrepreneurship Day (WED) on Nov. 19. WED is a global women's entrepreneurship support initiative launched in 2014 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. [43]

Asian Development Bank implements a programme in Kazakhstan that supports small and medium-sized businesses. One-third of lending provided by the Bank was directed to women and 750 projects worth 51.9 billion tenge (US$155 million) were financed. [44]

As of 2020, women account for 5% of the management in Kazakhstan's state-owned companies. [29] On October 22, 2020, Kazakhstan President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev tasked the Government to gradually increase the proportion from 5 to 30%. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhstan</span> Landlocked country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty. Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre. Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian community.

The economy of Kazakhstan is the largest in Central Asia in both absolute and per capita terms. In 2021, Kazakhstan attracted more than US$370 billion of foreign investments since becoming an independent republic after the collapse of the former Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan</span> Combined military forces of Kazakhstan

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the unified armed forces of Kazakhstan. It consists of three branches as well as four independent formations. The National Guard, Civil Defense, Border Service and the State Security Service serve as militarized affiliates of the armed forces. The national defence policy aims are based on the Constitution of Kazakhstan. They guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its land area, territorial waters and airspace and its constitutional order. The armed forces of Kazakhstan act under the authority of the Kazakhstan Ministry of Defence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Kazakhstan</span>

Foreign relations of Kazakhstan are primarily based on economic and political security consideration. The Nazarbayev administration has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially low prices while assisting the U.S. in the War on Terror. Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, North Atlantic Cooperation Council, Commonwealth of Independent States, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and NATO's Partnership for Peace program. Kazakhstan established a customs union with Russia and Belarus which eventually became the Eurasian Economic Union. President Nazarbayev has prioritized economic diplomacy into Kazakhstan's foreign policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astana</span> Capital of Kazakhstan

Astana, formerly known as Nur-Sultan, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Akmola, is the capital city of Kazakhstan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhstani tenge</span> Currency of Kazakhstan

The tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bride kidnapping</span> Practice in which someone abducts the person they wish to marry

Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice in which a man abducts and rapes the woman he wishes to marry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Kazakhstan</span>

Human rights in Kazakhstan are uniformly described as poor by independent observers. Human Rights Watch says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practicing religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader Vladimir Kozlov, remained in detention after unfair trials. Torture remains common in places of detention."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in Kazakhstan</span>

Agriculture in Kazakhstan remains a small scale sector of Kazakhstan's economy. Agriculture's contribution to the GDP is under 10% – it was recorded as 6.7%, and as occupying only 20% of labor. At the same time, more than 70% of its land is occupied in crops and animal husbandry. Compared to North America, a relatively small percentage of land is used for crops, with the percentage being higher in the north of the country. 70% of the agricultural land is permanent pastureland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhstan–United Kingdom relations</span> Bilateral relations

Kazakhstan – United Kingdom relations were formally established on 19 January 1992. The UK opened an embassy in Kazakhstan in October 1992 and Kazakhstan opened an embassy in the UK in February 1996. Kazakhstan's relations with the West have greatly improved in the last few years as the Government has closely cooperated in the U.S.-led War on Terror.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in Kyrgyzstan</span>

Women in Kyrgyzstan traditionally had assigned roles, although only the religious elite sequestered women as was done in other Muslim societies. Rural inhabitants continue the traditional Siberian tribal practice of bride kidnapping. Bride kidnapping, known as ala kachuu, girls as young as 12 years old are kidnapped for forced marriage, by being captured and carried away by groups of men or even relatives who, through violence or deception, take the girl to the abductor's family who forces and coerces the young woman to accept the illegal marriage. In most cases, the young woman is raped immediately in the name of marriage.[8]

The phrase women in business refers to female businesspeople who hold positions, particularly leadership in the fields of commerce, business, and entrepreneurship. It advocates for their increased participation in business.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhstan–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

European Union–Kazakhstan relations are the international relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the common foreign policy and trade relations of the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astana International Forum</span> International platform for dialogue

The Astana International Forum (AIF) is an international and regional platform for dialogue and a nonprofit organization headquartered in Astana, Kazakhstan. Previously called the Astana Economic Forum, it has been organized by the Government of Kazakhstan since 2008. The name change reflects the broader range of topics discussed at the forum, such as climate, food and energy security and is intended to draw of attendees from around the world. The Forum is organized by the Government of Kazakhstan, which includes the Economic Research Institute, Ministry of National Economy and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A meeting is held each year in Astana in which more than eight thousand delegates from one hundred countries are brought together: they include chief executive officers, politicians, journalists, scientists and Nobel Prize laureates.

Nurly Zhol is a US$9 billion domestic economic stimulus plan to develop and modernize roads, railways, ports, IT infrastructure, and education and civil services in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Nurly Zhol plan was announced by Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev in November 2014.

There is enormous potential for renewable energy in Kazakhstan, particularly from wind and small hydropower plants. The Republic of Kazakhstan has the potential to generate 10 times as much power as it currently needs from wind energy alone. But renewable energy accounts for just 0.6 percent of all power installations. Of that, 95 percent comes from small hydropower projects. The main barriers to investment in renewable energy are relatively high financing costs and an absence of uniform feed-in tariffs for electricity from renewable sources. The amount and duration of renewable energy feed-in tariffs are separately evaluated for each project, based on feasibility studies and project-specific generation costs. Power from wind, solar, biomass and water up to 35 MW, plus geothermal sources, are eligible for the tariff and transmission companies are required to purchase the energy of renewable energy producers. An amendment that introduces and clarifies technology-specific tariffs is now being prepared. It is expected to be adopted by Parliament by the end of 2014. In addition, the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business indicator shows the country to be relatively investor-friendly, ranking it in 10th position for investor protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astana International Financial Centre</span> Financial hub in Astana, Kazakhstan

The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) is a financial hub in Astana, Kazakhstan that officially launched on July 5, 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhstan and the United Nations</span>

The Republic of Kazakhstan became a member of the United Nations on March 2, 1992. Kazakhstan was elected to serve on the UN Security Council for the 2017–2018 term. UN Secretary-General António Guterres in remarks to the UNSC recognized Kazakhstan's work to rid the world of weapons of mass destruction and global non-proliferation efforts.

