Alstom Coradia

Last updated

Alstom Coradia
First presentation of the Alstom Regiolis in Strasbourg -2011 (In front).JPG
A Coradia Polyvalent train built by Alstom.
Manufacturer Alstom
Specifications
Prime mover(s) 4 6 MAN D2676LE62X
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

The Alstom Coradia is a family of diesel multiple units, electric multiple units, and unpowered rail cars for intercity and regional service manufactured by Alstom, with variants operating in Europe, North America, and Africa.

Contents

Design

The Coradia is a family of high-performance rolling stock, manufactured by Alstom Transport and offered in various configurations to suit the varying requirements of operators. [1] It is available in both diesel multiple unit (DMU) and an electric multiple unit (EMU) configurations; a high-density double-decker model, the Coradia Duplex, has also been developed. The Coradia uses Alstom's own Onix IGBT traction system, which is promoted as providing smooth acceleration and energy conservation facilities. [1] The standard variants of the train are fitted with a regenerative braking system. The Coradia can also be equipped with a variety of communication and signalling systems, including national automatic train protection (ATP) and European Train Control System (ETCS). [1]

The Coradia is designed to offer a high degree of comfort for passengers. [1] The design of the interior incorporates a modular philosophy; as standard, the passenger compartment features ambient lighting, luggage racks and storage areas, as well as partition walls located between the foyer and the seating areas. Each seat can be equipped with electrical sockets, individual lighting, and various audio and video systems; both the pitch and configuration of the seats are customisable to meet the operator's requirements. [1] The internal fittings can be easily redistributed, being typically mounted onto purpose-built slots. Amongst the options available for customisation are equipment such as vending machines, in-train ticketing dispensers, and built-in internet provision; specialised accessibility facilities for disabled passengers can also be installed. [1]

The Coradia range of regional trains includes the Coradia Duplex, Coradia Lint, Coradia Continental, Coradia Polyvalent and Coradia Nordic variants. [1] Alstom has also developed the Coradia Meridian, specifically for Trenitalia and other regional operators in Italy. The Coradia Continental is an EMU operated as either three, four, five or six-carriage sets; up to four train-sets can be joined during peak times. [1] The traction system is roof-mounted, freeing up room for a more spacious interior. Developed for German and other European markets, the Continental complies with the International Union of Railways (UIC) loading gauge standard and is suitable for platform heights of 550–760 mm (22–30 in). [1]

The Coradia Duplex train is a double-decker EMU operated in two to seven-carriage sets; furthermore, up to four train sets may be coupled together for a maximum length of 12 carriages. [1] The Duplex range includes two models, one developed and used for TER services in France (designated Class Z 26500) as well as by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (designated CFL 2200), while the other is used in Sweden. [1]

The Coradia Nordic is a wider body train, specifically developed for the large gauge standard commonly used in Northern Europe, and is available in configurations of four, five or six-carriage EMUs. [1] To enable its use during the harsh winters common to Scandinavia, it can be operated at temperatures as low as −35 °C (−31 °F) and stored at temperatures as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). To create space for passenger amenities and seating, its traction equipment is mounted on the roof. [1]

The Coradia LINT, originally designed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch before its acquisition by Alstom, is a diesel-powered light train, somewhat similar to the Siemens Desiro and Bombardier Talent. It is available in configurations of one, two, and three-carriage sets; up to three such trainsets can be attached together. [1] The propulsion system of the LINT features a diesel powerpack mounted to the underframe of the carriage to maximise space in the low-floor section. The design reportedly complies with the latest European environmental standards. [1] It is used by a number of railways in Germany (DB class 640 and 648), the Netherlands, and Denmark.

The Coradia Polyvalent is the latest variant in the Coradia family. It can operate at a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) in electric or bi-mode at voltages of 25 kV and 1.5 kV; a cross-border version capable of operating at a voltage of 15 kV, suitable for the German and Swiss rail networks, is also available. [1] The low integrated floor of the carriages provides improved accessibility and a high level of visibility to passengers. To restrict vibrations and noise levels, motorised bogies are placed at both ends of each carriage. [1]

Operators

Europe

Denmark

Alstom Coradia LINT diesel unit are used in local trains. [2]

In June 2021, Alstom announced that it had won Denmark's biggest-ever railway contract, with a total contract value of €2.6  billion. [3] The first firm order, which includes a 15-year full-service maintenance agreement, was placed by the Danish state-owned DSB for 100 Coradia Stream electric trains, and is valued at €1.4  billion; [3] DSB expects to buy a total of 150. [4] Delivery was originally planned to start in 2024, but was delayed to 2027, due to delays in final design and supply chain issues. [5] Trains will be formed of 5 cars with 300 seats and is being built at Katowice, Poland and Saltzgitter, Germany. [6]

Finland

The VR Class Sm4 [7] is used for regional traffic from Helsinki to Hanko, Lahti, Riihimäki, Tampere and Kouvola.

