Alien vs Predator (Atari Jaguar video game)

Last updated
Alien vs Predator
Alien vs Predator (Jaguar game).jpg
Cover art in all regions by Andrew H. Denton
Developer(s) Rebellion Developments
Publisher(s) Atari Corporation
Producer(s) James Hampton
Designer(s) Dan McNamee
Lance J. Lewis
Sean Patten
Programmer(s) Mike Beaton
Andrew Whittaker
Artist(s) Jeffrey Gatrall
Stuart Wilson
Toby Harrison-Banfield
Writer(s) Chris Hudak
Lance J. Lewis
Composer(s) James Grunke
Michael Stevens
Nathan Brenholdt
Series Alien vs. Predator
Platform(s) Atari Jaguar
Release
  • EU: October 20, 1994
  • NA: October 21, 1994
Genre(s) First-person shooter
Mode(s) Single-player

Alien vs Predator is a 1994 first-person shooter developed by Rebellion Developments and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar. It was also distributed in Japan by Mumin Corporation, where it became a pack-in game for the console. It is the first entry in the Alien vs. Predator franchise developed by Rebellion. Taking place in a simulation depicting the fall of the Golgotha training base camp, the game offers three playable scenarios: Alien, Predator, or a human of the Colonial Marines. The player is presented with a series of interconnected sublevels and ships to progress through. Each character has different objectives, abilities, weapons, and disadvantages.

Contents

Alien vs Predator originally began as a corridor-based shooter for Atari Lynx that was under development by Images Software, featuring references to Dark Horse Comics' Aliens vs. Predator comic book series, but was cancelled as Atari focused its resources on the Jaguar. Production was later restarted, initially intended to be a port of the beat'em up game of the same name developed by Jorudan for SNES, but was retooled into a first-person shooter when Atari submitted the proposal to 20th Century Fox and Activision, commissioning Rebellion to work on the game. It was produced by James Hampton, being one of his first projects when starting work for Atari after departing Lucasfilm Games.

Alien vs Predator garnered generally favorable reception from critics, earned several awards from gaming publications and sold 52,223 copies by 1995, becoming the system's killer app. Atari had opened discussions with Beyond Games about their interest in developing a sequel for the Atari Jaguar CD, but dropped out of these negotiations shortly before the Jaguar was officially discontinued. A Jaguar CD conversion was also in the planning phase but never moved forward, though ideas provided by Atari to 20th Century Fox for this unreleased version were later used in Aliens Versus Predator (1999). Retrospective commentary has been equally favorable and it is cited as one of the best games for the platform.

Gameplay

JAG Alien vs Predator (Alien).png
JAG Alien vs Predator (Predator).png
JAG Alien vs Predator (Colonial Marine).png
Top: Alien gameplay.
Middle: Predator gameplay.
Bottom: Colonial Marine gameplay.

Alien vs Predator is a first-person shooter game similar to Wolfenstein 3D (1992), presented with digitized graphics on a rudimentary 3D environment. [1] The plot takes place in a simulation depicting the fall of the Golgotha training base camp; an unknown vessel approaches the base and is retrieved for further examination. The camp is quickly overrun by Aliens as soon as the vessel is boarded, leading to the evacuation of civilians, recruits and personnel from the area. The remaining Colonial Marines go into defensive positions in an attempt to protect the base from xenomorphs, while sending an emergency distress signal requesting for backup. A Predator ship looms over the horizon from their home planet, preparing itself to board the station after receiving the signal, seizing the opportunity to hunt down xenomorphs. [2]

The game offers three playable scenarios: Alien, Predator, or a human of the Colonial Marines. Each character has different objectives, abilities, weapons, and disadvantages, while the player is presented with a series of interconnected sublevels and ships to progress through. [1] [2] [3] When playing as an Alien, the main objective is to rescue the Alien queen, who is being held captive on a Predator spaceship. The player must kill Colonial Marines and Predators along the way in order to reach the queen. The Alien is unable to heal itself from injuries and instead "cocoons" Marines; if an Alien dies, a previously cocooned Marine will spawn a new Alien, allowing the player to continue from that location. The Alien is unable to use elevators and instead travels between sublevels through air ducts. [1] [2] [3]

When playing as a Predator, the main objective is to reach and kill the Alien queen to claim her skull. The Predator can use elevators to travel between sublevels but cannot travel through air ducts. The Predator can use a cloaking device to become invisible from Marines but not the xenomorphs. The scoring and weapon systems are based on how the player kills enemies; the Predator is initially equipped with a wrist blade but killing enemies while visible result in an increase of "honor" points, allowing access to extra arsenal such as a close-range combi stick, a smart disc, and a shoulder cannon. Conversely, killing enemies while invisible results in a loss of points and lose access to weapons. The player can lose health by stepping over the Alien's acid blood after being killed and can get attacked by Facehuggers. The player carries a health pak, which is refilled by collecting food and medical kits, and use it later to regain health. [1] [2] [3]

When playing as private Lance J. Lewis of the Colonial Marines, the player's main objective is to escape from Golgotha, which has been invaded by Aliens and Predators, activate the base's self-destruct mechanism and exit the area in an escape pod. Lewis awakes in the base's brig after a cryosentence for strike offence at an officer and has no weapons, security clearance, or motion tracker. The player must find weapons from deceased Marines like a shotgun, a pulse rifle, a flamethrower, and a smart gun in order to fend off enemies. The player can traverse sublevels through elevators and air ducts, and must also find security cards from deceased personnel to access other areas within the base's sublevels. Lewis can also collect food and medical kits scattered across the base to recover health, but cannot store them unlike the Predator. [1] [2] [3]

