Bolivians

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Bolivians
Bolivianos
Map of the Bolivian Diaspora in the World.svg
Bolivians in World map
Total population
c.13.2 million
Diaspora 1.4 million
Regions with significant populations
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 11 million
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina ~1,000,000–2,000,000 [1]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 350,000-600,000 [2]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 239.000 [3] -179,571 [4] (not including the naturalized, nor their descendants). [5]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 132,094 (2021) [6]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 99,296 [7]
Flag of France.svg  France 25,000 [8]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 12,924 [9]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 7,103 [10]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 956 [11]
Languages
Primarily Spanish
Quechua, Aymara, Guarani and other languages of Bolivia
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic [12]
(syncretism with traditional beliefs is widely practiced)
Protestant and Mormon minorities [13]

Bolivians (Spanish : Bolivianos) are people identified with the country of Bolivia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Bolivians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Bolivian.

Contents

Bolivia is, as its neighboring countries, a multiethnic and multilingual society, home to people of various ethnic, religious, and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of indigenous and Old World immigrants and their descendants. As a result, Bolivians do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance to Bolivia. Aside from the indigenous populations, Bolivians trace their ancestry to the Old World, primarily Europe and Africa, ever since the Spanish conquest of South America and founding of first Spanish settlements in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

Modern Bolivian population, estimated at 11 million is formally broken down into Amerindians (primarily Quechua and Aymara, Guaraní peoples), Mestizos, Europeans and Afro-Bolivians. The group's sole common language is Spanish (Bolivian Spanish), although the Guarani, Aymara and Quechua languages are also widely spoken in their communities and to some degree by others, and all three, as well as 34 other indigenous languages, are official languages of the country. The mutual influence and interaction of cultures of Bolivia have resulted in modern Bolivian society becoming one of prime examples of a melting pot according to some anthropologists.

Ethnic groups

Ethnic composition
Indigenous-Native peoples self-identification [14]
Indigenous self-identification60 %
None self-identification40 %
Ethnic self-identification [15]
Mestizo 68 %
Indigenous 21 %
White Bolivian 4 %
Cholo 2 %
Afro-Bolivian 1 %
Other1 %
n/a3 %

The ethnic composition of Bolivia includes a great diversity of cultures. Most of the indigenous peoples have assimilated a mestizo culture, diversifying and expanding their indigenous heritage; as such, many people of exclusively Amerindian ancestry may simply identify as "Mestizo". Consequently, there is in Bolivia a mix of cultures, which joins together Hispanic and Amerindian cultures.

Mestizo Bolivians

Mestizos are people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. They are distributed throughout the entire country and compose about 68% of the Bolivian population. [16] Most people assume their mestizo identity while at the same time identifying themselves with one or more Indigenous cultures. Genetic research indicates that the ancestry of Bolivian mestizos is predominantly indigenous. [17] [18] [19]

Indigenous Bolivians

Indigenous, also called "originarios" ("native" or "original") and, less frequently, Amerindians. This ethnic group is composed by the descendants of the Pre-Hispanic cultures. They can be Andean, as the Aymaras and Quechuas (which formed the ancient Inca Empire), which concentrate in the western departments of La Paz, Potosí, Oruro, Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. There also is an important oriental ethnic population, composed by the Chiquitano, Guaraní and Moxos, among others, and that inhabit the departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Tarija and Pando. According to the most recent census, the indigenous people compose 20% of the Bolivian population, but in reality, this number is closer to between 62-70%. [20]

White or European Bolivians

Modern estimates have estimated that they're now only 5% of the population [21] and according to a 2014 survey by Ipsos, 3% of people questioned said they were white. [22] In the 1900 census, White Bolivians composed 12.72% or 231,088 (115,139 men, 115,949 women) of the total population and the last official census that collected data of racial origin. [23] Most people who identify as white are descendants of criollos and European immigrants, coming mostly from Spain, Croatia, Germany and Italy. [21] They are usually concentrated in the largest cities — La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Cochabamba and Tarija (being the department where the eurodescendants predominate by density but not by quantity). In the Santa Cruz Department there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking Mennonites. [24]