France

During October 2009, Alstom received an €800 million ($1.2 billion) order for 100 Coradia Polyvalents from French national railway operator SNCF; a €130 million option for 19 more trains was exercised in January 2010. During March 2010, the company was awarded a follow-on €135 million contract for an additional 23 Coradia Polyvalents from SNCF. [1] In May 2014, the Régiolis train was introduced by the ARF (Association of French Regions), SNCF and Alstom at the Vaugirard station in Paris. As many as 182 Régiolis trains have been ordered by 12 French Regions. [1] SNCF ordered 14 hydrogen trains in 2021. [8]

Germany

The Coradia Continental is in operation with several operators in Germany. It was introduced in 2002, and has been ordered by Hamburger Hochbahn (for agilis), [9] DB Regio, [10] Metronom and Hessische Landesbahn (HLB). [11] In December 2020 S-Bahn Nuremberg switched their lines S1 and the new S5 (previously the Allersberg Express) over to the Coradia Continental. On S5 the trains had to be equipped with ETCS due to using the Nuremberg Ingolstadt high speed line.

The Coradia LINT is also operated, known by the local designations of DB class 640 and DB class 648. During May 2013, private operator AKN Eisenbahn ordered 14 Coradia Lints worth approximately €60 million. [1] In May 2014, Alstom delivered the first of 24 modernised Lints to Germany's Lower Saxony State public transit authority Landesnahverkehrsgesellschaft Niedersachsen (LNVG). In April 2014, the company agreed to supply six new Coradia Lints to LNVG; that same month, a €150 million contract for 29 Coradia Continental electrical trains was signed by Verkehrsverbund Mittelsachsen (VMS) in Central Saxony, Germany. [1]

During December 2015, Hessische Landesbahn placed a €160m contract for 30 Coradia Continental EMUs, these are intended to be run on the Südhessen-Untermain network. [1] In March 2016, Transdev placed an order for 28 Coradia Lints for operation in Augsburg, Germany. DB Regio placed a €40 million order for eight Lints in April 2016. [1]

Italy

In September 2012, Alstom received a €67 million order from Ferrovie Nord Milano (FNM) for ten additional Coradia Meridian regional trains. [1] Alstom had delivered 14 trains to FNM under the agreement by 2013. Ferrovie dello Stato ordered a further 70 Coradia Meridians from Alstom in November 2012. [1] The Coradia has been used by Trenord for RegioExpress (RE) and for Malpensa Express service with the airport configuration Convoglio Servizio Aeroportuale (CSA).

Coradia Stream trains are operated by Trenitalia, Trenord, Ferrotramviaria, Trasporto Ferroviario Toscano and TUA.

Netherlands

The Alstom Coradia LINT, formerly also known as "Syntus LINT", had been used by Keolis (formerly knows as Syntus) for regional transport. Arriva still operates LINT train sets on the mostly unelectrified Zutphen-Hengelo-Oldenzaal (ZHO) route.

Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) introduced their new NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie, which is based on the Alstom Coradia Stream, in April 2023. These new trainsets will gradually be the replacement for the currently aging ICMm trainsets. In addition these new trainsets will replace the current BeNeLux trains from Amsterdam to Brussels. [12]

Norway

January 2022 Norske tog signed an agreement to buy 30 new Coradia Nordic trains from Alstom, with the option to buy additional 170 trains. [13] [14] The trains will have six cars, and be classified as "Class 77". Production of the new trains will start in 2023. The first trains are due in Norway for testing in 2024, and the trains will be delivered and put into operation in 2025. An additional order for 25 more trains was announced in February 2023. [15]

Romania

In March 2022, the Romanian Railway Reform Authority or ARF (Authoritatea pentru Reformă Feroviară) for short, signed an order for 20 Coradia Stream trains with 15 years of maintenance, which will be leased to CFR Calatori and Romanian private operators. The order has an option for an additional 17 trains, with an additional 15 years of maintenance, bringing the total to 37 trains with 30 years of maintenance. This option was activated in September 2022 when an additional contract was signed. The Coradia Stream model ordered is 160 meters long, has a passenger capacity of 352, and can only run on Romania's 25kV ~ 50 Hz AC network. These are equipped with PZB90 and ETCS Level 2. [16]

Sweden

The Coradia Nordic is used for Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (designated X60) for commuter services in and around the Stockholm area. In June 2012, Storstockholms Lokaltrafik placed a €440 million ($548 million) order for 46 Coradia Nordic trains; this reportedly brought the total orders of Nordic trains to 129. [1] Several more contracts have been signed for other Swedish operators, principally Skånetrafiken in Skåne County. In February 2015, Skånetrafiken placed an order worth approximately €150 million for 25 Coradia Nordics. [1] Both the Continental and Nordic varieties were originally marketed as Coradia Lirex.