The player must also conserve as much ammo as possible in order to defend themselves, as Lewis cannot carry ammunition found on the base as well. Lewis can use computer terminals around the sublevels and medical laboratories to learn about the backstory of the base and recover health respectively, but the final amount of health possible depends on which security card the player possesses. [1] [2] [3] Like the Predator, Lewis can lose health by stepping on acid blood and get attacked by Facehuggers. Once a character's health is depleted, the game is over. [2] Progress is manually saved into one of three save slots, while high scores and other settings are kept via the game's internal EEPROM. However, killed enemies are revived and item placement is randomly determined each time the player resumes progress. [1] [2] [3]

Development

Alien vs Predator was created by Rebellion Developments, a Oxford-based game developer founded in 1992 by brothers Jason and Chris Kingsley. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Its foundation was laid when the brothers secured a deal with Atari Corporation; Rebellion presented a demo for Atari Falcon, which depicted flying dragons against longships to the publisher's directors, whom sought games for Atari Jaguar. They were commissioned to work on AVP and Checkered Flag (1994) after being impressed with their previous release, Eye of the Storm (1993) for PC. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] It was produced by James Hampton, a developer who had worked at Lucasfilm Games before departing to Atari, being one of his first projects when starting work for the company in 1992. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Mike Beaton from Rebellion was lead, and initially sole, programmer, and developed the graphics engine for the game. Andrew Whittaker (now Jane Whittaker) joined subsequently and co-developed the gameplay engine with Beaton. Mike Pooler from Atari provided additional coding, including sound. [2] [9] [10] [16] [17] According to Hampton, the project originally began as a corridor-based shooter for Atari Lynx that was under development by British studio Images Software, featuring characters and locations in reference to Dark Horse Comics' Aliens vs. Predator comic book series. Images Software created a demo that featured the Predator and a human of the Colonial Marines but lacked the Alien as a playable character, however the game was put on hold and later cancelled as Atari focused its resources on the Jaguar. [11] [12] [14] [15]

Screenshot from the unreleased Atari Lynx version of Alien vs Predator LYNX Alien vs Predator (Colonial Marine).png
Screenshot from the unreleased Atari Lynx version of Alien vs Predator

Work on the project restarted as Atari was ramping up production of games for the Jaguar, initially intended to be a port of the beat 'em up game of the same name developed by Jorudan for SNES, but Hampton and Rebellion both felt it did not represent the franchise's universe and characters properly. [4] [12] [14] [15] Hampton then submitted a retooled design proposal to 20th Century Fox and Activision, which labeled it as a first-person shooter with the ability to play either of the three characters without elements from the comic book series. [12] [14] [15] The decision of three playable characters was an idea from the Kingsley brothers. [12] Atari also shared with Rebellion the original design documents from the Lynx version, along with concepts by their internal team. [14] Hampton acknowledged Wolfenstein 3D and Doom (1993) as the game's influences, due to him and Atari encouraging the staff to play similar titles. [12] Alien vs Predator was initially developed in-house by Rebellion, whose team was expanded to assist with other projects, including Whittaker assisting with programming its gameplay engine with Beaton, who wrote the graphics engine. [9] [18] [19] [20] Hampton revealed that the game's then-low budget caused issues during production, leading it to be delayed in order to bring the team to Atari and finish development. [14] [15]

Lewis claimed its gameplay was initially similar to Doom but Hampton felt each playthrough could be more dynamic, handing the level design reins to him and designers at Atari; Andrew Keim, Dan McNamee, Hank Cappa, Hans Jacobsen, and Sean Patten served as co-level designers. [2] [17] [21] [22] [23] They came up with the plot and object placement as well as directing the game's flow. [22] Lewis also acted as co-writer along with Chris Hudak. [2] Lewis recalled the Atari staff were given freedom and strived to portray a non-linear feel, designing each level for all three campaigns to allow the player finish the game in various ways. [22] The Colonial Marine is named after Lewis. [22] [24] [25] The staff was also encouraged to watch the movies for reference. [12] The game runs between 10 and 15 frames per second, with in-game visuals being displayed at a 16-bit color format, while cutscenes and static screens are rendered at a 24-bit color format. [10] [9] [18] The Jaguar's Blitter and GPU processors are used to draw surfaces and handle calculations respectively. [10] The Alien's AI, dubbed "Alien Chess", was written by Whittaker and its function is to activate enemies when the player approached them. [12]

Art design

Alien vs Predator initially made use of hand-drawn graphics but were deemed not realistic enough by the Kingsley brothers, opting instead to use tile panels for the texture-mapped graphics and model figures for sprites. [4] [10] [12] [14] [9] The idea of photographing built models came from both Wilson and Harrison-Banfield. [16] [19] [26] [27] [28] Jeffrey Gatrall, and Keoni Los Baños were also responsible for the artwork. [2] [17] Characters and tiles began with a series of production sketches drawn by Rebellion's art team, using the drawings as a starting basis to create models and tiles. [10] [16] [26] Walls, ceilings, and floors were made from scratch using 5x5 inch tiles made up from various materials such as latex, wax, and resin, with one particular tile created for the kitchen areas having drinking straws as pipes running across, while the details were then airbrushed. The tiles were later photographed and digitized using a 35mm camera. [10] [9] [16] [26] [28]

This process was also applied to character models, using the same materials as the titles but created as a mix of custom-made models and off-the-shelf kits from a local shop. [10] [9] [16] [26] Each animation were then filmed using the models through the process of stop motion and digitization. [12] [19] Patten built replicas of the movies' costumes and props due to being a fan of the franchise. Patten was then digitized using the costume for the Colonial Marine's animations, while the character's HUD portrait is from his likeness. [12] [15] [9] [19] All the graphics were compressed using "JagPEG", an adaptation of the JPEG format by Atari, which compresses art assets into approximately an 8:1 ratio without loss of the picture's quality. [10] [18] [19] Both the cover art for packaging and the title screen were rendered in LightWave 3D by freelance artist Andrew H. Denton. [2] [29]

