Asterias amurensis

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Asterias amurensis
Hai Xing (Zheng Mian ).JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea
Order: Forcipulatida
Family: Asteriidae
Genus: Asterias
Species:
A. amurensis
Binomial name
Asterias amurensis
Lütken, 1871
Synonyms [1]
  • Allasterias migrata Sladen, 1879
  • Allasterias rathbuni var. nortonensis Verrill, 1909
  • Asteracanthion rubens var. migratum(Sladen, 1879) Döderlein
  • Asterias acervispinis(Djakonov, 1950)
  • Asterias amurensis f. acervispinisDjakonov, 1950
  • Asterias amurensis f. flabelliferaDjakonov, 1950
  • Asterias amurensis f. gracilispinisDjakonov, 1950
  • Asterias amurensis f. latissimaDjakonov, 1950
  • Asterias flabellifera(Djakonov, 1950)
  • Asterias gracilispinis(Djakonov, 1950)
  • Asterias latissima(Djakonov, 1950)
  • Asterias pectinata Brandt, 1835
  • Asterias rubens var. migratum(Sladen, 1879)
  • Parasterias albertensisVerrill, 1914

Asterias amurensis, also known as the Northern Pacific seastar and Japanese common starfish, is a seastar found in shallow seas and estuaries, native to the coasts of northern China, Korea, far eastern Russia, Japan, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and British Columbia in Canada. Two forms are recognised: the nominate and forma robusta from the Strait of Tartary. It mostly preys on large bivalve molluscs, and it is mostly preyed on by other species of starfish. Population booms in Japan can affect the harvest of mariculture operations and are costly to combat.

Contents

This species has been introduced to oceanic areas of southern Australia, and is an invasive species there causing damage to native species, especially in Tasmania. [2] [3]

Common names

It is known in English vernacular as the northern Pacific seastar, [4] [1] flatbottom seastar, Japanese seastar, Japanese starfish, north Pacific seastar, purple-orange seastar [4] and Japanese common starfish. [1]

Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1871 by Christian Frederik Lütken. [1] [5] Parasterias albertensis was described in 1914 from British Columbia by Addison Emery Verrill from a collection made late in the previous century and kept at the Smithsonian; [6] this taxon was synonymised by Walter Kenrick Fisher in 1930. [1] [7] [8]

Walter Kenrick Fisher also subsumed Asterias rollestoni as a forma of A. amurensis in 1930, [9] [7] and further stated that A. versicolor might well intergrade with his A. amurensis f. rollestoni to the north of its range. [7] In 1936, and subsequently in 1940, Ryori Hayashi followed Fisher's interpretation, in 1940 even subsuming Asterias versicolor as a form of A. amurensis, [10] although Alexander Michailovitsch Djakonov in 1950 and subsequent authors have rejected this taxonomic interpretation. [9] [8]

Asterias pectinata was described from Kamchatka by Johann Friedrich Brandt in 1834 or 1835, and synonymised with Asterias amurensis by Fisher in 1930. [1] [7] [11]

In the 1950 work Sea stars (Asteroids) of the USSR Seas (translation) Djakonov named five new forms of this species from the far eastern Soviet Union (recognising six forms including the nominate), [9] although these were later all synonymised, except for one: f. robusta. [1]

Intraspecific variation

There are two forms (or subspecies) are accepted in the World Register of Marine Species by Christopher Mah as of 2008: [1]

Description

It can grow up to 50 cm in diameter, [2] [4] [12] although this is exceptional and the arms usually grow to 16.1 cm, with the ratio between the length of the arm and the radius of its disc ranging from 3.6:1 to 5.9:1. [9] It has five arms [4] [6] and a small central disk. [4] It can be distinguished from similar species by the distinctive upturned tips of its arms. [2] [4] The underside is completely yellow. [4] It shows a wide range of colours on its dorsal side: orange to yellow, sometimes red and purple. [2] [4] The arms are unevenly covered with small, jagged-edged spines, which line the groove in which the tube feet lie, and join up at the mouth in a fan-like shape. [4]

Asterias amurensis, ventral view Hai Xing (Fan Mian ).JPG
Asterias amurensis, ventral view

Similar species

According to Verrill it most resembles the species Asterias forbesi and A. rubens from the north Atlantic. It is distinguished by its lack of interactinal plates and the evenly reticulated arrangement of the dorsal plates. [6]

