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The first cases of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic were confirmed in Russia on 31 January 2020 in Tyumen and Chita, which were contained, by Chinese tourists. Early prevention measures included restricting the border with China and extensive testing. The infection spread from Italy on 2 March, leading to additional measures such as cancelling events, closing schools, theatres and museums, shutting the border, and declaring a non-working period which is currently in effect until at least 11 May, having been extended twice. By the end of March, lockdowns were imposed in the vast majority of federal subjects, including Moscow. By 17 April, cases were confirmed in all federal subjects. On 27 April, the number of confirmed cases surpassed those in China and on 30 April, it surpassed 100,000.
As of 3 May, Russia has 134,687 confirmed cases, 16,639 recoveries, 1,280 deaths, and over 4.1 million tests performed, ranking sixth in number of confirmed cases.[1] The city of Moscow is currently the most affected federal subject, having the majority of confirmed cases.[1]
On 24 January, the first testing systems were developed and deployed to laboratories around the country.[9]
On 31 January, two cases were confirmed, one in Tyumen, another in Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai. Both were Chinese nationals, who have since recovered.[10][11]
On 23 February, eight Russians from the cruise ship Diamond Princess were evacuated to Kazan, Tatarstan where they were hospitalised, including three confirmed cases.[12] These cases were listed as occurring on international conveyance and not included in official Russian statistics by Rospotrebnadzor. These eight people, including the three patients who recovered, were discharged from hospital on 8 March.[13]
On 1 March, a woman escaped from the hospital in Sevastopol before being tested for the virus. She fled to Rostov-on-Don and is on the wanted list.[15]
On 2 March, the first case of coronavirus in Moscow was confirmed.[16][17] The patient was a young man who fell ill on 21 February while on holiday in Italy, and returned to Russia on 23 February, staying at his house in Moscow Oblast.[16] He showed up with symptoms at a clinic on 27 February, and was then hospitalised in Moscow.[16] He was reported to be recovered on 6 March.[18]
On 5 March, the first case of coronavirus in Saint Petersburg was confirmed. The patient was an Italian student who returned to Russia from Italy on 29 February, was hospitalised on 2 March and recovered on 13 March.[19][20]
On 6 March, six more cases were confirmed, with five of them being in Moscow and one of them being in Nizhny Novgorod. All of them were reported to be linked to Italy.[21]
On 7 March, four cases were confirmed, three in Lipetsk and one in Saint Petersburg. All of them had returned from Italy.[22]
On 8 March, three new cases in Belgorod, Moscow and Kaliningrad oblasts were confirmed, all of them had returned from Italy.[23]
On 9 March, three cases in Moscow were confirmed, all of them coming from Italy.[24]
On 11 March, eight new cases were confirmed, six in Moscow and two in Moscow Oblast, all were people coming from Italy.[25]
On 12 March, six cases were confirmed, including four in Moscow, one in Kaliningrad Oblast and the first case in Krasnodar Krai.[26] On the same day, two tourists who arrived from Moscow on 3 March were diagnosed with the disease in Israel.[27]
On 13 March, 11 new cases were confirmed: five in Moscow, three in St. Petersburg, one in Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, and Perm Krai. All of the patients came from Italy, France, or Austria, except for one who got infected locally.[28]
On 14 March, first two cases in Kemerovo Oblast were confirmed. Also, there were nine new cases in Moscow, one in Moscow Oblast, Saint Petersburg and Kaliningrad Oblast each.[29]
On 15 March, four new cases were confirmed, including three in Moscow region and one in Tyumen. The patients had recently visited Spain, Italy, France and Switzerland.[30]
On 16 March, 30 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of cases to 93. Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova announced that 7 cases were from contact with other patients while the other 86 were imported.[31] 3 new cases were in Samara Oblast for the first time, with the first cases in Kirov Oblast and Komi Republic.[32]
On 20 March, 54 new cases were confirmed, including 33 in Moscow, 6 in Yakutia, 4 in Saint Petersburg, 4 in Samara Oblast, 2 in Kirov Oblast, 2 in Novosibirsk Oblast, 1 in Moscow Oblast, 1 in Tyumen Oblast, and the first case in Ulyanovsk Oblast.[43]
On 22 March, 61 new cases were confirmed, including 54 in Moscow, 2 in Kirov Oblast, 1 case in Arkhangelsk Oblast, first cases in Udmurtia (2 cases), Bryansk Oblast, and Novgorod Oblast (1 case each).[45]
On 23 March, 71 new cases were confirmed, all of them in Moscow.[46]
