Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red | |
---|---|
United Kingdom | |
For the centenary of the outbreak of World War I | |
Established | 17 July 2014 |
Unveiled | 11 November 2014 |
Location | 51°30′33″N0°04′31″W / 51.50912°N 0.07528°W moat at the Tower of London |
Designed by | Paul Cummins Tom Piper |
Commemorated | 888,246 by ceramic poppies |
Statistics source: Tower of London Remembers [1] |
Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red was a public art installation created in the moat of the Tower of London, England, between July and November 2014. It commemorated the centenary of the outbreak of World War I and consisted of 888,246 ceramic red poppies, each intended to represent one British or Colonial serviceman killed in the War. The ceramic artist was Paul Cummins, with conceptual design by the stage designer Tom Piper. [2] The work's title was taken from the first line of a poem by an unknown soldier in World War I.
The work's title came from a poem discovered by Paul Cummins and was used by Tom Piper as the inspiration for his conceptual design. It was written by an unknown World War I soldier from Derbyshire, who joined up in the early days of the war and died at the Front during the First World War. The poem begins: "The blood swept lands and seas of red,/ Where angels dare [3] to tread / ... ". [4] The poem was contained in the soldier's unsigned will, found by Cummins among old records in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. [5]
The work was created by Paul Cummins Ceramics in conjunction with Historic Royal Palaces to be displayed in the moat of the Tower of London, which was used in the early days of the war as a training ground for City of London workers who had enlisted to fight – the "Stockbrokers' Battalion". [5]
The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, in a design which appeared to flow out of the Tower itself and ripple across the moat. There were a series of designed elements which added drama, height and movement to the installation: the "Weeping Window" flowing out of a window in Legge's Mount in the West Moat, (which became the iconic image), "Over the Top", a cascade of poppies down the wall on the wharf side of the moat and the "Wave", a free-standing twisted metal sculpture covered in poppies which curled over the main causeway into the Tower.
The ceramic poppies were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire [5] and at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. [6] [7] The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers. [8] The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent. [9] [10] There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I. [11]
The first poppy was "planted" on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the day following the centenary of Britain's entry into the war). A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place, overseen by Tom Piper and Yeoman Warder Jim Duncan, making this a true public artwork. The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old cadet, Harry Hayes, from the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) of Reading Blue Coat School. [12] After that day a team of about 8,000 volunteers began removing the flowers. [13] Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £25 each, with a share of the proceeds (estimated at more than £15 million [14] ) going to six service charities: COBSEO, Combat Stress, Coming Home, Help for Heroes, the Royal British Legion and SSAFA. [2]
At around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November, the names of 180 World War I service personnel, nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour, were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder or guest reader, followed by the Last Post bugle call. [15]
The installation was visited by the Princes William and Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge on the day of its opening, [16] and by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh on 16 October. [17] [18] The Queen later spoke about the memorial in her annual Christmas Message, broadcast on 25 December 2014.
In all, an estimated 5 million people saw the installation, [19] and the huge visitor demand saw the Prime Minister David Cameron and other politicians join calls to try and extend the period for which the installation remained at the Tower so that more visitors would be able to pay their respects. [20] Historic Royal Palaces and the artist Paul Cummins resisted such calls, stating that the transience of the installation was a key part of the artistic concept, [21] and that the poppies would be removed as planned and distributed to their purchasers. On 8 November it was announced that Wave, which rose up over the Tower's entrance, would remain in place until the end of the month and that following this, the sculptures Wave and Weeping Window would be taken on a tour of the UK, organised by 14–18 NOW. This tour would last until the centenary of the armistice of World War I in November 2018 and visit 19 locations; after the tour the sculptures would enter the Imperial War Museum's collection. [22] [23] A campaign was launched in December 2014 to bring the sculptural elements to Stoke-on-Trent during the tour itinerary as the majority of materials and a large number of ceramic poppies were manufactured in the city. [6] In April 2016, about halfway through the tour, Weeping Window was installed at St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney, Britain's most northerly cathedral, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, the biggest naval engagement of the First World War. [24]
In recognition of the work, Paul Cummins and Tom Piper were both awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2015 New Year Honours. [25]
Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press. A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it "impressive" but "curiously bland". [26] The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a "false nobility" and being a "prettified and toothless" memorial. Tom Piper said in response that "... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible. We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand." [21]
In November 2014, it was announced that two sculptures from the installation, Wave and Weeping Window, would tour venues around the UK until 2018. This was organised by 14-18 NOW. [22] [23] The scheduled venues were as follows: [27]
12 Sep 2015 – 1 Nov 2015 | Woodhorn Museum, Ashington, Northumberland |
7 Nov 2015 – 17 Jan 2016 | St George's Hall, Liverpool |
22 Apr 2016 – 12 Jun 2016 | St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney |
30 Jun 2016 – 25 Sep 2016 | Black Watch Museum, Perth |
12 Oct 2016 – 20 Nov 2016 | Caernarfon Castle |
25 Mar 2017 – 14 May 2017 | Hull Maritime Museum |
9 Jun 2017 – 23 Jul 2017 | The Silk Mill, Derby |
8 Aug 2017 – 24 Sep 2017 | Senedd, Cardiff |
14 Oct 2017 – 3 Dec 2017 | Ulster Museum, Belfast |
14 Mar 2018 – 29 Apr 2018 | Hereford Cathedral |
23 May 2018 – 8 Jul 2018 | Carlisle Castle |
2 Aug 2018 – 16 Sep 2018 | Middleport Pottery, Stoke-on-Trent |
5 Oct 2018 – 18 Nov 2018 | Imperial War Museum, London |
5 Sep 2015 – 10 Jan 2016 | Yorkshire Sculpture Park |
28 May 2016 – 4 Sep 2016 | Lincoln Castle |
12 Apr 2017 – 25 Jun 2017 | Barge Pier, Shoeburyness |
23 Aug 2017 – 19 Nov 2017 | Plymouth Naval Memorial |
13 Apr 2018 – 24 Jun 2018 | Royal Armouries at Fort Nelson |
8 Sep 2018 – 25 Nov 2018 | Imperial War Museum North, Manchester |
After the end of the UK-wide 14-18 NOW tour Wave and Weeping Window will enter the Imperial War Museum's collection.