Bride kidnapping is a cultural practice in Kazakhstan, involving the kidnapping of a woman, in order to force the woman to marry the kidnapper.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

  1. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  2. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2022" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  3. ↑ "Economy of Kazakhstan :: Kazakhstan's economic development". www.kazakhstan.orexca.com.
  4. ↑ "Kazakhstan: Selected trade and economic issues" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  5. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection". un.org.
  6. ↑ "UNESCO Office in Bangkok: Sector Wide Challenges". www.unescobkk.org.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 23 December 2021.
  8. ↑ "The Analysis of Women's Marital Rights in Kazakhstan: Challenges of Gender Equality" (PDF). www.nottingham.ac.uk.
  9. 1 2 "The Rise of Non-Consensual Bride Kidnapping in Kazakhstan: Developing a Culturally-Informed and Gender-Sensitive Response". Wilson Center. 2013.
  10. ↑ "Bride Abductions in Kazakhstan and Human Trafficking Discourse: Tradition vs Moral Acuity". OSU News. March 5, 2018.
  11. ↑ Cynthia Werner, "The Rise of Nonconsensual Bride Kidnapping in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan", inThe Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Cornell University Press, 2004: Pauline Jones Luong, ed.), p. 70.
  12. ↑ Werner, pp. 71–72.
  13. ↑ "2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Kazakhstan". U.S. Department of State. 2019.
  14. ↑ "Central Asian women targetted by sex traffickers". BBC News. April 10, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Kazakhstan: A New Destination For Trafficked Women". Radio Free Asia. March 15, 2006.
  16. ↑ "Kazakhstan: Women's Rights Activist Targeted with Dubious Fraud Charges". Human Rights Watch . 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  17. ↑ "WOMEN'S ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE TAKES UP REPORT OF KAZAKHSTAN". United Nations.
  18. ↑ "Statement of Ambassador at Large of Kazakhstan at the 54th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women" (PDF). www.un.org.
  19. ↑ "Official Holidays".
  20. ↑ "Survey shows Kazakh youth are pleased with their country and future". astanatimes.com. 25 April 2016.
  21. ↑ "Kazakhstan Fails to Meet Global Average for Legal Gender Equality - Qazaqstan Monitor". qazmonitor.com. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  22. ↑ "Kazakhstan Ranks 30th among 144 Nations on Gender Equality". astanatimes.com. 20 October 2016.
  23. ↑ "Kazakhstan Makes Strides in Gender Equality". The Astana Times.
  24. ↑ "Kazakh Government Commits to Gender Quotas, Mandatory 30 Percent Women in Politics". The Astana Times.
  25. ↑ "Statement of Ambassador at Large of Kazakhstan at the 54th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women" (PDF). www.un.org.
  26. ↑ "Steppe Sisters: Kazakhstan's Rising Women Politicians". EdgeKZ. 2 December 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Women's contributions give Kazakhstan reason to celebrate". astanatimes.com. 7 March 2017.
  28. ↑ "Kazakhstan's first female presidential candidate sees mass entrepreneurship as vehicle to improve lives". astanatimes.com. 27 May 2019.
  29. 1 2 3 "Share of women in management of state-owned companies to increase to 30% in Kazakhstan". neweurope.eu. 23 October 2020.
  30. ↑ "Majilis Election 2021: Agenda and Effects of Primaries on Electoral Performance". The Astana Times. 10 December 2020.
  31. 1 2 "Gender Equality Statistics for the Republic of Kazakhstan".
  32. 1 2 Gender and Security Toolkit: Policing and Gender. DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN Women. 2019. ISBN   978-92-9222-474-5.
  33. ↑ "8,000 women serve in the Kazakh army".
  34. ↑ "Kazakh army women balance gender and responsibilities". 11 November 2015.
  35. ↑ "Batyr Arular competition announces best servicewomen of 2016". 11 June 2016.
  36. ↑ "Enterprise Surveys - Kazakhstan". World Bank.
  37. ↑ "Women Run About 700,000 Kazakh Enterprises". astanatimes.com. 10 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Astana hosts IV Eurasian Women Summit". www.kazpravda.kz.
  39. ↑ "EBRD launches Women in Business programme for Kazakhstan at Eurasian Women's Summit in Astana". www.ebrd.com.
  40. ↑ "EBRD launches Women in Business programme for Kazakhstan at Eurasian Women's Summit in Astana". www.ebrd.com.
  41. ↑ "EBRD finance for Women in Business programme reaches $561 million". astanatimes.com. 20 July 2019.
  42. ↑ "Forum Empowers 'Soft Power' of Female Entrepreneurs". astanatimes.com. 28 May 2015.
  43. ↑ "Kazakhstan Joins Movement to Empower, Celebrate and Support Women in Business". astanatimes.com. 23 November 2016.
  44. ↑ "Government, financial institutions increase support for women entrepreneurs". astanatimes.com. 11 June 2018.
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