Audio

Alex Quarmby, James Grunke, Michael Stevens, Nathan Brenholdt, Paul Foster, Tom Gillen, and Will Davis were in charge of the game's music and sound effects. [2] [17] Many of the sound effects and voices samples in Alien vs Predator were provided by Atari's audio department, in addition to films from the Alien and Predator franchises. [14] [15] [25] The sound when an Alien cocoons a Colonial Marine was done by McNamee, who took a bite out of an apple. [21] [23] The Colonial Marine's voiceovers were performed by Grunke, who was head of Atari's audio department. [15] [25] The voice heard in the game's computer terminals was recorded by Sandra Miller, wife of former Atari vicepresident and VM Labs founder Richard Miller. [12] The Alien screams were recorded from Richard Miller's then-newborn child. [25]

Release

Alien vs Predator was first showcased to the public during a 1993 press conference hosted by Atari Corporation at Sunnyvale, California, being one of the first titles officially announced for the Atari Jaguar. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Early previews prior to release showcased several graphical differences compared to the final version. [35] [36] The game made its first trade show appearance at the 1994 Winter Consumer Electronics Show, [37] [38] [39] and later at the 1994 Summer CES prior to release. [40] [41] [42] It was originally slated for a January 1994 launch and then rescheduled for a Q2 1994 release but was later delayed, with memory constrains being cited as one of the main reasons. [15] [35] [43]

Alien vs Predator was first released Europe on October 20, 1994, and a day later in North America. [44] [45] [46] In France, the game was distributed by Accord. [47] It was also distributed in Japan on December 8 by Mumin Corporation, where it became a pack-in game for the Jaguar. [48] [49] [50] A Jaguar CD conversion tentatively titled Alien vs. Predator: The CD was announced to be released in February 1996, but it never moved forward beyond the planning stages. [14] [23] [51] [52] In 2001, a prototype ROM image of the unreleased Atari Lynx version in a mostly finished state was leaked online. [53] [54] A virtual reality version that supported the never-released Jaguar VR headset was also under development but it went unreleased. [55] [56]

Reception

Alien vs Predator was one of the most high-profile and eagerly awaited Atari Jaguar titles after several delays, [66] [69] garnering generally favorable reception from critics and being regarded as the system's killer app. [58] [59] [61] [77] [78] Internal documentation from Atari showed that the game had sold 52,223 copies by April 1, 1995, though a July 1995 supplement issue by Edge magazine tells that over 85,000 copies were sold worldwide. [79] [80] GamesMaster 's Marcus Hawkins applauded the game's atmospheric visuals, sound effects, playability, and replay value of the three campaigns. [64] Computer and Video Games ' Mark Patterson and Rik Skews gave very high marks to the graphics and gameplay, but found the game's audio as its most disappointing aspect. [44] Digital Press' Edward Villapando lauded its sound design and replay value, but noted that the game initially seemed long and difficult. [67]

Conversely, Edge compared it unfavorably with Doom (1993). [58] Electronic Games ' Steven L. Kent also noted similarities with Doom and Wolfenstein 3D due to the game's engine. Kent praised its gameplay, presentation, and realistic depiction of the Aliens and their speed, but criticized the low resolution of characters and objects when approached closely as well as the control layout. [68] Electronic Gaming Monthly 's four reviewers commended the ability to play with three characters but they felt the game did not captured the same elements that made Doom and Wolfenstein 3D popular, criticizing its controls as well as the "choppy" animations and frame rate. [59] Games World 's four reviewers gave positive remarks to the texture-mapped visuals, choice of three characters, and sound but were ultimately unimpressed and disappointed with the game, faulting its "empty" gameplay and slow pacing. [70]

In contrast, GameFan 's Dave Halverson and Frank Martinez Jr. found the game more strategic than Doom, praising its audiovisual representation of the movies and controls. [63] Game Players regarded it as a Doom rip-off, noting the game's lack of originality, but praise was given for being faithful to the AVP franchise and authentic depiction of each character. [62] GamePro 's Manny LaMancha commented favorably regarding the gameplay scenarios, photo-realistic graphics, "creepy" sound, and balanced controls. [77] Ultimate Future Games found the Colonial Marine campaign much simpler compared to the Alien and Predator campaigns, citing the variety of weapons. They highlighted its tense atmosphere and detailed visuals, but faulted the level design. [72] VideoGames ' Jim Loftus lauded the game's realistic graphics, digitized sound effects lifted from the movies, and gameplay but criticized the complexity of each map. [73]

ST Review 's Nial Grimes applauded the overall audiovisual presentation, movie-style atmosphere and tension, and gameplay. Nevertheless, Grimes saw the harmful acid blood pool left by Aliens and the Predator campaign to be the game's negative points. [71] Next Generation commented that playing as the Marine felt movie-like and found the Predator scenario as the easier of the three campaigns, but negatively noted the slow loading times and cumbersome controls. [65] Game Zero Magazine's two reviewers echoed similar opinions as most reviewers, lauding the digitized backgrounds and character models, and gameplay. They noted the slow movement of both the Marine and Predator, and lack of in-game music, which they felt it added to the game's suspense. [69]

The Electric Playground 's Victor Lucas agreed, citing the "claustrophobic" atmosphere due to lack of music during gameplay and the three scenarios. Lucas regarded it as one of the best Jaguar games alongside Doom and Tempest 2000 . [60] AllGame 's Colin Williamson praised the multiple campaigns and level design, writing that "All in all, Alien vs. Predator is one of the few must-buy titles for the Jaguar, and is certainly worth checking out if you're a fan of first-person shooters." [57] Atari Gaming Headquarters' Keita Iida concurred with Williamson, calling it "a terrific effort that displays the hardware prowess of the Jaguar." [66]