A version of the Coradia Duplex, the SJ X40, used by SJ AB, was originally supposed to be used for regional traffic around Mälaren in Sweden. However, SJ AB has also deployed the train on an intercity route between Stockholm and Gothenburg.

NameImageIntroducedNumberCarriagesPower TypeNotes
X3 Arlanda Express X3.JPG 199974PantographUsed in Arlanda Express between Stockholm Central Station and Stockholm Arlanda Airport.
X40 X40.jpg 2006–2008432 or 3
X60 X60A X60B Ny pendeltag stockholm.jpg
  • X60: 2005–2008
  • X60A: 2012
  • X60B: 2016–present
836Used in commuter services.
X61 Ostgotatrafiken X61.JPG 2009–present, multiple orders for multiple operators1344Used in commuter and regional services.
X62 X62 Ornskoldsvik.jpg 201211Used in the Norrtåg regional services in Västernorrland, Jämtland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten counties. They also have a bistro.

United Kingdom

Coradia 1000

The first British units entered service in 2001. The family is represented by two sub-families. The diesel-powered Coradia 1000 family consists of Class 175 (27 units) currently off lease, and Class 180 Adelante (14 units), a 125 mph (201 km/h) high-speed train of which 12 units are used by Grand Central.

Coradia Juniper

The electric Coradia Juniper family consists of the Class 334 (used for Glasgow commuter services, 40 units), the Class 458 (used on routes from London Waterloo to Reading, 30 units), and formerly included the Class 460 (originally used for Gatwick Express airport services), which were incorporated into the 458 fleet by early 2016.

ClassImageOperatorIntroducedNumberCarriagesEnd GangwaysPowerNotes
175 Hereford - Keolis Amey 175003 Carmarthen service.JPG Stored1999–2001272 or 3NoDieselThe end two cars are labeled A and C irrespective of there being a coach B in the middle.

To re-enter service with GWR in 2025 [17]

180 180 101 Kings Cross(8077814883).jpg Grand Central 2000–2001(14 built, 12 in service)5
334 334038 sits at Edinburgh Waverley, 05 April 2013.JPG ScotRail 1999–2002403 25 kV 50 Hz AC / Pantograph
458 (5-JUP) 458 526 leaving Waterloo.jpg South Western Railway 1998–2002305Yes750 V DC / Contact shoeBuilt as 4 car 458/0 for South West Trains, converted to 5 car 458/5 for South West Trains in 2012–2013.
460 (8-GAT) Unit 460008 at East Croydon.JPG Gatwick Express 1999–200188NoWithdrawn from service in 2012 and converted to Class 458/5 for South West Trains.

North America

Canada

In 2015, the Coradia LINT was introduced in North American service by OC Transpo in Ottawa with six units for the O-Train Trillium line.

United States

Metra is purchasing 200 bilevel Coradia passenger cars and has an option to purchase 300 more, [18] [19] [20] while Virginia Railway Express—who partnered with Metra on the procurement—is purchasing 21 bilevel Coradia trailer cars with an option for another 44 trailers and 4 cab control cars. [21] [22]

Africa

Algeria

In 2018, Coradia trains were introduced in Algeria. The SNTF acquired 17 trains for their long trips between Algiers-Oran [23] starting from March 2018 and Algiers-Batna [24] starting from May 2018. The company is also planning to use Coradia trains between Algiers-Setif. SNTF named the project "Coradia ELDJAZAÏR". [25]

Senegal

Alstom began deliveries of fifteen four-car Coradia Polyvalent trainsets for the Train Express Regional between Dakar and the Blaise Diagne International Airport in Senegal in late 2018. [26]

Accidents and incidents

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diesel multiple unit</span> Diesel-powered railcar designed to be used in formations of 2 or more cars