On 25 March, 163 new cases were confirmed, 120 of them in Moscow, with first cases in Pskov Oblast and Rostov Oblast.[48] 2 deaths were also later reported and confirmed in Moscow. The patients were 73 and 88 years old and had been tested positive for the coronavirus.[49]
On 26 March, 182 new cases were confirmed, 136 of them in Moscow, with first cases in Buryatia.[50] According to a source in the hospital and an official report to the prosecutor office, an 83-year-old woman (a patient of a surgeon who got sick earlier, see 31 March) died in Syktyvkar of COVID-19, the death was covered up by the local authorities and not included in the official count.[51][52] An official working under the chief of staff of the prime minister also tested positive for the coronavirus that day.[53]
On 27 March, 196 new cases were confirmed, 157 of them in Moscow, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 1,036. The first cases in Mordovia and Dagestan were confirmed. An additional death in Moscow, a 70-year-old woman with pre-existing conditions who tested positive for coronavirus, was also confirmed.[54] On the same day, the Kremlin confirmed that an employee of the presidential administration tested positive for the coronavirus, saying that the official had no contact with the president.[55] Russian singer Lev Leshchenko was also confirmed to have tested positive for the virus.[56] Later in the day, the 4th death was reported, a 56-year-old woman with one lung due to cancer, also in Moscow.[57]
On 28 March, the fifth patient died in Orenburg, the first death outside of Moscow. The 57-year-old man from Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast had travelled in France, Spain and Turkey in March. He had a chronic pathology.[58] 228 new cases were confirmed, 114 of them in Moscow, bringing the total number of cases to 1,264. First cases were confirmed in Adygea, Kostroma, Sakhalin and Smolensk oblasts.[59] Later that day, two deaths were reported in Saint Petersburg and Moscow.[60][61]
On 29 March, 270 new cases were confirmed, 197 of them in Moscow, bringing the total number in the city to 1,014 and in the country to 1,534. Mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin later in the day announced that the city would be on lockdown starting the next day.[62]Irkutsk Oblast, Amur Oblast and Omsk Oblast all had their first confirmed cases. The total number of confirmed deaths reached 8.[63]
On 31 March, 500 new cases were confirmed, 387 of them in Moscow and 48 of them in St. Petersburg, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 2,337 in the 7th consecutive one-day record. First cases in Magadan Oblast and Astrakhan Oblast were confirmed that day. The number of confirmed deaths almost doubled from 9 the previous day to 17.[66] The medical director of Moscow's main coronavirus hospital in Kommunarka, Denis Protsenko, was also reported to have tested positive for the coronavirus.[67] A 61-year-old female, manager of the Syktyvkar hospital, which became a focus of the disease after a surgeon got sick on 16 March, died of COVID-19, but again, as with the death of a patient of the hospital surgical department on 26 March (see above), the death was not included in the official statistic even despite the pathology lab officially confirmed the diagnosis to the local media.[68][69]
April 2020
On 1 April, 440 new cases were confirmed, with 267 of them in Moscow, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 2,777. The first cases were confirmed in Kursk Oblast and North Ossetia. The number of confirmed deaths rose by 7 to 24.[70] President Putin also signed legislation imposing severe punishments for those convicted of spreading false information about the coronavirus and breaking quarantine rules.[71] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters that President Putin is practising social-distancing and holding meetings remotely.[72] It was also reported by Kommersant that several regions had limited the sales of alcohol, including Khakassia, Karelia and Bashkortostan, with some areas in Yakutia including Yakutsk completely banning the sale of alcohol.[73]
On 2 April, 771 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 3,548. The number of confirmed deaths rose by 8 to 30.[74]
On 3 April, 601 new cases were confirmed, including the first cases in Ingushetia and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 4,149. The number of confirmed deaths rose by 4 to 34.[75]
On 4 April, 582 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 4,731, with the number of confirmed deaths reaching 43.[76]
On 5 April, 658 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 5,389, with the first two cases being confirmed in Kamchatka Krai. Confirmed deaths rose to 45.[77]
On 6 April, 954 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 6,343, with the first two cases being confirmed in the Republic of Karelia. Confirmed deaths rose to 47.[78]