Accolades

Game Players named Alien vs Predator as "Best Jaguar Game" of 1994. [74] GameFan named it "Best Action/Adventure" game on the Jaguar in their third Megawards edition. [75] VideoGames also named it "Best Jaguar Game" of 1994, over Doom and Tempest 2000. [76] Flux magazine ranked the game 60th on their "Top 100 Video Games." [81] In 1996, ST Format regarded it as one of the ten best games for the Jaguar. [82] GamesTM regarded it as one of the six best games for the Jaguar. [83] Retro Gamer also deemed it one of the ten best games for Jaguar. [84] HobbyConsolas identified it as one of the twenty best games for the platform. [85] GameTrailers named Alien vs Predator as one of the "Top Ten Scariest Games". They noted that while creepy on its own, the early hardware of the Jaguar did not allow the player to notice an enemy sneaking up on them, and with little other noise to warn the player. [86] Prima Games also ranked the game 29th on their "50 Scariest Video Games of All Time" feature. [87] In 2023, Time Extension listed it as one of the best games on Jaguar. [88]

Retrospective coverage

Retrospective commentary for Alien vs Predator on Atari Jaguar has been equally favorable. [89] [90] [91] Writing for MyAtari magazine, Robert Jung lauded the game's story concept, three playable characters, involving gameplay, and overall audiovisual presentation but saw the choppy turning movement, lack of a run button, and inability to configure the controls as shortcomings. [92] Author Andy Slaven agreed, writing that "this dark and atmospheric corridor shooter still manages to impress today's jaded gamers with its smooth graphics and gameplay." [93] 1UP.com 's Jeremy Parish recommended it as an alternative to Aliens: Colonial Marines (2013), though he expressed that the game has not aged well. [94] Rice Digital's Pete Davison concurred with Parish, finding it dated and "clunky" by modern standards. Regardless, Davison found the game's open-structure design intriguing in contrast to its linear level-based contemporaries, and lamented its exclusion from the Atari 50: The Anniversary Celebration compilation. [95]

Legacy

After Alien vs Predator was released on the market, Atari Corporation had opened discussions with Beyond Games about their interest in developing a sequel planned for the Jaguar CD titled Alien vs Predator 2: Annihilation, however Atari dropped out of these negotiations shortly before they officially discontinued the Jaguar platform. [96] [97] An unfinished model of the Alien intended for the sequel is owned by Beyond Games' de facto successor - Smart Bomb Interactive (now WildWorks). [98]

Rebellion Developments would go on to develop other games in the Alien vs. Predator franchise such as Aliens Versus Predator (1999) for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, which used ideas that were provided by Atari to 20th Century Fox for the unreleased Alien vs. Predator: The CD for Jaguar CD. [4] [23] [14] In 2008, the source code of Alien vs Predator was released by hobbyist community Jaguar Sector II under a CD compilation called Jaguar Source Code Collection. [99] [100]

In 2019, an unofficial Unreal Engine 4 remake by developer Shane Ruetz for Windows was made available online for free. [101] [102]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atari Jaguar</span> Home video game console

The Jaguar is a home video game console developed by Atari Corporation and released in North America in November 1993. It is in the fifth generation of video game consoles, and it competed with fourth generation consoles released the same year, including the 16-bit Genesis, the 16-bit Super NES, and the 32-bit 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. Jaguar has a Motorola 68000 CPU and two custom 32-bit coprocessors named Tom and Jerry. Atari marketed it as the world's first 64-bit game system, emphasizing its blitter's 64-bit bus; however, none of its three processors have a 64-bit instruction set, as do later 64-bit consoles such as PlayStation 2 or Nintendo 64. The Jaguar launched with Cybermorph as the pack-in game, which received mixed reviews. The system's library ultimately comprises only 50 licensed games.

<i>Alien vs Predator</i> (SNES) 1993 video game

Alien vs Predator is a 1993 beat 'em up video game for Super Nintendo Entertainment System, developed by Jorudan and published by Information Global Service in Japan and by Activision internationally. An arcade game of the same title was released by Capcom eight months later, but the two games are different and their storylines are unrelated to each other.

<i>Soulstar</i> 1994 video game

Soulstar is a hybrid rail shooter/third-person shooter video game developed and published by Core Design for the Sega CD in North America in September 1994, Europe in October by Core Design, and in Japan by Victor Entertainment on December 22.

<i>Cybermorph</i> 1993 video game

Cybermorph is a shooter video game developed by Attention to Detail (ATD) and published by Atari Corporation as the pack-in game for the Atari Jaguar in North America on November 23, 1993, and Europe in June 1994. It was also distributed in Japan by Mumin Corporation as a stand-alone release. Taking place in a galactic war, the player pilots the morphing attack fighter TransmoGriffon to battle against the Pernitia empire, who have conquered planets on multiple sectors and whose regenerative robotic technology become entrenched into the planets. The player is tasked with recapturing critical pods, while facing against enemies and bosses, across five sectors in order to defeat the empire.

<i>Defender 2000</i> 1996 video game

Defender 2000 is a 1996 scrolling shooter video game developed by Llamasoft and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar. Part of Atari's 2000 series of arcade game revivals, it is an update of Eugene Jarvis' arcade game Defender (1981). The premise takes place in a future where the Alpha Promixian empire attack mining settlements on distant resource planets. Gameplay is divided into three modes, with the player acting as part of the System Defense Team commanding the Threshold ship to defeat waves of invading aliens while protecting humans.

<i>BattleSphere</i> 2000 video game

BattleSphere is a space combat simulation video game developed by 4Play for the Atari Jaguar. The game was released in 2000, with the enhanced edition BattleSphere Gold released in 2002. Set during a future war between seven alien races, the factions agree to confine their hostilities to a tournament with the galaxy at stake. Gameplay consists of five modes, each featuring distinct scenarios and objectives. Up to 16 players can participate in a deathmatch mode via local area network (LAN) play.