A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. Diesel-powered single-unit railcars are also generally classed as DMUs. Diesel-powered units may be further classified by their transmission type: diesel–mechanical DMMU, diesel–hydraulic DHMU, or diesel–electric DEMU.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SNCF Class Z 26500</span>

The SNCF Class Z 26500 and Z 24500 are a series of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains with bi-level carriages, derived from the Coradia Duplex type of Alstom. They are also known as TER 2N NG from their use on regional TER services, bi-level design (2N), and, by replacing the SNCF Class Z 23500, status as a "new generation" (NG) model. The first order from SNCF, commissioned by the French regions, was launched in 2000, the last in 2009, for deliveries that lasted from 2004 to 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DSB Class MF</span> Danish-built diesel multiple unit trainset

The DSB Class MF is a Danish-built high-comfort medium/long distance diesel multiple-unit train. The sets were built by ABB Scandia in Randers. This train model has been operating in Denmark and Sweden since 1990 and was previously operated in Israel from 1992–2024. The name IC3 indicates simply that it is a three-carriage InterCity trainset.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AGV (train)</span> High speed train model

The AGV is a standard gauge, high-speed, electric multiple-unit train designed and built by Alstom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TGV Duplex</span> French double-deck high-speed train

The TGV Duplex is a French high-speed train of the TGV family, manufactured by Alstom, and operated by the French national railway company SNCF. They were the first TGV trainsets to use bi-level passenger carriages with a seating capacity of 508 passengers, increasing capacity on busy high-speed lines. While the TGV Duplex started as a small component of the TGV fleet, it has become one of the system's workhorses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alstom Coradia LINT</span> German articulated railcar

The Alstom Coradia LINT is an articulated railcar of the Alstom Coradia family manufactured by Alstom since 1999, offered in diesel and hydrogen fuel models. The acronym LINT is short for the German "leichter innovativer Nahverkehrstriebwagen". It was designed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch and has been distributed as part of Alstom's Coradia family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SNCF Class X 73900</span>

The X73900 is a diesel multiple unit (DMU) train type operated by the SNCF in France. They were built from 2001 to 2004 by Alsthom DDF. They are a version of the SNCF Class X 73500 equipped with train control systems for transborder services to Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stadler FLIRT</span> Swiss built multiple unit passenger trainset

Stadler FLIRT is a passenger multiple unit trainset made by Stadler Rail of Switzerland. The baseline design of FLIRT is an electric multiple unit articulated trainset that can come in units of two to twelve cars with two to six motorized axles. The maximum speed is 200 km/h (125 mph). Standard floor height is 57 cm, but 78 cm high floors are also available for platform heights of 76 cm.

Abellio Deutschland is a public transit operator in Germany operating bus and rail networks. Headquartered in Berlin, it is a subsidiary of the Dutch state-owned Abellio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alzey–Mainz railway</span> Railway line in Germany

The Alzey–Mainz railway was opened on 18 December 1871 by the Hessian Ludwig Railway, linking the two cities of Alzey and Mainz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate to each other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euroduplex</span> French high-speed train

Avelia Euroduplex, more commonly known simply as Euroduplex or TGV 2N2 in France, is a high-speed double-decker train manufactured by Alstom. It is primarily operated by the French national railway company SNCF, and also in operation with the Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the 3rd generation of the TGV Duplex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vectus Verkehrsgesellschaft</span>

Vectus Verkehrsgesellschaft mbH was a German transport company based in Limburg an der Lahn. In 2004, it took over the operation of a regional rail network located in the Lahn valley, the Westerwald and the Taunus, which is called the Westerwald-Taunus network. The operations of the network focused on Limburg. In 2014, the contract for these services were awarded to its main shareholder, Hessische Landesbahn (HLB) and Vectus Verkehrsgesellschaft was subsequently taken over by HLB.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CAF Civity</span> Regional passenger train model

The CAF Civity is a family of regional passenger trains which is manufactured by Spanish rolling stock manufacturer Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. Available as both diesel, electric and battery-electric multiple unit, the Civity was first launched in 2010 and received its first order two years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electro-diesel multiple unit</span> Hybrid overhead line-/fossil fuel engine-powered passenger train

An electro-diesel multiple unit (EDMU) or bi-mode multiple unit (BMU) is a form of a multiple unit train that can be powered either by electric power picked up from the overhead lines or third rail or by using an onboard diesel engine, driving an electric generator, which produces alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) electric power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Train Express Regional Dakar-AIBD</span> Rail line in Senegal

The Train Express Regional (TER) is an airport rail link in Senegal that connects Dakar with Diamniadio and the Blaise Diagne International Airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regio 2N</span> French family of electric multiple unit trainsets

