30s

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A denarius of Tiberius (r. 14-37). Due to a financial crisis that hit Rome in AD 33, coins such as these came in short supply. Denarius of Tiberius (YORYM 2000 1953) obverse.jpg
A denarius of Tiberius (r. 14–37). Due to a financial crisis that hit Rome in AD 33, coins such as these came in short supply.

The 30s decade ran from January 1, AD 30, to December 31, AD 39.

Contents

Jesus was crucified early in the decade: his suffering and redemptive death would form central aspects of Christian theology concerning the doctrines of salvation and atonement. Peter the Apostle founded the Church of Antioch. Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Alexandria. A financial crisis hit Rome in AD 33.

In Asia, the Western Satraps and Kushan Empire emerged. In Europe, the 30s saw a Dacian revolt against the Sarmatian tribe of Iazyges, who had enslaved them, and a Samaritan uprising. In west Asia, Artabanus II of Parthia fought a war with Rome over Armenia. The Han dynasty saw the outbreak of the Rebellion of Gongsun Shu. Roman emperor Tiberius died in AD 37, being succeeded by Caligula.

An earthquake that shook Antioch in AD 37 caused the emperor Caligula to send two senators to report on the condition of the city. [1] In China, an epidemic broke out in K'aui-chi, causing many deaths, and Imperial official Ch'ung-li I (Zhongli Yi) provided medicine that saved many lives.[ citation needed ]

Valerius Maximus wrote Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX: It is a collection of approximately a thousand short stories that Valerius wrote during the reign of Tiberius (42 BC – AD 37). Other literary works from the 30s include a popular collection of fables written by Phaedrus, a symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament (Allegory) written by Philo, and a general history of the countries known in Antiquity written by Velleius Paterculus.

Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 30 as 247 million.

Demographics

Due to lack of reliable demographic data, estimates of the world population in the 1st century vary wildly, with estimates for AD 1 varying from 150 [2] to 300 [3] million. Demographers typically do not attempt to estimate most specific years in antiquity, instead giving approximate numbers for round years such as AD 1 or AD 200. However, attempts at reconstructing the world population in more specific years have been made, with Manning (2008) tentatively estimating the world population in AD 30 as 247 million. [4]

Events

This section is transcluded from AD 30. (edit | history)

By place

South Asia
Roman Empire

By topic

Religion
  • 7 April (Good Friday) – Jesus is crucified (according to one dating scheme). He is later reported alive by his disciples.
This section is transcluded from AD 31. (edit | history)

By place

Roman Empire
This section is transcluded from AD 32. (edit | history)
This section is transcluded from AD 33. (edit | history)

By date

By place

Roman Empire
  • Emperor Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome. [9]
  • A financial crisis hits Rome, [10] due to poorly chosen fiscal policies. Land values plummet, and credit is increased. These actions lead to a lack of money, a crisis of confidence, and much land speculation. The primary victims are senators, knights and the wealthy. Many aristocratic families are ruined.
China
This section is transcluded from AD 34. (edit | history)

By place

Roman Empire
Europe

By topic

Religion
  • Stephen, one of the original seven deacons of the Christian Church, is martyred for his faith (possible date).
  • Saul of Tarsus, on the road to Damascus, is converted to Christianity, and becomes Paul the Apostle (possible date).
  • According to one dating scheme, Paul and Barnabas announce in Antioch that they will begin to evangelize the Gentiles.
This section is transcluded from AD 35. (edit | history)

By place

Roman Empire
Persia
This section is transcluded from AD 36. (edit | history)

By place

China
Roman Empire
This section is transcluded from AD 37. (edit | history)

By place

Roman Empire
  • March 18 – The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will, and proclaims Caligula as Roman Emperor, [14] nullifying the joint claim of Tiberius Gemellus. Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the Senate.
  • October – Caligula becomes seriously ill, or perhaps is poisoned. He recovers from his illness, but Caligula turns toward the diabolical: he starts to kill off those who are close to him, whom he sees as a serious threat.
  • Abilene is granted to King Agrippa I.

By topic

Earthquake
Religion
This section is transcluded from AD 38. (edit | history)

By place

Roman Empire
China
  • An epidemic breaks out in K'aui-chi, causing many deaths. Imperial official Ch'ung-li I provides medicines that save many lives.[ citation needed ]

By topic

Arts and sciences
Religion
This section is transcluded from AD 39. (edit | history)

By place

Roman Empire
Vietnam

Significant people

Births

Transcluding articles: AD 30, AD 31, AD 32, AD 33, AD 34, AD 35, AD 36, AD 37, AD 38, and AD 39

AD 30

AD 31

AD 32

AD 33

AD 34

AD 35

AD 36

AD 37

AD 38

AD 39

Deaths

Transcluding articles: AD 30, AD 31, AD 32, AD 33, AD 34, AD 35, AD 36, AD 37, AD 38, and AD 39

