2022 Haitian crisis | ||||
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Part of the Haitian crisis (2018–present) | ||||
Date | 14 September 2022 – 6 November 2022 | |||
Location | ||||
Caused by |
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Goals | Resignation of Ariel Henry | |||
Resulted in |
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The socioeconomic and political crisis in Haiti has been marked by rising energy prices due to the 2022 global energy crisis, as well as protests, and civil unrest against the government of Haiti, armed gang violence, an outbreak of cholera, shortages of fuel and clean drinking water, as well as widespread acute hunger. It is a continuation of instability and protests that began in 2018.
Following the assassination of Haiti's then-president, Jovenel Moïse, on 7 July 2021, Ariel Henry assumed the office of acting prime minister on 20 July. In September 2022, Henry announced that the government would be ending fuel subsidies and that the price of petroleum products would be increasing; this led to protests, including a demonstration in Port-au-Prince that escalated to a riot days later. [2] In response to the government, a federation of over a dozen gangs (known as the G9 Family and Allies) blockaded the Varreux fuel terminal, the country's largest fuel depot. [3] [4] The blockade and the surrounding unrest led to the temporary closure of foreign embassies in Haiti, as well as resource shortages, hospital service reductions, school closures, and workers being unable to commute to work. [5]
On 11 October 2022, Henry and his cabinet requested the deployment of foreign troops to oppose the gangs and anti-government demonstrations in Port-au-Prince. [6] [7] On 15 October, the United States and Mexico sent armored vehicles and military equipment to aid the Haitian government. [8] On 21 October, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to approve sanctions on Haiti, namely an asset freeze, travel bans and arms embargo, aimed at the country's armed gangs. [9] [10]
On 6 November 2022, following two weeks of negotiations with the Haitian government as well as an offensive launched by the Haitian National Police, the G9 gang coalition relinquished control of the Varreux fuel terminal, [11] with G9 leader Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier formally announcing an end to the fuel blockade. [12] [13] [14]
Protests began in cities throughout Haiti on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices. Over time, these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of Jovenel Moïse, the then-president of Haiti. Led by opposition politician Jean-Charles Moïse, protesters stated that their goal is to create a transitional government, provide social programs, and prosecute allegedly corrupt officials. Throughout 2019, 2020, and 2021, hundreds of thousands took part in protests calling for the government to resign. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] On 7 February 2021, supporters of the opposition against the then-incumbent Jovenel Moïse allegedly attempted a coup d'état, leading to 23 arrests, as well as clashes between protestors and police. [20] [21] [22]
On 7 July 2021, president Jovenel Moïse was assassinated, allegedly by a group of 28 foreign mercenaries; three of the suspected assassins were killed and 20 arrested, while a manhunt for the masterminds of the attack remains ongoing. [23] [24] After the acting prime minister, Claude Joseph, stepped down, Ariel Henry was sworn in as his replacement on 20 July 2021. [25] [26] Protestors and civil rights advocates in Haiti have argued that Henry's status as prime minister is illegitimate. [27]
Protests erupted in Haiti on 14 September 2022 in response to rising energy prices and the rising cost of living. [2] Following an announcement by the acting prime minister of Haiti, Ariel Henry, on 11 September that the government would be ending fuel subsidies and that the price of petroleum products would be increasing, demonstrations in the capital city of Port-au-Prince escalated to a riot on 14 September. [2] Protests caused various institutions to temporarily close, including the embassies of Spain and France, and banks. Some protesters also attacked the homes of politicians (including the home of opposition leader André Michel [2] ), businesses, and looted UNICEF warehouses containing humanitarian aid. The United Nations stated that they lost $6,000,000 worth of supplies. [5] [4] [28]