On 7 April, 1,154 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 7,497, with the first three cases being confirmed in Karachay-Cherkessia. Confirmed deaths rose to 58.[79]Moscow City Duma deputy Mikhail Timonov was reported to have tested positive for the virus.[80]
On 8 April, 1,175 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 8,672. Confirmed deaths rose to 63.[81]
On 9 April, 1,459 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 10,131. Confirmed deaths rose to 76.[82] It was also announced in Moscow that all patients with pneumonia would be regarded as potentially having coronavirus.[83] That same day, the health minister of the Komi Republic, Dmitry Berezin, confirmed his resignation. The republic became one of the country's coronavirus hotspots.[84]
On 10 April, 1,786 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 11,917, with the first six cases being confirmed in Tuva. Confirmed deaths rose to 94.[85]
On 11 April, 1,667 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 13,584. Confirmed deaths rose to 106.[86]
On 12 April, 2,186 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 15,770. Confirmed deaths rose to 130.[87]
On 13 April, 2,558 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 18,328. Confirmed deaths rose to 148.[88]
On 14 April, 2,774 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 21,102. Confirmed deaths rose to 170.[89] That same day, Moscow's health department warned that the city could face a shortage of hospital beds within the next 2 to 3 weeks. Another 24 hospitals would be planned to be converted to accommodate coronavirus patients to bring the total number of hospital beds to 21,000.[90]
On 15 April, 3,388 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 24,490. The first cases were recorded in Chukotka and Nenets autonomous okrugs. Confirmed deaths rose to 198.[91]
On 16 April, 3,448 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 27,938. Confirmed deaths rose to 232.[92] That same day, local media reported that 1/3 of all coronavirus infections in Leningrad Oblast were concentrated in one hostel housing migrant workers involved in the construction of a nearby IKEA-owned shopping mall. Local authorities called the hostel illegal and opened a criminal probe. The region's governor, Aleksandr Drozdenko, ordered an inspection of all hostels as a result.[93] Russia's largest technology company, Yandex, also announced the launch of the delivery of coronavirus tests for elderly Muscovites, with the first 10,000 tests being delivered for free. It also said that the service would be later expanded to include all age-groups and other regions, and that it may launch the delivery of antibody tests in the future.[94] Moscow authorities also announced that all cases of acute respiratory infections would be suspected of being coronavirus cases.[95]
On 17 April, 4,070 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 32,008. The first case was confirmed in the last federal subject, the Altai Republic. Confirmed deaths rose to 273.[96] That same day, the head of the consumer protection watchdog Rospotrebnadzor said that around half of the cases in Russia were asymptomatic.[97]
On 18 April, 4,785 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 36,793. Confirmed deaths rose to 313.[98] That day, the head of Moscow's health department said that around 60% of cases in the city were asymptomatic, compared to around 40% a week ago.[99]
On 19 April, 6,060 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 42,853. Confirmed deaths rose to 361.[100] That same day, it was reported that in Arkhangelsk Oblast, more than 70 patients and employees at a psychiatric hospital tested positive for coronavirus.[101]
On 20 April, 4,268 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 47,121. Confirmed deaths rose to 405.[102] In Vladikavkaz, several hundred demonstrators protested in a rally against the self-isolation regime, some of whom were detained by police.[103] The Kremlin's spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, called the rally illegal and said that it could have negative consequences due to the lack of social distancing.[104] That same day, Yandex announced that it would make its home coronavirus testing service free of charge for all residents of Moscow and nearby of all ages and will be available to other regions in the future. Previously, it announced the launch of the service on 16 April.[105]
On 21 April, 5,642 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 52,763. Confirmed deaths rose to 456.[106] That same day, it was reported that 56-year-old Maxim Starinsky became the first doctor to die from coronavirus complications in Russia, having died the previous day in Kommunarka hospital after working at Veterans Hospital No.3 in Moscow. According to a colleague, 64 medical workers at the hospital tested positive for the virus last week, two of whom are in intensive care.[107] A new hospital in Moscow that was built in a month to treat coronavirus patients began accepting patients that same day when the number of confirmed cases in Moscow reached 29,433 with 233 deaths.[108] Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin also signed an order saying that residents with symptoms of acute respiratory illnesses should self-isolate at home.[109]