<i>Creature Shock</i> 1994 video game

Creature Shock is a 1994 sci-fi game released for MS-DOS and 3DO. It was developed by Argonaut Software and published by Virgin Interactive Entertainment. The game was later ported to the CD-i, Sega Saturn and PlayStation video game systems.

<i>Hover Strike</i> 1995 video game

Hover Strike is a shooter video game developed and published by Atari Corporation exclusively for the Atari Jaguar first in North America in April 1995, then in Europe on May of the same year and later in Japan around the same period, where it was published instead by Messe Sansao. Taking place in a future where the Terrakian Pirates have seized control of a colonized foreign planet, players are tasked with piloting an armed hovercraft vehicle in an attempt of rescuing the captured colonists and obliterate the invading alien forces from the surface of the planet before the Federation armada arrives.

<i>Aliens vs. Predator</i> (2010 video game) 2010 video game

Aliens vs. Predator is a 2010 first-person shooter video game developed by Rebellion Developments, the team behind the 1994 Atari Jaguar game and the 1999 Microsoft Windows game and published by Sega for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game is not a sequel to the previous game Aliens versus Predator 2, but a reboot based on the Alien vs. Predator franchise, a combination of the characters and creatures of the Alien franchise and the Predator franchise.

<i>Attack of the Mutant Penguins</i> 1995 video game

Attack of the Mutant Penguins is a action-strategy video game developed by Sunrise Games and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar in Europe in December 1995, and North America on March 15, 1996. A port titled Mutant Penguins was released in 1996 by GameTek for MS-DOS. The plot follows Bernard and Rodney, intergalactic heroes defending earth against alien invaders disguised as penguins. The player must dispatch the alien penguins before they reach a doomsday weapon, in the form of a weighing scale. Earth also has real penguins, who help the player by fighting the aliens and counteracting their weight on the scale.

<i>Club Drive</i> 1994 video game

Club Drive is a 1994 racing simulation video game developed and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar. The premise takes place in 2098 at the Club Drive amusement park, where driving became legalized after being deemed illegal for safety reasons years prior due to the invention of indestructible vehicles which allowed the ban to be lifted. Gameplay consists of three modes for one or two players, each with their own adjustable ruleset.

<i>FlipOut!</i> 1995 video game

FlipOut! is a tile-matching puzzle video game developed by Gorilla Systems Corporation and originally published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar in Europe on July 7, 1995 and later in North America on August 28 of the same year. It is one of the first titles developed by Gorilla Systems.

<i>Skyhammer</i> 2000 video game

Skyhammer is a shooter video game developed by Rebellion Developments and published by Songbird Productions for the Atari Jaguar on May 22, 2000. Its gameplay style is reminiscent of Psygnosis' G-Police for the PlayStation, which was released three years prior to the game.

<i>Power Drive Rally</i> 1995 video game

Power Drive Rally is a 1995 racing video game developed by Rage Software and published by Time Warner Interactive for the Atari Jaguar. It is a conversion of the 1994 racing game Power Drive, which was released on multiple platforms. Revolving around rallying, the game features six real vehicles and circuits based on eight locations around the world. The players participate in various racing events and earn money by qualifying or winning to continue the rally season and repair damage to the car.

<i>Checkered Flag</i> (1994 video game) 1994 video game

Checkered Flag is a 1994 racing video game developed by Rebellion Developments and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar. It is a conversion of the 1991 Atari Lynx title of the same name. In the game, the player controls a Formula One car competing against computer-controlled opponents in races across multiple locations. Gameplay consists of three modes, and the player can choose various weather conditions or customize the vehicle's characteristics.

<i>Blue Lightning</i> (1995 video game) 1995 combat flight simulator game

Blue Lightning is a 1995 combat flight simulator video game developed by Attention to Detail and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar CD. It is a conversion of Epyx's 1989 Atari Lynx title of the same name, and one of the pack-in games for the Jaguar CD. In the game, the player assumes the role of a rookie fighter pilot from the Blue Lightning squadron, taking control of multiple military aircraft across various missions to stop general Drako, who betrayed the United Nations and gained power of military organizations through corruption to expand his organized crime empire all over the world.

Legions of the Undead is an unreleased action role-playing video game that was in development by Rebellion Developments and originally planned to be published by Atari Corporation on a scheduled Q3, 1995 release date for the Atari Jaguar. It was also intended to be released for the Windows and PlayStation.