On 12 September, a federation of over a dozen gangs (known as the G9 Family and Allies) [3] responded by digging trenches and placing cargo containers as barriers on the road to the Varreux fuel terminal—Haiti's largest fuel depot, where 70% of the country's fuel is stored [29] —in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil area, blockading it. They demanded that Henry resign and that the government reduce prices for fuel and basic goods. Inflation in Haiti had recently risen around 30 percent, exacerbating the situation. The blockade has caused many gas stations to close; water delivery companies [5] and waste collection services to cease operation; [30] hospitals to reduce services; schools to close; grocery stores and banks to struggle; workers to be unable to commute to work; [5] blackouts; and loss of cell phone service.[ citation needed ] As a result, there is a shortage of fuel and clean drinking water. [31] As of 4 October 2022, a gallon of gas on the black market cost around $30–40. Gangs are powerful in Haiti, with the United Nations estimating that gangs control around 40 percent of Port-au-Prince. [5] [4] [28]
On 25 October, PBS NewsHour foreign affairs and defense correspondent Nick Schifrin reported from Haiti that, in a hospital operated by the humanitarian non-governmental organization (NGO) Médecins Sans Frontières (also known as Doctors Without Borders, or MSF), over one-quarter of patients are gunshot victims injured by armed gangs. [32] That same day, Roberson Alphonse, a journalist for the Port-au-Prince-based newspaper Le Nouvelliste , was hospitalized after being shot in his car while commuting to work. [33] [34] On 30 October, Radio Tele Unique videographer Romelo Vilsaint was among a group who demanded the release of fellow journalist Robest Dimanche, a reporter for Radio Zenith who was detained while covering a protest; police opened fire and threw tear gas at the group, and Vilsaint was struck in the head by a tear gas canister and killed. [35] [36] Vilsaint's death sparked further protests. [36] [37]
Additionally, kidnappings occur [5] [38] "in broad daylight", [32] with some gang members kidnapping Haitians from their cars and holding them for ransom. [32]
In the mid-morning hours of 3 November 2022, the Haitian National Police launched an operation to confront the G9 gang coalition blockading the Varreux fuel terminal, resulting in heavy gunfire. [39] The next day, police were reported to have taken control of the terminal, and were in the process of clearing the roads. [40] According to Reuters, drone images of the entrance to the terminal appeared to show that access had been made clear. [41]
On 5 November 2022, Fritz Dorilas, host of the program Le droit, la loi et la justice (The law and justice) for Radio Télé Megastar, was fatally shot near his home in Port-au-Prince. [36] He is at least the eighth Haitian journalist murdered so far this year. [36]
On 6 November, following two weeks of negotiation between the Haitian government and the G9 Family and Allies, [11] Jimmy Chérizier (known locally by his alias "Babekyou", or "Barbecue"), a former police officer and the leader of G9 gang coalition, formally announced an end to the two-month blockade of the Varreux fuel terminal. [12] [13] [14] In a video circulating online, Chérizier stated, "Once again, the drivers and employees of the Varreux terminal can come down without fear. We've decided among us [...] to allow for the gas to be released." [12] He also asserted that the G9 Family and Allies have not been in negotiation with Henry, despite claims by some politicians to the contrary, and said of the gangs' actions: "This is a fight for a better life. The situation has worsened. [...] We are not responsible for what happened to the country." [12]
The following day, the U.S. Department of State announced reward offers of up to US$1,000,000 each for information leading to the arrest or conviction of three Haitian gang leaders—Lanmò Sanjou, also known as Joseph Wilson; Jermaine Stephenson, or Gaspiyay; and Vitel'Homme Innocent—for their roles in the abduction of a group of Christian missionaries near Port-au-Prince in 2021. [42] [43] [44]
On 9 November 2022, Agence France Presse reported that fuel distribution in Haiti has resumed, with at least 45 tanker trucks of fuel having left the terminal under police escort, en route to factories, hospitals and public facilities. [45] Gas stations reopened in Port-au-Prince on 12 November to excitement in the streets, with tap tap drivers and other Haitian residents pushing their vehicles to the nearest gas station to refuel them. [46]
On 14 November, Henry dismissed Justice Minister Berto Dorcé, as well as the Haitian government's interior minister and its government commissioner. [47] Henry has become Haiti's interior minister in the interim while still serving as prime minister, and Emmelie Prophète Milcé was appointed justice minister. [47] That same day, armed individuals fired shots at a U.S. Embassy convoy composed of vehicles belonging to the U.S. Embassy and Haitian National Police, as well as commercial vehicles. [48] A Haitian driver was injured, but no police or embassy personnel were reported harmed. [49] A local media report [50] and an anonymous security source [48] attributed the attack to the 400 Mawozo gang. [48] [50]