Distribution

Native

It is native to the coastal seawaters of northern China, [2] [4] North [4] and South Korea, [2] [4] far eastern Russia, [2] Japan, [1] [2] [4] [12] the Aleutian Islands, [1] Alaska [1] (from the Bering Sea to the Gulf of Alaska) [12] and Canada (British Columbia). [1] [12] It is found throughout the Sea of Japan. It is common within its native range. [12]

In Japan it is found on both coasts from Hokkaido to (northern) Kyushu and in the Seto Inland Sea: in Mitsu Bay off the coast of Yokohama, in Aomori Prefecture off the coast of Odanozawa and elsewhere, along the coast of Yamagata Prefecture, Tokyo Bay, between Tateishi and Ogashima in Sagami Bay off Nagai, off Hayama, in Karatsu Bay, Hakata Bay, Osaka Bay, Ise Bay, Sendai Bay and Ariake Bay. [12]

In South Korea it is found on both the Pacific and the Sea of Japan coasts and has been found in Dokdo, Geoje Island, Jangmok and Tongyeong. [12]

In Russia it is found in the Peter the Great Gulf in Primorsky Krai, in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the eastern Chukchi Sea to the Arctic Ocean, [12] Kamchatka, [11] the Kuril Islands, both east and west shores of Strait of Tartary and on both coasts of Sakhalin. [12]

In Canada it was collected in 1887 northeast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, [6] although records from Canada and Alaska may represent accidental human introductions. [13]

Introduced

This species has been introduced to west Tasmania in southern Australia, parts of Europe and Maine. [2] It was first collected in 1982 and first reported in 1985 in the Derwent River estuary in Tasmania, and first reported in Victoria, Australia in 1998. [12] It has become an invasive species in Australia and is on the Invasive Species Specialist Group list of the world's 100 worst invasive species. [14] It spread to Tasmania and Victoria as planktonic larvae in ballast water carried by commercial vessels sailing from where the species is native, such as Japan. [15]

Ecology

Asterias amurensis in Taean, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea Asterias amurensis - Taean, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea 2006 by Hyun-tae Kim.jpg
Asterias amurensis in Taean, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea

Habitat

They prefer a slightly cold environment of about 7–10 °C (45–50 °F). [2] The optimum temperature is also said to be 9–13 °C (48–55 °F). [12] It has a temperature tolerance of 0–25 °C (32–77 °F) according to one source, [2] or 5–20 °C (41–68 °F) according to another. [12] It is able to tolerate a large range of salinities, from 18.7–41.0 ppt., and can survive in estuaries. [2] It has been found at a maximum depth of 220m. [2] [4]

It prefers shallow, sheltered areas. Adults are found on a wide range of substrates, including kelp forests, mud, sand, pebbles, rock, flotsam, nets and artificial substrates. It is not found in areas of high wave action or on reefs. [12]

Behaviour

These seastars move towards light. [2] The adults are mobile with a top speed of 20 cm/minute. Tagged seastars in Tokyo Bay, Japan, logged maximum travel distances 2.5 km in 32 days (78m/day) in the west of the bay, and 8.1 km in 129 days (62.8m/day) at the east. The population goes through boom-and-bust cycles in Japan, where it can swarm on occasions; during swarms the adults can float on the sea surface due to air retained within the body cavity. The population is mixed, with different age groups found intermingled. The animals can survive at least four years in the wild in Japan, but it is estimated that most live to two to three years. If the seastar is ripped apart, each arm can grow into a new animal (fissiparity) if a part of the main disk is attached. This is not entirely uncommon. [12]

Asterias amurensis tube feet. CSIRO ScienceImage 1012 Asterias amurensis Northern Pacific Seastar.jpg
Asterias amurensis tube feet.

Development

Male and female seastars release their gametes into the seawater (external fertilization), [2] [12] resulting in fertilised eggs. These go through gastrulation and become larvae. Once these begin to feed they are called bipinnaria, this stage then grows into the brachiolaria after growing five arms, three fused with the central disk. [2] The development is temperature-dependant. [2] [12] These larvae float as pelagic plankton [12] from 41 to 120 days before they find and settle on a surface and metamorphose into juvenile sea stars. This metamorphosis in larvae is stimulated by chemicals detected in the presence of adults and of tactile stimuli (feeling a surface). [2] The first year these juveniles grow 6mm a month, thereafter they grow 1–2mm a month. [4] Males and females can be sexually mature when they reach 3.6–5.5 cm in length, [2] [12] but by far most males and females reproduce when around 10 cm in diameter, when they are 1 year old. [12] The species reproduces seasonally and spawns from January to April in Japan, from June to October in Russia, [2] and between July and October in Australia. [4] Females are capable of carrying up to 20 million eggs. [2] [4] Gametogenesis in females takes 9 months. Females spawn (release eggs) successively during the breeding season. In Japan it may spawn in two main events in the year, elsewhere it is once. [12]