A similar tribute also designed by Piper, Beyond the Deepening Shadow , in which 10,000 flames were lit, again at the Tower of London, was installed to mark the centenary of the end of the war. It ran nightly, ending on Armistice Day (11 November) 2018. [28]
Remembrance Day is a memorial day observed in Commonwealth member states since the end of the First World War to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty. The day is also marked by war remembrances in several other non-Commonwealth countries. In most countries, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November to recall the end of First World War hostilities. Hostilities ended "at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month" of 1918, in accordance with the armistice signed by representatives of Germany and the Entente between 5:12 and 5:20 that morning. The First World War formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919.
Tristram Julian William Hunt, is a British historian, broadcast journalist and former politician who has been Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum since 2017. He served as the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Stoke-on-Trent Central from 2010 to 2017, and Shadow Secretary of State for Education from 2013 to 2015.
The Royal British Legion (RBL), formerly the British Legion, is a British charity providing financial, social and emotional support to members and veterans of the British Armed Forces, their families and dependants.
For other theatres with a similar name, see Victoria Theatre (disambiguation)
The white poppy is a flower used as a symbol of peace, worn either in place of or in addition to the red remembrance poppy for Remembrance Day or Anzac Day.
A remembrance poppy is an artificial flower worn in some countries to commemorate their military personnel who died in war. Remembrance poppies are produced by veterans' associations, which exchange the poppies for charitable donations used to give financial, social and emotional support to members and veterans of the armed forces.
Sir Michael Andrew Bridge Morpurgo is an English book author, poet, playwright, and librettist who is known best for children's novels such as War Horse (1982). His work is noted for its "magical storytelling", for recurring themes such as the triumph of an outsider or survival, for characters' relationships with nature, and for vivid settings such as the Cornish coast or the trenches of the First World War. Morpurgo was the third Children's Laureate, from 2003 to 2005, and is President of BookTrust, a children's reading charity.
Mary Borden was an American-British novelist and poet whose work drew on her experiences as a war nurse. She was the second of the three children of William Borden, who had made a fortune in Colorado silver mining in the late 1870s.
Thomas Stephen Towry Piper MBE is a British theatre designer who regularly collaborated with director Michael Boyd. He became an associate designer with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2004.
Reading Blue Coat School is a co-educational private day school in Holme Park, Sonning, Berkshire. It is situated beside the River Thames, and was established in 1646 by Richard Aldworth, who named it "Aldworth's Hospital". Aldworth founded a near-identical school in Basingstoke in the same year.
Longton High School was a school in Longton and later Meir, Staffordshire from 1760 to 2010.
The First World War centenary was the four-year period marking the centenary of the First World War, which began in mid-2014 with the centenary of the outbreak of the war, and ended in late 2018 with the centenary of the 1918 Armistice.
Flux Stoke-on-Trent is a spin-out company from Staffordshire University. Located in Stoke-on-Trent, traditional centre of the English pottery industry, it produces decorated bone china tableware that is manufactured in the city and primarily designed by students on its ceramics master's degree programme.
The year 2014 in art involves various significant events.
Spectra is the name of a series of art installations by Ryoji Ikeda which use intense white light as a sculptural material. The most recent presentation of spectra was in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia for four days ending 24 June, 2018 to mark the winter solstice, and as an installation piece at the Dark Mofo festival held by MONA. spectra [Amsterdam] was the first presentation of the work in 2008 its current form; an array of xenon lamps pointed skywards lit from dusk till dawn accompanied by a mathematically derived score audible from each of the lamp bases. The work was first commissioned and produced by Forma Arts.
The centenary of the outbreak of World War I occurred in the summer of 2014. A series of official commemorations took place in several European countries to mark the occasion. It marked the beginning of the wider four year period known as the First World War centenary.
Paul Cummins MBE is an English artist from Chesterfield, Derbyshire, who produces landscape installations using ceramic flowers.
14–18 NOW was the UK's arts programme for the First World War centenary. Working with arts and heritage partners all across the UK, the programme commissioned new artworks from 420 contemporary artists, musicians, filmmakers, designers and performers, inspired by the period 1914–1918.
Made in Hull was the opening season of Hull UK City of Culture 2017 and began with an opening event which ran from 1–7 January 2017. The opening event was devised by creative director Sean McAllister and writer Rupert Creed. It consisted of installations in eight locations across the city of Hull and marked the beginning of the city's period as UK City of Culture, a four-yearly event. By the end of the opening event on 7 January, over 300,000 people were reported to have visited the event and positive reactions were reported in national and local media.
Beyond the Deepening Shadow: The Tower Remembers was an artistic installation at the Tower of London in November 2018, to commemorate the centenary of the end of the First World War.