An outbreak of cholera in Haiti was reported in October 2022, following a period of three years without a new confirmed case of the disease in the country. [31] The current spread of the disease has been attributed to overcrowded prisons, gang-run slums, and a lack of clean drinking water. [31] [51] On 2 October, Moha Zemrag, a project coordinator for MSF, stated that the majority of Haitian cholera patients currently under observation by MSF are children. [52] By 12 October, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reported at least 35 official deaths from cholera, as well as 600 suspected cases in the areas surrounding Port-au-Prince. [53] On 30 October, Haiti's Ministry of Health reported that the numbers had risen to 55 deaths and 2,243 suspected cases. [54] By 9 November, the ministry reported that the cholera death toll had risen to 136. [55]
Additionally, the World Food Programme (WFP) reported on 14 October that a record 4.7 million people (almost half of the country's population) are currently facing acute hunger in Haiti; [56] [57] using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) scale, the WFP classified 19,000 of those people as belonging to the fifth and highest level on the scale, the "Catastrophe" phase (IPC 5). [56] [57]
On 11 October, Henry and 18 members of his cabinet requested the deployment of foreign troops to oppose the gangs in Port-au-Prince, as well as demonstrators who are demanding Henry's resignation and protesting rising fuel prices. [6] [7] On 15 October, Canada and the United States supported the Henry administration with armored vehicles and military equipment. [8] [58] António Guterres, the secretary-general of the United Nations, called for "armed action" to depose the fuel blockade. [59] Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, stated that, "If there was ever a moment to come to the aid of Haitians in dire need, it is now," adding that, "To be clear, we are keenly aware of the history of international intervention in Haiti and specifically of concerns about the council authorizing a response that could lead to an open-ended peacekeeping role." [59] Some Haitian citizens familiar with the poor record of past interventions have expressed opposition to the prospect of a foreign military force being sent to the country, while others are more supportive of the notion on the basis of the possibility of a resolution to the shortages and widespread presence of gangs and cholera. [3] [57] [59] Rosy Auguste Ducena, a lawyer and programme director at the National Network for the Defense of Human Rights (RNDDH) in Haiti, stated that, "History has shown us more than once that foreign forces bring us more problems than solutions." [27]
On 17 October, the U.S. and Mexico called for the formation of a non-UN international force to depose the gangs in Port-au-Prince, proposing "a limited, carefully scoped, non-U.N. mission led by a partner country with the deep, necessary experience required for such an effort to be effective". [59] [60] [61] [62]
On 21 October, the UN Security Council voted unanimously to approve sanctions on Haiti, allowing for the imposition of an asset freeze, travel ban, and arms embargo, against threats to the peace or stability of the country, namely Chérizier. [3] [9] [10] [63] [64]
A proposal by the U.S. to deploy an international military force to Haiti has received little support from other UN member countries. [65] Despite their provision of vehicles and military equipment to Haiti, the U.S. and Canada have not volunteered their own armed forces, with Canada repeatedly expressing hesitation at the prospect of doing so. [65] Russia and China have also openly expressed concerns regarding such a deployment, and France rejected the notion of deploying French troops to the country. [65] The Bahamas has said that it could send soldiers or police if requested. [66] Despite no countries offering to lead a military force, on 26 October, Brian A. Nichols, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, stated, "I strongly disagree with the idea that a resolution authorizing a multinational force is in peril," adding that, "I'm confident that we will have something early in November, both a resolution and leadership for the force." [66]
On 27 October, a delegation from Canada visited Haiti to assess the ongoing crises, and to consult with stakeholders on the possible courses of action that could be taken to resolve them. [67] The delegation returned to Canada by 31 October. [54]
Eric Jean Baptiste, the leader of the Rally of Progressive National Democrats, was assassinated on the way to his home in the Laboule 12 area on 28 October 2022, when his car was ambushed. [68] [69] Baptiste's bodyguard was also killed in the attack. [68] Former senator Yvon Buissereth was assassinated in the same area a few months earlier. [69]
The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, also known as MINUSTAH, an acronym of its French name, was a UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti from 2004 to 2017. It was composed of 2,366 military personnel and 2,533 police, supported by international civilian personnel, a local civilian staff, and United Nations Volunteers. The mission's military component was led by the Brazilian Army and commanded by a Brazilian.
