COVID-19 app

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COVID-19 app
Original author(s) Various
Developer(s) Various

COVID-19 apps are mobile apps designed to aid contact tracing with the intention of suppressing the infectious disease Coronavirus disease 2019. Numerous applications have been fielded, some with official government support in particular territories and jurisdictions. A number of frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed; on 10 April 2020, the market leaders in mobile devices, Google and Apple, jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.

Contents

Countries with official tracking apps

In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app[ clarification needed ] across 200 Chinese cities. [1]

In South Korea, the Corona 100m app has been developed to notify people of nearby cases. [2]

In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used. [3] Additionally an open source digital contact tracing protocol, BlueTrace, was developed. [4]

Russia has introduced a tracking app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home. [5]

Czechia has launched a Singapore-inspired tracking app called eRouška (eFacemask). The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government. [6]

North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities. The app was developed and donated by a Macedonian IT company. [7]

Countries considering deployment

In the United Kingdom, Matthew Gould, chief executive of NHSX, the government body responsible for policy regarding technology in the NHS, said in late March 2020 that the organisation was looking seriously at an app that would alert people if they had recently been in contact with someone testing positive for the virus after scientists advising the government suggested it "could play a critical role" in limiting lockdowns. [8]

A similar app is planned in Ireland. [9]

Privacy concerns

Privacy campaigners have voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed. [10] Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance. [11] The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) [12] and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) [13] issued checklists.

Centralized network-based location tracking

Some countries are using network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking. In Israel, network-based tracking has been approved. [14] However, network-based solutions have significant potential privacy problems. [15]

Centralised protocols, where a central server must be trusted with all or part of a social graph, are prevalent, such as Singapore's TraceTogether. [16] Countries including Germany are reportedly preparing centralised protocols, although these have not yet been released. [17]

Privacy-preserving contact tracking frameworks

As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. [11] Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19. [11]

A group of European researchers, including from the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, are under the umbrella of the Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project, [18] developing a BLE-based app to serve this purpose that is designed to avoid the need for intrusive surveillance by the state. [19] [20] [21] However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol. [22]

Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), [17] [23] Contact Event Numbers (CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols And Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) [24] and others. In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.

The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, [25] a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19. It is based on research from the whitepaper "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" released in March 2020. [26]

On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app. [27]

On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography. [28] [29] They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system. [30] [31] According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages: [32] [33]

List of frameworks

NameFunctionalityPlatformAuthor/promoterLicenceHomepageRef
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) projectprivacy-preserving contact tracingplatform-independent Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Robert Koch Institute, Technical University of Berlin, TU Dresden, University of Erfurt, Vodafone Germany multiple protocols, closed source, private specifications https://www.pepp-pt.org/ [34]
Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing projectprivacy-preserving contact tracingplatform-independent Google, Apple Inc. public specification https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing [35]
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T)privacy-preserving contact tracingplatform-independent, reference implementation in Python 3 EPFL, ETHZ, KU Leuven, TU Delft, University College London, CISPA, University of Oxford, University of Torino / ISI Foundation publicly-developed Apache 2.0 reference implementation https://github.com/DP-3T [36]
BlueTrace / OpenTrace privacy-preserving contact tracingplatform-independent Singapore Government Digital Services public specification, GPL 3 code bluetrace.io [37]

List of apps

CountryNameFunctionalityPlatformAuthor/promoterLicenceHomepageRef
Australia Coronavirus Australia information, isolation registrationAndroid, iOSDelv Pty LtdProprietary health.gov.au [38]
Austria Stopp Coronacontact tracing, medical reportingAndroid, iOS [39]
China unknowncontact tracing Alipay [40]
Czech Republic Mapycontact tracing [41] [42]
Czech Republic eRouškacontact tracing erouska.cz [43] [6]
India Aarogya Setu contact tracingAndroid, iOSIndian federal government / National Informatics Centre aarogyasetu.in [44]
India COVA Punjabcontact tracingAndroid, iOS Government of Punjab [45]
India COVID-19 Quarantine Monitorcontact tracing, geofencingTBAPixxon AI Solutions / Government of Tamil Nadu [45]
India COVID19 FeedbackfeedbackAndroid Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology [45]
India Corona KavachinformationAndroid (discontinued) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology [45] [46]
India Mahakavachcontact tracingMaharashtra government [45]
India Quarantine Watchcontact tracing [45]
India Test Yourself Goaself diagnosticAndroid Goa Ministry of Health [45]
India Test Yourself Puducherryself diagnostic [45]
India, KeralaGoK Directcontact tracing [47] [48]
Israel Hamagencontact tracingAndroid, iOS [49] [50]
North Macedonia StopKorona!contact tracingAndroid, iOS [7]
Norway Infect Stopcontact tracingAndroid, iOS Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI) [51]
Russia (Moscow)"Social Monitoring"contact tracingAndroid, iOSMoscow city government [52]
Singapore TraceTogether contact tracingAndroid, iOSGovernment Digital Services agency of Government Technology Agency of Singaporecompatible with open source OpenTrace / BlueTrace framework [53]
South Korea Corona 100m contact tracingBae Wong-Seok [54] [55]
United Kingdom Covid Symptom Trackerself-diagnosticAndroid, iOS King’s College London, Guys and St Thomas’ Hospitals, Zoe Global Limited [56]
United Kingdom NHS App multipurposeAndroid, iOS National Health Service www.nhs.uk [56]
United States COVID-19 Apple AppinformationiOS Apple Inc. / U.S. Federal Government [57]
United States How We Feelself-diagnosticAndroid, iOS Pinterest and others [58]
United States Private Kit: Safe Pathscontact tracingAndroid, iOS MIT safepaths.mit.edu [59]

See also

Related Research Articles

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BlueTrace type of protocol

BlueTrace is an open source application protocol that facilitates digital contact tracing of infected participants. Initially developed by the Singaporean Government for the TraceTogether app and the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, it has since been considered for adoption by multiple other countries including New Zealand and Australia. A core principle of the protocol is the preservation of privacy and health authority cooperation.

TraceTogether an app released by the Singaporean Government that allows for digital contact tracing

TraceTogether is an app released by the Singaporean Government that allows for digital contact tracing using the custom BlueTrace protocol. The app was developed by the Government Digital Services agency and released on 20 March 2020. Since release the app has been downloaded over a 500,000 times. The app and protocol were also open sourced as OpenTrace and BlueTrace respectively.

References

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