<i>Space War 2000</i> 2001 video game

Space War 2000 is an unreleased first-person space combat simulation video game developed and originally planned to be published by Atari Corporation on a scheduled November 1995 release date exclusively for the Atari Jaguar. It is an update by Robert Zdybel of Ian Shepard's 1978 Atari 2600 game Space War. In the game, players assume the role of a space knight to fight against other opponents.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sol, Bruno (June 1995). "Atari Jaguar - Review: Alien vs Predator - En El Espacio Nadie Puede Oir Tus Gritos". Superjuegos  [ es ] (in Spanish). No. 38. Grupo Zeta. pp. 62–65.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Alien vs Predator (Game Manual) (International ed.). Atari Corporation. 1994.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Meston, Zach (Winter 1995). "Strategies: Alien vs Predator". Tips & Tricks . No. 4. Larry Flynt Publications. pp. 42–47.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "The Making Of... Alien Vs Predator". Edge . No. 133. Future plc. February 2004. pp. 114–117. Archived from the original on 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  5. ↑ "Press Releases: Rebellion Is 25!". Gamasutra . UBM Technology Group. December 5, 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  6. 1 2 Stanton, Rich (December 6, 2017). "Putting the Rebel in Rebellion". Kotaku UK . Archived from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  7. 1 2 Tucker, Jake (December 11, 2017). "Rebellion at 25: What's the secret to its longevity?". MCV . Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  8. 1 2 "25 years of Rebellion". GamesTM . No. 196. Future Publishing. January 25, 2018. pp. 100–105.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Prescreen: Rebellion Software". Edge . No. 4. Future plc. January 1994. pp. 26–29. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Special Europa Feature! - Inside Rebellion". GameFan . Vol. 2, no. 6. DieHard Gamers Club. May 1994. pp. 130–131.
  11. 1 2 Bieniek, Chris (June 1994). "Stalking the Jaguar". VideoGames . No. 65. Larry Flynt Publications. pp. 52–53.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bevan, Mike (November 6, 2008). "The Making of: Alien Vs Predator". Retro Gamer . No. 57. Imagine Publishing. pp. 28–31.
  13. ↑ Hampton, James (2017). "Resume" (PDF). jameshampton.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wallett, Adrian (March 12, 2018). "James Hampton (LucasArts/Atari) – Interview". Arcade Attack. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Reutter, Hans (Seattle Retro Guy) (October 30, 2019). PRGE 2019 - Making of Alien Vs. Predator AvP for the Atari Jaguar - Portland Retro Gaming Expo 4K (YouTube). United States. Archived from the original on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2019-10-31.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Work in Progress: Alien vs Predator". Computer and Video Games . No. 148. EMAP. March 1994. pp. 24–26. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Forster, Winnie (December 1994). "Spiele-Tests: Alien vs. Predator (JAGUAR)". MAN!AC  [ de ] (in German). No. 14. Cybermedia. p. 68. (Transcription by MANIAC.de. Archived 2017-11-17 at the Wayback Machine ).
  18. 1 2 3 "Techview: 64bit - Rebellion Software". Edge . No. 5. Future plc. February 1994. p. 44. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Horwitz, Jer (June 1994). "The Cutting Edge: Making the Jaguar Roar". GamePro . No. 59. IDG. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  20. ↑ Svensson, Christian (January 16, 1995). "From Golgotha to... Orlando". Atari Explorer Online. Vol. 4, no. 1. Subspace Publishers. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  21. 1 2 "CyberChatter: AvP Reminiscing". Jaguar Explorer Online. Vol. 2, no. 1. White Space Publishers. February 9, 1998. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Thomasson, Michael (2003). "Classic Videogame Games INTERVIEW: Lance Lewis - Level Designer for the Atari Jaguar's Alien Vs. Predator, both Hoverstrikes, and the best of the PSX Army Men games, and more!". Good Deal Games. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Wallett, Adrian (February 2, 2018). "Dan McNamee (Atari) – Interview". Arcade Attack. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
  24. ↑ "Chat with Lance Lewis - Questions to the Alien vs. Predator namesake". The Atari Times. December 8, 2005. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "Atari Jaguar Alien Vs. Predator". Atarimania. 2022. Archived from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Morse, Phil (February 1994). "ST Action - Action Preview: A New Breed". Atari ST User . No. 97. Europress. pp. 76–78.
  27. ↑ Nuttall, Andy (May 1994). "Jaguar - Preview: Alien vs Predator". ST Format . No. 58. Future plc. pp. 58–60. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  28. 1 2 Powell, Wes (2004). "Impressive Tilework". Jagu-Dome. JustClaws. Archived from the original on 2004-10-25. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
  29. ↑ Denton, Andrew H. (1998). "Alien images by Andrew H Denton". The Andrew H Denton Art Archive. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  30. ↑ "Other Stuff". GameFan . Vol. 1, no. 9. DieHard Gamers Club. August 1993. p. 114.
  31. ↑ "CES News: Atari Unveils the 64-bit Jaguar". GamePro . No. 49. IDG. August 1993. p. 54.
  32. ↑ "Press Start: Atari Unleashes Their Jaguar!". Electronic Gaming Monthly . No. 51. Sendai Publishing. October 1993. p. 58.
  33. ↑ "Other Cool Stuff: Atari's Jaguar Unleashed — The First Jaguar Games". VideoGames . No. 58. Larry Flynt Publications. November 1993. pp. 56–58.