AD 30

AD 31

AD 32

AD 33

AD 34

AD 35

AD 36

AD 37

AD 38

AD 39

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References

  1. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "Antioch". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–132.
  2. ↑ John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch? Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173.
  3. ↑ Haub (1995): "By 1 A.D., the world may have held about 300 million people. One estimate of the population of the Roman Empire, from Spain to Asia Minor, in 14 A.D. is 45 million. However, other historians set the figure twice as high, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical periods can be."
  4. ↑ Manning, Scott (2008-01-12). "Year-by-Year World Population Estimates: 10,000 B.C. to 2007 A.D." Historian on the Warpath. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
  5. ↑ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Tiberius, pp. 53–54.
  6. ↑ "Phaedrus Biography - eNotes.com". eNotes. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  7. 1 2 Humphreys, Colin J. (2011). The Mystery of the Last Supper. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77 and 189. ISBN   978-0521732000.
  8. 1 2 "Last Supper 'was on a Wednesday'". United Kingdom: BBC. April 18, 2011.
  9. ↑ Harris, W. V. (2011). Rome's Imperial Economy: Twelve Essays. Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN   978-0-19-959516-7.
  10. ↑ Thornton, M. K.; Thornton, R. L. (1990). "The Financial Crisis of A.D. 33: A Keynesian Depression?". The Journal of Economic History. 50 (3): 655–662. doi:10.1017/S0022050700037207. ISSN   0022-0507. JSTOR   2122822. S2CID   154785575.
  11. ↑ "Tiberius (42 BC-37AD". BBC. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  12. ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). BRILL. p. 270. ISBN   978-90-474-1184-0.
  13. ↑ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 18.113–126; Bruce, F. F. (1963–1965). "Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea" (PDF). Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society. 5: 6–23, pp. 17–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  14. 1 2 Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996). The Cambridge ancient history: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69 . Cambridge University Press. p.  221. ISBN   978-0-521-26430-3.
  15. ↑ Downey, Glanville (1961). A history of Antioch in Syria: from Seleucus to the Arab conquest. Princeton University Press. p. 190.
  16. ↑ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 18.247–252; Bruce, F. F. (1963–1965). "Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea" (PDF). Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society. 5: 6–23, p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  17. ↑ Johnson, Marguerite (2012). Boudicca. A&C Black. p. 13. ISBN   9781853997327.
  18. 1 2 Dillon, Michael; Dillon, Michael O. (1998). China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Psychology Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-7007-0439-2.
  19. ↑ Tacitus, Annals, pp. 413
  20. ↑ Morgan, Julian (2002). Nero: Destroyer of Rome . The Rosen Publishing Group. p.  7. ISBN   978-0-8239-3596-3.
  21. ↑ Josephus, Flavius (2001). Mason, Steve (ed.). Flavius Josephus: translation and commentary. Brill. p. 9. ISBN   978-90-04-11793-8.
  22. ↑ "BBC - History - Historic Figures: Titus (39 AD - 81 AD)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  23. ↑ Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, "Dating the Crucifixion ," Nature 306 (December 22/29, 1983), pp. 743-46.
  24. 1 2 Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN   978-0-521-73200-0, page 194
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Blinzler, J. Der Prozess Jesu, fourth edition, Regensburg, Pustet, 1969, pp101-126
  26. 1 2 Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN   978-0-521-73200-0, pages 14 and 62
  27. ↑ Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, "Dating the Crucifixion ," Nature 306 (December 22/29, 1983), pp. 743-46.
  28. ↑ http://www.chodesh.info/nmoon/finding-the-historical-crucifixion-date.shtml
  29. ↑ Vagi, David (2016). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire. Routledge. p. 107. ISBN   978-1-135-97125-0.
  30. ↑ Cramer, Frederick H. (1945). "Bookburning and Censorship in Ancient Rome: A Chapter from the History of Freedom of Speech" (PDF). Journal of the History of Ideas. 6 (2): 157–196 (173). doi:10.2307/2707362. ISSN   0022-5037. JSTOR   2707362. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  31. ↑ Humphreys, Colin J.; Waddington, W. G. (22 December 1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". Nature. 306 (5945): 743–46. Bibcode:1983Natur.306..743H. doi:10.1038/306743a0.
  32. ↑ Humphreys, C. J.; Waddington, W. G. (1992). "The Jewish calendar, a lunar eclipse and the date of Christ's crucifixion". Tyndale Bulletin. 43 (2): 331–351. doi:10.53751/001c.30487.
  33. ↑ Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. doi:10.2307/3163182. JSTOR   3163182. S2CID   162410612.
  34. ↑ Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". Journal of Theological Studies. 35 (138): 146–162. doi:10.1093/jts/os-XXXV.138.146. S2CID   162258391.
  35. ↑ Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), page 58.
  36. ↑ Salisbury, Joyce E. (2001). Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-57607-092-5.
  37. ↑ Fantham, Elaine (2006). Julia Augusti: The Emperor's Daughter. Taylor & Francis. p. 122. ISBN   978-0-415-33145-6.
  38. ↑ Bunson, Matthew (2002). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (2nd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 50. ISBN   978-0-8160-4562-4.
  39. ↑ Hazel, John (2002). Who's who in the Roman world (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 166. ISBN   978-0-415-29162-0.
  40. ↑ Kokkinos, Nikos (1992). Antonia Augusta: portrait of a great Roman lady. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN   978-0-415-08029-3.
  41. ↑ Vagi, David (2016). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN   978-1-135-97125-0.
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