On 22 April, 5,236 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 57,999. Confirmed deaths rose to 513.[110] That day, the communications ministry said the platform for issuing digital passes will be implemented in 21 federal subjects after they applied for them.[111]
On 23 April, 4,774 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 62,773. Confirmed deaths rose to 555.[112] The interior ministry also announced that foreign nationals won't be deported nor have their documents cancelled amid the pandemic.[113]
On 24 April, 5,849 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 68,622. Confirmed deaths rose to 615.[114] That day, Moscow deputy mayor for social development Anastasia Rakova said that more than 40% of the city's health system is being used in the fight against the virus.[115] The mayor of the city also said that he asked the Health Ministry and Education Ministry to prepare and send medical students to help treat patients.[116] That day, the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast, Anton Alikhanov, said that the region would ease its lockdown starting on 29 April. Non-food stores were planned to re-open that day with others such as salons and hairdressers re-opening on 4 May, with all residents required to practise social distancing and wear face-masks.[117] The lockdown was later extended to 12 May instead.[118]
On 25 April, 5,966 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 74,588. Confirmed deaths rose to 681.[119] That day, it was reported that doctors had published and were updating a public list of colleagues who had died from the virus,[120] with one doctor saying it was due to mistrust of official statistics, which had more than 60 names by the next day.[121] It was also reported that day that two deputies of the Communist Party, Leonid Kalashnikov and Dmitry Novikov, had tested positive for the virus with both being treated in hospital. They are the first members of the State Duma to become infected.[122]
On 26 April, 6,361 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 80,949. Confirmed deaths rose to 747.[123] That day, the Ministry of Defence said that 874 troops had tested positive for the virus so far.[124]
On 27 April, 6,198 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 87,147. Confirmed deaths rose to 794.[125] The governor of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Gleb Nikitin, said that entry to the region would be banned unless one has an emergency permit or proof of residence there.[126]
On 28 April, 6,411 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 93,558. Confirmed deaths rose to 867.[127] That day, President Putin extended the national non-working period from 30 April to 11 May. In Moscow, it was reported that the lockdown had been extended to 13 May.[128] Russia's Federal Penitentiary Service also announced that 271 workers and 40 inmates have tested positive for the virus nationwide.[129]Prime MinisterMikhail Mishustin also instructed Rospotrebnadzor to draft a strategy by 29 April to ease quarantine restrictions.[130]
On 29 April, 5,841 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 99,399. Confirmed deaths rose to 972.[131] Early that day, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin said on social media that the city would start constructing temporary hospitals that would have a total of 10,000 hospital beds for coronavirus patients.[131] Russia also indefinitely extended its entry ban for foreigners, which was originally set until 1 May, with Prime Minister Mishustin saying that the ban will be lifted when the coronavirus situation improves.[132]
On 30 April, 7,099 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 106,498. Confirmed deaths rose to 1,073.[133] That day, Prime Minister Mishustin announced that he himself had tested positive for the virus. President Putin as a result signed an executive order to appoint First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey Belousov as Acting Prime Minister while Mishustin recovers.[134] Moscow Oblast's governor, Andrey Vorobyov, also said that residents will soon be required to wear face-masks in public areas.[135] The same day, the National Guard said that 339 members were infected.[136] Moscow's mayor, Sobyanin, said that half of the city's coronavirus patients in critical condition tested negative.[137]
May 2020
On 1 May, 7,933 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 114,431. Confirmed deaths rose to 1,169.[138] The head of Rospotrebnadzor, Anna Popova, said that it was possible that restrictions could be tightened after the May holidays if residents don't follow existing rules. Previously, she said that the phasing out of restrictions could start after the holidays if residents completely follow rules.[139]