Cité Soleil is an extremely impoverished and densely populated commune located in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area in Haiti. Cité Soleil originally developed as a shanty town and grew to an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 residents, the majority of whom live in extreme poverty. The area is generally regarded as one of the poorest and most dangerous areas of the Western Hemisphere and it is one of the biggest slums in the Northern Hemisphere. The area has virtually no sewers and has a poorly maintained open canal system that serves as its sewage system, few formal businesses but many local commercial activities and enterprises, sporadic but largely unpaid for electricity, a few hospitals, and two government schools, Lycée Nationale de Cité Soleil, and École Nationale de Cité Soleil.
Michel Joseph Martelly is a Haitian musician and politician who served as the 42nd president of Haiti from May 2011 until February 2016. On August 20, 2024, the United States sanctioned the former president for trafficking drugs, in particular cocaine, into the United States, and for sponsoring several gangs based in Haiti.
On 13 November 2018, a massacre began within the La Saline slums of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. According to reports, at least 71 civilians were killed over a 24-hour period. It is alleged that the killings were either due to local gang wars or the actions of Haitian officials attempting to quell anti-corruption protests.
The current political, economic, and social crisis began with protests in cities throughout Haiti on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices. These protests gradually evolved into demands for the resignation of the president, Jovenel Moïse. Led by opposition politician Jean-Charles Moïse, protesters demanded a transitional government, provision of social programs, and the prosecution of corrupt officials. From 2019 to 2021, massive protests called for the Jovenel Moïse government to resign. Moïse had come to power in the 2016 presidential election, which had voter turnout of only 21%. Previously, the 2015 elections had been annulled due to fraud. On 7 February 2021, supporters of the opposition allegedly attempted a coup d'état, leading to 23 arrests, as well as clashes between protestors and police.
Events in the year 2021 in Haiti.
Jovenel Moïse, the 43rd president of Haiti, was assassinated on 7 July 2021 at 1 A.M. E.D.T. (UTC−04:00) at his residence in Port-au-Prince. A group of 28 foreign mercenaries, mostly from Colombia, are alleged to be responsible for the killing. First Lady Martine Moïse was also shot multiple times in the attack, and was airlifted to the United States for emergency treatment. Later in the day, USGPN killed three of the suspected assassins and arrested 20 more. A manhunt was launched for other gunmen as well as the masterminds of the attack. Haitian chief prosecutor Bedford Claude confirmed plans to question Moïse's top bodyguards; none of the president's security guards were killed or injured in the attack. U.S. authorities have since arrested eleven suspects alleged to have conspired in the assassination. Martine Moïse and former prime minister Claude Joseph were formally charged on 19 February 2024 with conspiring in the assassination.
Ariel Henry is a Haitian neurosurgeon and politician who served as the acting prime minister of Haiti after the assassination of Jovenel Moïse, until his formal resignation on 24 April 2024. During this period where the role of the head of state was vacant, the Council of Ministers he presided exercised executive power. He also served as the acting Minister of Interior and Territorial Communities.
Jimmy Chérizier, nicknamed Barbecue, is a Haitian gang leader, former police officer, and warlord who is the head of the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies, abbreviated as "G9" or "FRG9", a federation of over a dozen Haitian gangs based in Port-au-Prince. Known for often making public appearances in military camouflage and a beret, he calls himself the leader of an "armed revolution". Considered the most powerful warlord in Haiti, he is currently believed to be one of the country's most powerful figures.
The 400 Mawozo is the largest gang in Haiti, mainly based in Ganthier and in the Port-au-Prince suburbs of Tabarre and Pétion-Ville. It largely consists of deportees, former leaders of opposition groups, former smugglers and police officers. In 2022, it aligned itself with "G-Pep" after its leader was extradited to the United States. It came to international attention in October 2021 when it kidnapped U.S. citizens acting as missionaries in Port-au-Prince.