Species interactions

Prey

It is a generalist predator, but primarily preys on large bivalve mollusc species. [2] [12] It pulls their wings apart with all five arms and then everts its stomach into the shell. It can dig clams out of the seabed on occasion. [2] It can be selective or opportunistic depending on availability of prey. [12] It sometimes also preys on gastropods, crabs, barnacles, ascidians, sea squirts and algae. [2] [12] It has also been seen preying on itself during periods of low food abundance. [2] It will also eat dead fish and fish waste. [4] [12]

In Tasmania it preys on the egg masses of the spotted handfish and the ascidians on which they spawn. [12]

Predators

Solaster paxillatus is a predator of Asterias amurensis in Japan Solaster paxillatus - 01.jpg
Solaster paxillatus is a predator of Asterias amurensis in Japan

In Japan, the sunstar Solaster paxillatus eats this species. [2] [4] [12] It is preyed upon by the spiny sand seastar Luidia quinaria in Tokyo Bay. [12] In aquaria in Alaska, king crabs ( Paralithodes camtschaticus ) were recorded feeding on this seastar. [2] [12] In laboratory experiments in Korea, Charonia sp. (trumpet snail) were found to prefer this species above other seastars, sea cucumbers and sea urchins. [12]

Parasites

In Japan, the scuticociliates Orchitophrya stellarum and another Orchitophrya sp. are known to parasitise the gonads of this seastar, especially the males. O. stellarum infects testes and feeds on the gonads of various seastar species. It can cause castration and be lethal for Asterias amurensis in Japan. Other possible parasites found associated with these seastars are the skeleton shrimps Caprella astericola , the copepod Scottomyzon gibberum , the polychaete scaleworm Arctonoe uittuta , species from the harpacticoid copepods genera Parathalestris , Thalestris , Paramphiacella and Eupelite , as well as several unidentified gammaridean amphipods and an unidentified apicomplexan living within it. [12]

Other

In Japan it is abundant at 20m depth, but decreases to 50m, where it is replaced by another seastar species, Distolasterias nipon .

It competes with the starfish Uniophora granifera and Coscinasterias muricata , and Pacific walruses, Odobenus rosmarus ssp. divergens, for bivalve prey. [4]

A possible commensal is the bacterium Colwellia asteriadis , a new species published in 2010, which has only been isolated from Asterias amurensis hosts in the sea off Korea. These showed no effects from hosting the bacteria. [2] [16] [17]

Impacts

Traditional medicine

It is considered useful in traditional medicine in China and is in the 2015 Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China no. [18]

Impacts on mariculture

It is a predator which can impact the abundance of juvenile bivalves. [19] The asteroid stage can attach itself to salmon traps, oyster lines and scallop longlines. In Japan, where it is native, population outbreaks have cost the mariculture industry millions of dollars in control measures and losses from predation. [2] [12] [19] It can have significant impact on Mizuhopecten yessoensis scallop plantations and populations of Fulvia tenuicostata and Patinopecten yessoensis in Japan, and some impact on mussels and oysters in Tasmania. [12]

Invasive species

This seastar is an invasive species in Australia. [19] It has colonised Australian waters in the Derwent Estuary, Port Phillip Bay and Henderson Lagoon in Tasmania. [2] [12] In the Derwent Estuary, the Northern Pacific seastar has been connected to the decline of the endemic endangered spotted handfish. [20] [21] [22]

The most likely mechanism of introduction is the transport of free-swimming larvae in ballast water for ships. The ships suck in the ballast water containing seastar larvae, in a port such as one in Japan, and let it out in a port such as one in Tasmania, the larvae come out with the water, and metamorphose into juvenile sea stars. [2] [3] [23]

Removal

Trials have been run to find effective removal processes including physical removal of A. amurensis, which was estimated by workshop participants to be the most effective, safe and politically attractive when compared with chemical or biological control processes. [24] Several "sea star hunting days" have been organized in Tasmania in which several thousand sea stars have been removed. [2] Mountfort et al. studied developing a probe to test ballast water and detect the presence of this specific maritime pest. Early detection remains the best solution to reducing harmful effects of invasive species. [25]

Conservation

The population has not been assessed by the IUCN. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">River Derwent (Tasmania)</span> River in south east Tasmania, Australia

The River Derwent, also known as timtumili minanya in palawa kani, is a significant river and tidal estuary in Tasmania, Australia. It begins its journey as a freshwater river in the Central Highlands at Lake St Clair, descending over 700 metres (2,300 ft) across a distance of more than 200 kilometres (120 mi). At the settlement of New Norfolk in the Derwent Valley its waters become brackish, flowing through Hobart, the capital city of Tasmania, its seawater estuary eventually empties into Storm Bay and the Tasman Sea.