Afro-Bolivians

Afro-Bolivians are descendants of African slaves, who arrived in the times of the Spanish Empire. They inhabit the department of La Paz and in the provinces of Nor Yungas and Sud Yungas. 23,330 people self-identified as Afro-Bolivian in the 2012 census. [25]

Other

Indigenous peoples

The Indigenous peoples of Bolivia are divided into two ethnic groups: the Andeans, who are in the Andean Altiplano and the valley region, and the ethnic culture of the oriental Llanos region, who inhabit the warm regions of eastern Bolivia (Gran Chaco).

  • Andean ethnicities
    • Aymaras. They live on the high plateau of the departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potosí, as well as some small regions near the tropical flatlands.
    • Quechuas. They inhabit mostly the valleys on Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. They also inhabit some mountain regions in Potosí and Oruro. They divide themselves into quechua nations, as the Tarabucos, Ucumaris, Chalchas, Chaquies, Yralipes, Tirinas, among others.
  • Ethnicities of the Oriental Llanos
    • Guaraníes. Formed by Guarayos, Pausernas, Sirionos, Chiriguanos, Wichí, Chulipis, Tapietes  [ es ], Tobas and Yuquis.
    • Tacanas : Formed by Tacanas, Lecos, Ese Ejas, Araonas, Reyesanos and Maropas.
    • Panos: Formed by Chacobos, Caripunas, Sinabos, Capuibos and Guacanaguas.
    • Aruacos: Formed by Apolistas, Baures, Moxos, Chané, Movimas, Cayabayas, Carabecas, Paiconecas or Paucanacas.
    • Chapacuras: Formed by Itenez or More, Chapacuras, Sansinonianos, Canichanas, Itonamas, Yuracares, Guatoses and Chiquitos.
    • Botocudos: Formed by Bororos y Otuquis.
    • Zamucos: Formed by Ayoreos.
Macheteros Macheteros.JPG
Macheteros
Main Indigenous and Afro-Bolivian peoples from Bolivia
N°GroupPopulation%N°GroupPopulation%
1 Quechua 1,837,10518.26%6Guarayo23,9100.24%
2 Aymara 1,598,80715.89%7 Afro-Bolivian 23,3300.23%
3 Chiquitano 145,6531.45%8Movima18,8790.19%
4 Guaraní 96,8420.96%9Tacana18,5350.18%
5Mojeño42,0930.42%10Tsimane Chimán16,9580.17%
Source: 2012 Census of Bolivia [25]

Religion

Bolivia aymara praying loc.jpg
Aymara woman praying
Basilica Menor de San Lorenzo Santa Cruz Bolivia.jpg
Basílica Menor de San Lorenzo, in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

The Roman Catholic church has a dominant religious presence in Bolivia. [13] While a vast majority of Bolivians are Catholic Christians, [28] a much smaller portion of the population participates actively. In the decades following the Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the Church tried to make religion a more active force in social life.

A 2008 survey for Americas Barometer, with 3,003 respondents and an error (+/- 1,8%) [29] returned these results:

ReligionPercentageNotes
Catholic81.6%
Evangelical10.3%Pentecostal, Non-Catholic Charismatic
No religion3.3%Secular, Atheist
Other Protestant2.6%Historic Protestant: Adventist, Baptist, Calvinist, Salvation Army, Lutheran, Methodist, Nazarene, Presbyterian
Mormon and Jehova's Witness1.7%
Non-Christian0.4%Baháʼí Faith, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu
Traditional religions0.1%Native religions

Other reviews of the population vary from these specific results. [30]

Culture

Bolivia potosi elderly andean man in traditional chothes.jpg
One of the typical traditional clothing of Potosí (Bolivian andes).
Carnaval de Oruro - Caporales.jpg
Carnival of Oruro

Some cultural development of what is now Bolivia is divided into three distinct periods: pre-Columbian, colonial, and republican. Important archaeological ruins, gold and silver ornaments, stone monuments, ceramics, and weavings remain from several important pre-Columbian cultures. Major ruins include Tiwanaku, Samaipata, Inkallaqta and Iskanwaya. The country abounds in other sites that are difficult to reach and hardly explored by archaeologists.