  34. ↑ Jaguar Press Conference DVD (DVD). United States: Jaguar Sector II. April 11, 2008. Event occurs at 37m34s. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-06-29.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  35. 1 2 "Special Feature - Jaguar: Jaguar Software Snapshots - Alien vs. Predator". GamePro . No. 52. IDG. November 1993. p. 157. Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-09-02.
  36. ↑ "The Cutting Edge: Jaguar Software Showcase - Alien vs. Predator". GamePro . No. 51. IDG. October 1993. p. 19. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  37. ↑ "Atari - Jaguar At The Show". GameFan . Vol. 2, no. 3. DieHard Gamers Club. February 1994. p. 104.
  38. ↑ Roshental, Marshal M.; Romero, José Carlos (March 1994). "Winter CES - Un Gran Regalo de Reyes: Las Nuevas Consolas". Hobby Consolas (in Spanish). No. 30. Hobby Press. p. 30.
  39. ↑ "CES 94: Atari". Micromanía. Vol. 2, no. 70. Hobby Press. March 1994. p. 21.
  40. ↑ Scamps, Olivier; David (July 1994). "Dossier CES - Jaguar: Living On The Edge". Player One  [ fr ] (in French). No. 44. Média Système Édition  [ fr ]. p. 56.
  41. ↑ "1995 Video Game Preview Guide - All The Latest Games From The Summer CES: Jaguar". Electronic Gaming Monthly . No. 61. Sendai Publishing. August 1994. p. 161.
  42. ↑ Gavet, Nicolas (September 1994). "Jaguar - Atari: Le Jaguar, La Preuve Par 64". Consoles +  [ fr ] (in French). No. 35. EM-Images SA. pp. 86–87.
  43. ↑ Halverson, Dave (August 1994). "Inside Atari: Someone Let The Cat Out". GameFan . Vol. 2, no. 9. DieHard Gamers Club. pp. 83–86.
  44. 1 2 3 Patterson, Mark; Skews, Rik (November 1994). "CVG Review (Jaguar) - Alien vs Predator". Computer and Video Games . No. 156. EMAP. pp. 44–46. Archived from the original on 2023-03-12. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  45. ↑ "Industry News STR Game Console NewsFile — The Latest Gaming News! – Alien vs. Predator Comes Alive on 64-Bit Atari Jaguar; Video Game Magazine Reviewers Raving About Jaguar's "Best Game to Date"". Silicon Times Report. No. 1041. STR Electronic Publishing Inc. October 7, 1994.
  46. ↑ Phillips, Adam (November 1994). "News: Up and onwards". Atari ST User . No. 106. Europress. p. 8.
  47. ↑ Lebigre, Damien; Rémy, J.-P. (November 1994). "Les Critiques - Alien versus Predator - Sur Jaguar". CD Consoles (in French). No. 1. Pressimage. pp. 100–103. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  48. ↑ "アタリ 64 『ム ー ミ ン』" (PDF). Game Machine  [ ja ] (in Japanese). No. 487. Amusement Press, Inc.  [ ja ]. January 15, 1995. p. 14.
  49. ↑ Ishii, Kōichi (January 1995). "Super Soft Hot Information: ジャガー (JAGUAR) – 世界初64ピッドマシン「ジャガー」の日本国内輸入販!". Micom BASIC Magazine  [ ja ] (in Japanese). No. 151. The Dempa Shimbunsha Corporation  [ ja ]. p. 46.
  50. ↑ "エイリアンVSプレデター". Game Hihyō  [ ja ] (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Micro Magazine  [ ja ]. Spring 1995. p. 37.
  51. ↑ "Release Liste: Jaguar". Video Games  [ de ] (in German). No. 45. Magna Media. August 1995. p. 43.
  52. ↑ Gore, Chris (August 1995). "The Gorescore - Industry News You Can: Upcoming Jaguar Software Titles". VideoGames - The Ultimate Gaming Magazine . No. 79. Larry Flynt Publications. p. 14.
  53. ↑ Iida, Keita (2001). "AGH Lynx Spotlight: Aliens vs. Predator (Unreleased)". Atari Gaming Headquarters. Archived from the original on 2001-03-05. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
  54. ↑ George, Gregory D. (December 2001). "Lynx Features: Lynx AvP ROM now available!". 2001 Year End Issue. The Atari Times. pp. 25–27. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  55. ↑ "Reportaje: La Realidad Virtual entrará en los hogares de la mano de Atari". Hobby Hi-Tech (in Spanish). No. 6. Hobby Press. September 1995. pp. 88–89.
  56. ↑ Joyce, Kevin (January 17, 2018). "XR Games Board Joined by Jane Whittaker". VRFocus.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  57. 1 2 Williamson, Colin (1998). "Alien vs. Predator (Atari Jaguar) - Review". AllGame . All Media Network. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  58. 1 2 3 "Testscreen: Alien Vs Predator (Jaguar)". Edge . No. 14. Future Publishing. November 1994. pp. 78–79.
  59. 1 2 3 Semrad, Ed; Carpenter, Danyon; Manuel, Al; Williams, Ken (November 1994). "Review Crew - Alien Vs. Predator (Jaguar / Atari)". Electronic Gaming Monthly . No. 64. Sendai Publishing. p. 46.
  60. 1 2 Lucas, Victor (June 1, 1995). "Reviews - Alien Vs. Predator (Jaguar)". The Electric Playground . Elecplay.com Productions. Archived from the original on 5 March 2001. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
  61. 1 2 McNamara, Andrew; VanDerSchaegen, Ross; Anderson, Paul (December 1994). "Jaguar Reviews: Aliens Vs Predator". Game Informer . No. 20. Sunrine Publications. pp. 50–51.
  62. 1 2 "News - 3DO/Jaguar: Alien vs. Predator". Game Players . No. 66. GP Publications. December 1994. p. 19. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06.
  63. 1 2 Halverson, Dave; Martinez Jr., Frank (November 1994). "Viewpoint: Alien Vs. Predator (Jaguar); GameFan 32 - Jaguar: AVP". GameFan . Vol. 2, no. 11. DieHard Gamers Club. p. 33, 118.
  64. 1 2 Hawkins, Marcus (September 1994). "Reviews (Jaguar) - World Exclusive: Alien Versus Predator". GamesMaster . No. 21. Future Publishing. pp. 32–34. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  65. 1 2 "Finals - Jaguar: Rippin' - Alien Vs. Predator". Next Generation . No. 1. Imagine Media. January 1995. p. 92.
  66. 1 2 3 Iida, Keita (2001). "AGH Jaguar Review: Alien vs. Predator". Atari Gaming Headquarters. Archived from the original on 2001-03-03. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
  67. 1 2 Villalpando, Edward (November 1994). "Random Reviews Lite: Alien vs. Predator (Atari, For Atari Jaguar)". Digital Press - The Bio-Degradable Source For Videogamers. No. 22. Joe Santulli. p. 13.