<i>Asterias</i> Genus of starfishes

Asterias is a genus of the Asteriidae family of sea stars. It includes several of the best-known species of sea stars, including the (Atlantic) common starfish, Asterias rubens, and the northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis. The genus contains a total of eight species in all. All species have five arms and are native to shallow oceanic areas of cold to temperate parts of the Holarctic. These starfish have planktonic larvae. Asterias amurensis is an invasive species in Australia and can in some years become a pest in the Japanese mariculture industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Pacific seastar in Australia</span>

The Northern Pacific seastar is an invasive species in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted handfish</span> Species of fish

The spotted handfish is a rare Australian fish in the handfish family, Brachionichthyidae, classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List 2020. It has a highly restricted range, being found only in the estuary of Derwent River, Tasmania, and nearby areas, with the main threat to its existence being an invasive species, the Northern Pacific seastar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Handfish</span> Family of fishes

Handfish are marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Brachionichthyidae, a group which comprises five genera and 14 extant species and which is classified within the suborder Antennarioidei in the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. These benthic marine fish are unusual in the way they propel themselves by walking on the sea floor rather than swimming.

<i>Solaster paxillatus</i> Species of starfish

Solaster paxillatus, the orange sun star, is a species of starfish found at varying depths in the northern Pacific Ocean. It is a natural predator of the starfish Asterias amurensis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common starfish</span> Species of starfish

The common starfish, common sea star or sugar starfish is the most common and familiar starfish in the north-east Atlantic. Belonging to the family Asteriidae, it has five arms and usually grows to between 10–30 cm across, although larger specimens are known. The common starfish is usually orange or brownish in color, and sometimes violet; specimens found in deeper waters are pale. The common starfish is found on rocky and gravelly substrates where it feeds on mollusks and other benthic invertebrates.

<i>Mizuhopecten yessoensis</i> Species of mollusc

Mizuhopecten yessoensis is a species of marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. Its name Yesso/Ezo refers to its being found north of Japan.

<i>Leptasterias</i> Genus of starfishes

Leptasterias is a genus of starfish in the family Asteriidae. Members of this genus are characterised by having six arms although five-armed specimens sometimes occur. L. muelleri is the type species. The taxonomy of the genus is confusing and Leptasterias hexactis seems to be a species complex. Some species brood their eggs.

Orchitophrya stellarum is a species of single-celled marine ciliates, a member of the class Oligohymenophorea. It is found living freely in the north Atlantic and Pacific Oceans but is also parasitic, being found inside the gonads of starfish.

<i>Evasterias troschelii</i> Species of starfish

Evasterias troschelii is a species of starfish in the family Asteriidae. Its common names include the mottled star, false ochre sea star and Troschel's true star. It is found in Kamchatka and the north western coast of North America.

<i>Leptasterias tenera</i> Species of starfish

Leptasterias tenera is a species of starfish in the family Asteriidae. It is found on the eastern coast of North America.

Ophidiaster granifer, the grained seastar, is a species of starfish in the family Ophidiasteridae. It is found in the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific and is the only known species of starfish to reproduce by parthenogenesis.

Potamocorbula amurensis is a species of small saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the order Myida. Common names include the overbite clam, the Asian clam, the Amur River clam and the brackish-water corbula. The species is native to marine and brackish waters in the northern Pacific Ocean, its range extending from Siberia to China, Korea and Japan. It has become naturalised in San Francisco Bay.

Colwellia asteriadis is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Colwellia which has been isolated from the starfish Asterias amurensis from the Sea of Japan.

<i>Asterias rollestoni</i> Species of starfish

Asterias rollestoni is a common starfish native to the seas of China and Japan, and not known from the far north or the American coasts of the eastern Pacific.

<i>Asterias rathbuni</i> Species of starfish

Asterias rathbuni is a starfish native to the Pacific coasts of Alaska in the United States and Far East Russia. There are two subspecies.