The Spanish brought their own tradition of religious art which, in the hands of local indigenous and mestizo builders and artisans, developed into a rich and distinctive style of architecture, literature, and sculpture known as "Mestizo Baroque." The colonial period produced the paintings of Perez de Holguin, Flores, Bitti, and others, and also the works of skilled but unknown stonecutters, woodcarvers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths. An important body of native baroque religious music of the colonial period was recovered in recent years and has been performed internationally to wide acclaim since 1994. Bolivian artists of stature in the 20th century include, among others, Guzman de Rojas, Arturo Borda, María Luisa Pacheco, Master William Vega, Alfredo Da Silva, and Marina Núñez del Prado.

Dances

Many dances and songs contain elements from both the native and European cultures. Caporales seems to be the most popular Bolivian dance of present times — in a few decades it has developed into an enormously popular dance, [31] not only in the Highlands where it originated, but also in the Lowlands and in Bolivian communities outside the country. In the Highlands, other traditional and still very popular dances are:

In the Lowlands, there are:

Clothing

It is fashionable among Bolivian Andean women of indigenous descent to wear a ski. It was originally a Spanish peasant skirt that the colonial authorities forced indigenous women to wear. Now it is a symbol of pride in being indigenous and is considered a status symbol.

Another fashion is the bowler hat, which was adopted from the British. The position of the hat can indicate a woman's marital status and aspirations.

Cuisine

Bolivian cuisine stems mainly from the combination of Spanish cuisine with traditional indigenous Bolivian ingredients, with later influences from Argentines, Germans, Italians, Basques, Croats, Russians, and Poles, due to the arrival of immigrants from those countries. [32]

The traditional staples of Bolivian cuisine are corn and potatoes. These ingredients have been combined with a number of staples brought by the Spanish, such as rice, wheat, and meat, such as beef, pork, and chicken

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolivia</span> Country in South America

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. The seat of government and administrative capital is La Paz, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Sucre, the seat of the judiciary. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Peru</span> Demographics of country

This is a demography of the population of Peru including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Bolivia</span>

The demographic characteristics of the population of Bolivia are known from censuses, with the first census undertaken in 1826 and the most recent in 2012. The National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia (INE) has performed this task since 1950. The population of Bolivia in 2012 reached 10 million for the first time in history. The population density is 9.13 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Bolivia at birth is 68.2 years. The population has steadily risen from the late 1800s to the present time. The natural growth rate of the population is positive, which has been a continuing trend since the 1950s; in 2012, Bolivia's birth rate continued to be higher than the death rate. Bolivia is in the third stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–64 segment. The median age of the population is 23.1, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.99 males per female.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aymara people</span> Indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America

The Aymara or Aimara, people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Their ancestors lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century. With the Spanish-American wars of independence (1810–1825), the Aymaras became subjects of the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory with the Aymara population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beni Department</span> Department of northeastern Bolivia

Beni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second-largest department in the country, covering 213,564 square kilometers, and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842, during the administration of General José Ballivián. Its capital is Trinidad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochabamba Department</span> Department of Bolivia

Cochabamba, from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the "granary" of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2012 census was 1,758,143. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochabamba</span> City and municipality in Bolivia

Cochabamba is a city and municipality in central Bolivia in a valley in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cochabamba Department and the fourth largest city in Bolivia, with a population of 630,587 according to the 2012 Bolivian census. Its name is from a compound of the Quechua words qucha "lake" and pampa, "open plain." Residents of the city and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as cochalas or, more formally, cochabambinos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quechua people</span> Ethnic group indigenous to Andean South America