On 14 December 2021, a fuel tank truck exploded in the Samari neighborhood of Cap-Haïtien, the capital city of the Haitian department of Nord. At least 90 people were killed and more than 120 were injured; many people were injured as a result of rushing towards the tanker, likely to collect some of its cargo, before the explosion occurred. Many inhabitants were suffering from financial crisis.
In July 2022, an outbreak of gang violence occurred in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince, leaving 89 people dead and over 74 injured.
Events in the year 2022 in Haiti.
Since 2020, Haiti's capital Port-au-Prince has been the site of an ongoing gang war. The government of Haiti and Haitian security forces have struggled to maintain their control of Port-au-Prince amid this conflict, with gangs reportedly controlling up to 90% of the city by 2023. In response to the escalating gang fighting, an armed vigilante movement, known as bwa kale, also emerged, with the purpose of fighting the gangs. On 2 October 2023, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2699 was approved, authorizing a Kenya-led "multinational security support mission" to Haiti. Until 2024, the war was between two major groups and their allies: the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies and the G-Pep. However, in February 2024 the two rival gangs formed a coalition opposing the government and the UN mission.
The Bel Air massacre was a series of shootings, extrajudicial killings, and massacres that took place in the Bel Air neighborhood of Port-au-Prince, Haiti between August 2020 and May 2021. Between August and October 2020, G9 An Fanmi e Alye members attacked Bel Air residents, with continued attacks by the affiliated Krache Dife gang. The massacres died down until March 31, whenever renewed attacks began, sparking battles with Bel Air residents who defended themselves.
Events in the year 2024 in Haiti. The gangs proceeded to wipe out the Haitian government to take control of major cities throughout the country, a group of people who attempt to escape Haiti after an insurrectionist criminal movement continues to commit several crimes and murder nationwide which spreads rapidly across Haiti, causing thousands and then millions of Haitians dying of starvation. In the city of Port-au-Prince, nearly 100% of the capital are under gang control with various turf wars, as the city become deserted which inflicted Haiti's population and became more dangerous than ever. After Haiti was ravaged by lawless thugs, as it was heading into the new year of 2025, the Haitian civilization has been decimated and transformed the island into a post-apocalyptic nation. Because of the famine which will soon cannibalized, not just by gangs, but also mob lynching through environmental violence, but later formed by the very first rebel militia of Haiti which will control nearly 100% of the nation by the end of 2020s onwards until violence is still ongoing through decades ahead. Many Haitians had become hostile humans of their post-traumatic stress due to the suffering of their murdered loved ones. There is virtually no chance of Kenyan forces would bother attempting to combat gang territory as they are prepared to evacuate the island and the world will abandon Haiti forever because of extreme violence that has led the total collapse of Haitian society with highly contagious, aggression of the infection killing numerous Haitian refugees including sexual slavery of women and girls, while the children become domestic servants after their violent fathers and husbands with rage that destroy family lives, since 2010 Haiti earthquake. Since then, the gangs had still go on a rampage against everyone and their families even the outsiders from France and the United States which left Haiti isolated from the rest of the world.
Between January 10 and 26, 2023, eighteen police officers were killed by Gan Grif, a gang operating in Port-au-Prince. The killings sparked riots in Port-au-Prince by Haitian police officers and police-affiliated gang Fantom 509, along with international condemnation.
The political history of North America in the 2020s covers political events on the continent, other than elections, from 2020 onwards.
Amid the unrest in Haiti since 2018, armed gangs stormed Haiti's two largest prisons in March 2024, resulting in more than 4,700 inmates escaping. The gangs demanded that prime minister Ariel Henry resign, attacking and closing Toussaint Louverture International Airport and preventing Henry from entering the country. The Haitian government declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in Ouest Department in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos. On 12 March 2024, Henry indicated his intention to resign as prime minister in response to the deteriorating security situation.
The Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies is a federation of 12 gangs led by former Haitian police officer Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier, notorious for extrajudicial massacres. The G9, along with other affiliated gangs, controls over 80% of the capital Port-au-Prince.
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