  68. 1 2 Kent, Steven L. (November 1994). "Cartridge: Alien vs. Predator (Jaguar) - Stylishly doomed". Electronic Games . No. 60. Decker Publications. p. 126.
  69. 1 2 3 E. Phoenix (March 1995). "The Final Word game review - Double Exposure: Alien Vs. Predator (Atari Jaguar) -- Atari". Game Zero Magazine. Game Zero. Archived from the original on 1998-01-21. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  70. 1 2 Perry, Dave; Walkland, Nick; Roberts, Nick; Price, Adrian (November 1994). "Reviews: Alien vs Predator (Jaguar)". Games World . No. 5. Paragon Publishing. p. 20.
  71. 1 2 Grimes, Nial (25 December 1994). "ST Action - Jagged Edge: Alien vs Predator - Into The Fire". ST Review . No. 34. IDG Media. pp. 62–63.
  72. 1 2 "Review - Jaguar: Alien vs Predator - ...whose side are you on?". Ultimate Future Games . No. 1. Future Publishing. December 1994. pp. 110–111.
  73. 1 2 Loftus, Jim (December 1994). "Reviews - Jaguar: Alien vs. Predator - ...My Heart Literally Pounded With Fear...This Game Scared The Hell Out Of Me". VideoGames - The Ultimate Gaming Magazine . No. 71. Larry Flynt Publications. pp. 120–121.
  74. 1 2 Donohue, Bill (January 1995). "1994 Video Game Awards - The Envelope, Please!". Game Players . No. 67. GP Publications. pp. 40–44.
  75. 1 2 "GameFan's Third Annual Megawards". GameFan . Vol. 3, no. 1. DieHard Gamers Club. January 1995. pp. 68–75.
  76. 1 2 "VideoGames Best of '94". VideoGames . No. 74. Larry Flynt Publications. March 1995. pp. 44–47.
  77. 1 2 LaMancha, Manny (December 1994). "ProReview - Jaguar: Alien vs. Predator". GamePro . No. 65. IDG. pp. 180–181. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  78. ↑ Hawken, Kieren (July 18, 2013). "Minority Report Special: Jaguar - Alien vs Predator". Retro Gamer . No. 118. Imagine Publishing. p. 47.
  79. ↑ "Atari Jaguar Lifetime Sales". Beta Phase Games. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  80. ↑ "Jaguar: mass market machine". Edge (supplement). No. 22. Future Publishing. July 1995. pp. 4–7.
  81. ↑ Amrich, Dan; Barbagallo, Ralph; Mark, East; Hudak, Chris; Kitts, Jeff; Meston, Zach; Yang, Jeff (April 1995). "The Top 100 Video Games". Flux . No. 4. Harris Publications. pp. 24–32.
  82. ↑ Charlton, Frank; Campbell, Stuart (January 1996). "Feature - Jaguar: The Jaguar past, present and future — Ten of the best". ST Format . No. 78. Future plc. pp. 30–33. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  83. ↑ "Retro - Classic Machine: Atari Jaguar - Six of the Best". GamesTM . No. 23. Highbury Entertainment. September 2004. p. 146. (Transcription Archived 2004-12-04 at the Wayback Machine ).
  84. ↑ Szczepaniak, John (June 22, 2006). "Perfect 10: Atari Jaguar - Perfect Ten Games". Retro Gamer . No. 26. Imagine Publishing. pp. 48–57. (Transcription Archived 2017-01-19 at the Wayback Machine ).
  85. ↑ Alonso, Álvaro (December 18, 2013). "Reportaje: Los 20 mejores juegos de Atari Jaguar". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  86. ↑ GT Countdown - Top Ten Scariest Games. GameTrailers . United States: Viacom. October 27, 2006. Event occurs at 6m17s. Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  87. ↑ Workman, Robert (October 29, 2014). "The 50 Scariest Video Games of All Time: 36-26". Prima Games . Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  88. ↑ McFerran, Damien (July 7, 2023). "Best Atari Jaguar Games - Roar-some 64-bit power". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  89. ↑ Daly, Brett (2001). "Jaguar Reviews: Aliens Vs. Predator". Jaguar Front Page News. GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  90. ↑ "Oldschool: Alien vs. Predator — Jaguar". Click! Konsole  [ pl ] (in Polish). No. 5. Wydawnictwo Bauer  [ pl ]. September 2003. p. 70. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
  91. ↑ Forte, André (September 2009). "Dossie Jaguar: A trajetória manca do último filhote da Atari — Top 5 Sucessos Do Atari Jaguar". OLD!Gamer (in Portuguese). No. 1. Editora Europa. pp. 78–83.
  92. ↑ Jung, Robert (December 2000). "Reviews: Aliens vs Predator". MyAtari. No. 3. Archived from the original on 2002-08-24. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  93. ↑ Slaven, Andy; Barnes, Lucus (2002). "JAG". Atari Jaguar. Video Game Bible, 1985-2002. Vol. 1. Trafford Publishing. pp. 47–53. ISBN   9781553697312.
  94. ↑ Parish, Jeremy (February 13, 2013). "Five Great Aliens Alternatives to Colonial Marines - Bummed by how uneven Gearbox's new shooter turned out to be? Soothe your pain with its best predecessors". 1UP.com . IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2015-01-19. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  95. ↑ Davison, Pete (January 19, 2023). "Six of the best movie license games that will likely never see a rerelease". Rice Digital. Rice Digital Ltd. Archived from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  96. ↑ "Breaking: Crumbling Atari Still Defiant". Next Generation . No. 16. Imagine Media. April 1996. pp. 16–17.
  97. ↑ "X-CulT: Jaguar > Alien vs Predator2 > Preview Documents". X-CulT. 2010. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  98. ↑ Hawken, Kieren (October 6, 2016). "From The Archives: Beyond Games". Retro Gamer . No. 160. Future Publishing. pp. 64–69.
  99. ↑ Smith, Jason. "Atari Jaguar Timeline". Jaguar Sector II. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
  100. ↑ Smith, Jason. "Jaguar Sector II Atari Jaguar Software Price and Rarity Guide". Jaguar Sector II. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
  101. ↑ "Alien Vs Predator Jaguar Remake". Mod DB . DBolical Pty Ltd. 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  102. ↑ Verdin, Guillaume (July 15, 2020). "Le Alien vs Predator de la Jaguar recréé sur PC". MO5.com  [ fr ] (in French). Association MO5.COM. Archived from the original on 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.