Quechua people or Quichua people may refer to any of the indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru. Although most Quechua speakers are native to Peru, there are some significant populations in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Bolivia</span> Overview of the languages commonly spoken in Bolivia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chileans</span> Ethnic group native to Chile; people identified with the country of Chile

Chileans are an ethnic group and nation native to the country of Chile and its neighboring insular territories. Most Chileans share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. The overwhelming majority of Chileans are the product of varying degrees of admixture between European ethnic groups with peoples indigenous to Chile's modern territory. Chile is a multilingual and multicultural society, but an overwhelming majority of Chileans have Spanish as their first language and either are Christians or have a Christian cultural background.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographic history of Peru</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media Luna</span> Geographic region of Bolivia

The Media Luna or Media Luna Ampliada refers to a group of four departments – Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija – in Bolivia which are home to a greater proportion of opponents to the national government led by Evo Morales and the Movement for Socialism (MAS) than the rest of the country. Pando has seen increasing support for MAS since 2009, while Tarija was initially supportive but has opposed MAS in every election after 2014. In contrast to the predominantly Indigenous Andean populations of the Andean region such as La Paz and Cochabamba, the departments in the Media Luna are majority mestizo, as well as being made up of the remaining 26 groups of lowland indigenes with white minorities, specifically in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

The Morenada is an Andean folk dance whose origins are still under debate. This dance is practiced mainly in Bolivia as well as in Peru and in recent years with Bolivian immigration in Chile, Argentina and other countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afro-Bolivians</span> Ethnic group in Bolivia

Afro-Bolivians are Bolivian people of Sub-Saharan African heritage and therefore the descriptive "Afro-Bolivian" may refer to historical or cultural elements in Bolivia thought to emanate from their community. It can also refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Bolivian society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture. The Afro-Bolivians are recognized as one of the constituent ethnic groups of Bolivia by the country's government, and are ceremonially led by a king who traces his descent back to a line of monarchs that reigned in Africa during the medieval period. They numbered 23,000 according to the 2012 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Totora, Cochabamba</span> Town in Cochabama, Bolivia

Totora, Tutura or T'utura is a town in the Carrasco Province of the Cochabamba Department in Bolivia. It is the capital and most-populous place of the Totora Municipality. As of the 2012 census, the population is 1,925. The first settlers were Inca Indians. Totora was officially settled in 1876, and declared a town by the Government of Bolivia in 1894.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic groups in Latin America</span> Overview of ethnic groups in Latin America

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White Bolivians or European Bolivians are Bolivian people whose ancestry lies within the continent of Europe, most notably Spain and Germany, and to a lesser extent, Italy and Croatia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indigenous peoples in Bolivia</span> Bolivian people of indigenous ancestry

Indigenous peoples in Bolivia, or Native Bolivians, are Bolivian people who are of indigenous ancestry. They constitute anywhere from 20 to 60% of Bolivia's population of 11,306,341, depending on different estimates, and depending notably on the choice "Mestizo" being available as an answer in a given census, in which case the majority of the population identify as mestizo, and they belong to 36 recognized ethnic groups. Aymara and Quechua are the largest groups. The geography of Bolivia includes the Andes, the Gran Chaco, and the Amazon Rainforest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolivian Civil War</span> Armed conflict in Bolivia

The Bolivian Civil War, also known as the Federal War was a civil war in Bolivia fought from 1898 to 1899. The war saw two factions, a conservative side supported by the political, economic and religious elite of the country with control of the armed forces and who defended a unitary state, and a liberal faction opposed to the policies set by the state and that intended to transform the country into a federation, with support of the peasantry, the indigenous peoples and small Catholic businesses.