The Regio 2N is family of a double-deck, dual-voltage electric multiple unit trainsets built for French rail operator SNCF to serve its regional rail routes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Régiolis</span>

The Régiolis is a category of multiple unit train built by Alstom coming from the Coradia family. The first train was presented on July 4, 2013, in Aquitaine, and the first commissioning took place on April 22, 2014, on the TER Aquitaine network, more than a year behind the initial schedule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie</span> Class of electric multiple units for Nederlandse Spoorwegen

The Intercity Nieuwe Generatie, or ICNG is an electric multiple unit trainset of the Dutch Railways. In addition to supplementing the existing intercity rolling stock, it will replace the Bombardier TRAXX locomotives and Intercityrijtuig coaches on the high-speed line between Amsterdam and Belgium. This will provide the connection that was originally planned to be provided by the Fyra service, which was cancelled in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SNCF Oxygène</span> French train under construction

The Oxygène Z 26700 is a high speed, electric multiple unit, passenger train under construction by CAF, for SNCF for use on their Intercités services. The trains will serve the Paris-Clermont Ferrand and Paris-Limoges-Toulouse lines, and is planned for entry into service in 2027.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "Alstom Coradia Regional Trains". Railway Technology. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  2. ↑ "Denmark to Get 4 Additional Coradia Lint Trains". Railway-News. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Alstom wins largest railway contract in Denmark's history". Alstom . 17 June 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  4. ↑ "Coradia Stream - Fremtidens Tog" [Coradia Stream –the train of the future] (in Danish). DSB. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  5. ↑ "Nye IC5-tog bliver forsinket til 2027" (in Danish). DR. 30 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  6. ↑ Newton, Jonathan (1 December 2023). "DSB's new Alstom EMU fleet delayed to 2027". International Railway Journal.
  7. ↑ "Transport projects in Finland" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  8. ↑ "SNCF signs with Alstom for hydrogen trains". The Engineer. 9 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "BeNEX places €100m Coradia order". Railway Gazette International. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "DB Regio orders Saarland EMUs". Railway Gazette International. 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "HLB orders more Coradia Continental EMUs". International Railway Journal. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  12. ↑ "New NS Intercity makes its debut between Amsterdam and Rotterdam". Nederlandse Spoorwegen (in Dutch). 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  13. ↑ "Norske Tog buys 30 commuter trains from Alstom". Norske Tog. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  14. ↑ "Alstom wins landmark contract to deliver up to 200 regional trains in Norway". Alstom. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  15. ↑ "Alstom will supply 25 additional Coradia Nordic regional trains to Norske tog in Norway". Alstom. 23 February 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  16. ↑ "Alstom to supply up to 40 Coradia Stream electric inter-regional trains and associated maintenance in Romania". Alstom. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  17. ↑ "Ex-Transport for Wales Class 175s heading to Great Western Railway?". www.railmagazine.com. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  18. ↑ "Metra Board approves purchase of up to 500 modern railcars | Metra". metrarail.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  19. ↑ Quillen, Kim (13 January 2021). "Metra to buy up to 500 new rail cars equipped with bike racks, video screens and charging outlets". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  20. ↑ Sarraf, Isabelle (13 January 2021). "Metra to buy 500 new railcars". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  21. ↑ "Recommend Authorization to Execute a Contract for New Passenger Railcars | Virginia Railway Express". vre.org. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  22. ↑ "NOTICE OF AWARD OF A CONTRACT IN RESPONSE TO METRA RFP No. 37383 FOR NEW PUSH-PULL COMMUTER RAIL CARS ISSUED JUNE 29, 2021 | Virginia Railway Express" (PDF). vre.org. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  23. ↑ Thouraya, Chellouf. "Transport ferroviaire: la SNTF prévoit de nouvelles dessertes de grandes lignes sur son réseau". www.aps.dz (in French). Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  24. ↑ SNTF. "Coradia EL DJAZAÏR sur l'axe Alger-Batna" (in French). Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  25. ↑ SNTF. "Coradia EL DJAZAÏR sur l'axe Alger-Batna" (in French). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  26. ↑ "Alstom ships Senegal trainsets". Railway Gazette International. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  27. ↑ "Italy train crash: 'Twenty killed' near Bari". BBC News Online. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  28. ↑ "Bei Dreileben (Landkreis Börde) ist am Freitag ein Zug entgleist" [At Dreileben (Börde District) a train derailed on Friday] (in German). Volksstimme. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

Sources

Coradia UK
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.