Asterias argonauta is a starfish native to the Pacific coasts of Far East Russia.

Asterias microdiscus is a starfish native to the Pacific coasts of Far East Russia.

Asterias versicolor is a species of starfish native to the southern coasts of Japan southwards to the South China Sea.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mah, Christopher (2008). Mah CL (ed.). "Asterias amurensis Lutken, 1871". World Asteroidea database. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Shah, Foram; Surati, Shikha (2013). "Asterias amurensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  3. 1 2 "Asterias amurensis". Global invasive species database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 10 March 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Asterias amurensis (northern Pacific seastar)". Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  5. ↑ Lütken, Christian Frederik (1871). "Fortasatte kritiske og beskrivende Bidrag til Kundskab om Sostjernerne (Asteriderne)". Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening (in Danish). 33: 296. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Verrill, Addison Emery (1914). "Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the North Pacific coast from the Arctic Ocean to California". Harriman Alaska Series. 14: 187. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.25926 . Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Fisher, Walter Kenrick (1930). "Asteroidea of the North Pacific and Adjacent Waters, Part 3: Forcipulata". United States National Museum Bulletin. 76 (3). U.S. Government Printing Office: 205. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  8. 1 2 Jangoux, Michel; Lawrence, John M. (1 June 2001). Echinoderm studies 6. CRC Press. pp. 262, 263. ISBN   9789058093011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Дьяконов, А.М. (1950). Морские звезды морей СССР [Определители по фауне. 34 (Tableaux analytiques de la faune de l'URSS 34)] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Акаде́мии Нау́к СССР. pp. 125–127.
  10. ↑ Hayashi, Ryori (1940). "Contributions to the Classification of the Sea-stars of Japan" (PDF). 北海道帝國大學理學部紀要 (Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido Imperial University) Series VI. Zoology. 7 (3): 223–226. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  11. 1 2 Brandt, Johann Friedrich (1834). Prodromus descriptionis Animalium ab H. Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum, Fasc. I. Saint Petersburg: l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. p. 270. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10196.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 "Asterias amurensis". Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris database. Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  13. ↑ Buttermore, R. E., Turner, E., Morrice, M. G. (1994). "The introduced northern Pacific seastar Asterias amurensis in Tasmania". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 36: 21–25.
  14. ↑ "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species". Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  15. ↑ K. R. Smith; C. E. Armistead. Benthic Invertebrates of the Eastern Bering Sea: A Synopsis of the Life History and Ecology of the Sea Star Asterias amurensis (PDF) (Technical report). NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-AFSC-273.
  16. ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Mannor, Kara; Garrity, George M (2010). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Colwellia asteriadis Choi et al. 2010". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.20014.
  17. ↑ Choi, EJ; Kwon, HC; Koh, HY; Kim, YS; Yang, HO (August 2010). "Colwellia asteriadis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the starfish Asterias amurensis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (Pt 8): 1952–7. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.016055-0 . PMID   19801395.
  18. ↑ Goya, Choi; Youngsung, Ju (2017). "Review on animal scientific names in the pharmacopoeias of Korean, China, and Japan" (PDF). Korean Herbal Medicine Informatics (in Korean). 5 (1): 23, 31. ISSN   2288-5161 . Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  19. 1 2 3 Stevens, Chantal. "Asterias amurensis (seastar)". Global Invasive Species Database. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  20. ↑ "Brachionichtys hirsutus". Fishbase.org.
  21. ↑ Anderson, Ian (26 February 2019). "Stowaway drives fish to brink of extinction". New Scientist.
  22. ↑ Aquenal Pty Ltd (2008). "Asterias amurensis" (PDF). National Control Plan for the Northern Pacific seastar Asterias amurensis. Australian Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 9 Nov 2019.
  23. ↑ "Species - Asterias amurensis". National Introduced Marine Pest Information System. Australian Government. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  24. ↑ Thresher, Ronald E.; Armand M. Kuris (2004). "Options for managing invasive marine species". Biological Invasions. 6 (3): 295–300. doi:10.1023/b:binv.0000034598.28718.2e. S2CID   11483053.
  25. ↑ Mountfort, Douglas; Lesley Rhodes; Judy Broom; Melissa Gladstone; John Tyrrell (2007). "Fluorescent in situ hybridization assay as a species-specific identifier of the northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 41 (3): 283–290. doi:10.1080/00288330709509915. S2CID   85960868.
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