References

  1. ↑ Cónsul Boliviano con los días contados por Raúl Kollman, 9 April 2006, p.12.
  2. ↑ "O Brasil tem pouco imigrante" . Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  3. ↑ Benencia, Roberto; Canevaro, Santiago (2017). "Migración boliviana y negocios. De la discriminación a la aceptación. La salada como fenómeno social" (PDF). REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana. Brasília. 25 (49): 184. doi:10.1590/1980-85852503880004910. ISSN   1980-8585.
  4. ↑ "Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (grupos quinquenales) y sexo". INE. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  5. ↑ Europapress (22 August 2013). "Nueve de cada diez bolivianos en España ya están en situación regular" (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Estimación población extranjera en Chile 2021". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  7. ↑ US Census Bureau 2012 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN retrieved September 20, 2013
  8. ↑ "BOLIVIA Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática". inei.gob.pe.
  9. ↑ "Boliviani in Italia 2022". www.tuttitalia.it/.
  10. ↑ "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計 結果の概要". moj.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  11. ↑ "Bolivia country brief".
  12. ↑ "Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco" (in Spanish). Latinobarómetro. April 2014. pp. 6, 31. Archived from the original (pdf) on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  13. 1 2 Religion affiliation in Bolivia as of 2018. Based on Latinobarómetro. Survey period: 15 June to 2 August 2018, 1,200 respondents.
  14. ↑ National Census of Population and Living (2001). "Autoidentificación con Pueblos Originarios o Indígenas de la Población de 15 años o más de edad- UBICACIÓN, ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA, SEXO Y EDAD". INE . Retrieved 7 October 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  15. ↑ Fundación Boliviana para la Democracia Multipartidaria (FBDM) y Fondo para la Democracia de Naciones Unidas (Undef) (13 March 2009). "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Valores y Actitudes Frente a la Conflictividad en Bolivia" (PDF). Retrieved 7 October 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  16. ↑ "The World Factbook: Bolivia". CIA. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  17. ↑ Heinz, T.; Alvarez-Iglesias, V.; Pardo-Seco, J.; Taboada-Echalar, P.; Gómez-Carballa, A.; Torres-Balanza, A.; Rocabado, O.; Carracedo, A.; Vullo, C.; Salas, A. (2013). "Ancestry analysis reveals a predominant Native American component with moderate European admixture in Bolivians". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 7 (5): 537–542. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.05.012. PMID   23948324.
  18. ↑ Taboada-Echalar, Patricia; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Heinz, Tanja; Vidal-Bralo, Laura; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Catelli, Laura; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Pastoriza, Ana; Carracedo, Ángel; Torres-Balanza, Antonio; Rocabado, Omar; Vullo, Carlos; Salas, Antonio (2013). "The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians". PLOS ONE. 8 (3). Figure 4. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858980T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058980 . PMC   3604014 . PMID   23527064.
  19. ↑ Taboada-Echalar, Patricia; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Heinz, Tanja; Vidal-Bralo, Laura; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Catelli, Laura; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Pastoriza, Ana; Carracedo, Ángel; Torres-Balanza, Antonio; Rocabado, Omar; Vullo, Carlos; Salas, Antonio (2013). "The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58980. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858980T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058980 . PMC   3604014 . PMID   23527064.
  20. ↑ "Where Have All the Indigenous Gone? Bolivia Sees 20 Percent Drop". 13 September 2018.
  21. 1 2 "Bolivia". Central Intelligence Agency. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024– via CIA.gov.
  22. ↑ "El 52% de la población se identifica como mestiza". El Día  [ es ] (in Spanish). 27 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  23. ↑ "Bolivia en 1900 - Censo General de la Población de la República de Bolivia - Tomo II" (PDF). p. 32. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  24. ↑ Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier. The New York Times. 21 December 2006.
  25. 1 2 "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 Bolivia Características de la Población". Instituto Nacional de Estadística, República de Bolivia. p. 29. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  26. ↑ "ボリビア多民族国基礎データ" . Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  27. ↑ "Geographical Distribution of the Lebanese Diaspora". The Identity Chef.
  28. ↑ "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  29. ↑ Americas Barometer Survey 2008 - page 11 Archived June 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Bolivia". National Profiles > > Regions > Central America >. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  31. ↑ "Noticias EL DIARIO - Primera página". www.eldiario.net. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  32. ↑ Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth. Sweet Treats Around the World. p. 44.
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