On 2 May, 9,623 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 124,054. Confirmed deaths rose to 1,222.[140] Mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin said that about 2% of Moscow's population (around 250,000) had coronavirus according to screening tests, while saying that the peak has not been reached yet.[141] The French-headquartered home improvement and gardening retailer Leroy Merlin had most of its stores closed by local authorities as there were crowds of people in the stores despite requests from the authorities to self-isolate.[142]
On 3 May, 10,633 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number to 134,687. Confirmed deaths rose to 1,280.[143]
On 19 March 2020, the Russian Government reported the following data. More than 55 thousand beds for infectious cases were deployed, including more than 12 thousand intensive care units and 396 observatories. 7.5 thousand Melzer boxes were prepared. Medical organizations have more than 40 thousand devices for artificial lung ventilation, 124 devices for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The government of the Russian Federation has allocated resources for the additional purchase of more than 500 devices, including 17 ECMO devices. Today, 6,000 infectious diseases doctors and almost 2,000 pulmonologists, more than 18,000 nurses are ready to provide medical assistance.[144]
According to the OECD, Russia ranks third in the number of beds per capita. However, bed equipment varies from hospital to hospital. In terms of equipment — for example, CT and MRI devices — Russia is in 28th place with a dramatic gap from the leaders. Rosstat does not publish data on the number of places in intensive care units and equipment. In total, there are 1 million 172,000 beds in Russian hospitals, according to Rosstat data for 2018. These include intensive care units. An intensive care bed means a bed equipped with a set of equipment for resuscitation and intensive care, including ventilators. The Institute of Phthisiopulmonology and infectious diseases of the Ministry of Health estimated the number of intensive care beds at just 12,000, which is three times less than the Ministry of Health's standard. The proekt.media website was able to find data on the number of intensive care beds in only 23 regions. Only Moscow, Kalmykia, Altai, and Komi reached a standard of 3%. Other regions are significantly below the standard. Separate ventilators in hospitals should be more than intensive care beds. The number of ventilators in a region should be at least 1.5 times more than the number of intensive care beds. There are no official statistics on the number of ventilators. Federal authorities with the beginning of the epidemic conducted their own calculations: Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova said that Russia has 40,000 ventilators. This is 3.4% of the total number of beds in Russia, and more than 12 thousand devices are missing from the standards of the Ministry of health. This is a total deficit of 23%, but in some regions, it is much larger. The website asks, can we be sure that all the devices included in the statistics are in working order? 58% of ventilators are more than 9 years old. Components may require more frequent replacement. For example, the oxygen sensor of the American model common in Russia, Puritan Bennett, is subject to replacement every two years.[145]
Data collected by the news website Meduza indicates that Russia's supply of ventilators is quite extensive: Even the number available per capita in some geographically peripheral regions, not to mention Moscow, significantly exceeds ventilator supplies in Western countries.[146]
Extended content
VENTILATORS PER 100,000 RESIDENTS
REGION
VENTILATORS PER 100,000 RESIDENTS
Khanty-Mansi AO
56.8
Samara region
42.6
Amur region
42.5
Moscow (city)
40
Kirov region
39.6
Arkhangelsk region
38.4
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
37.2
Sakhalin region
37.1
Tomsk region
37.1
St. Petersburg (city)
35.2
Lipetsk region
35.1
Sverdlovsk region
35
Chuvash Republic (Chuvashia)
34.7
Altai Krai
34.6
Republic of Crimea (status disputed)
34.3
Republic of Karelia
32.5
Yaroslavl region
31.5
Vladimir region
31.4
Tambov region
31.2
Penza region
30.7
Murmansk region
30.5
Pskov region
30.3
Republic of Tatarstan
28.2
Orenburg region
27.7
Russia
27.3
Kemerovo region
27.3
Ryazan region
27.1
Irkutsk region
26.5
Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkiria)
25.5
Republic of Buryatia
24.9
VENTILATORS PER 100,000 RESIDENTS
REGION
VENTILATORS PER 100,000 RESIDENTS
Krasnoyarsk Krai
24.6
Chelyabinsk region
24.5
Astrakhan region
23.9
Zabaikalsky Krai
22.8
Saratov region
22.1
Vologda region
22.1
Kursk region
21.9
Orel region
21.8
Mari El Republic
20.9
Novosibirsk region
20.4
Tula region
20.3
Udmurt Republic (Udmurtia)
20.2
Perm Krai
20
Kostroma region
19.1
United States
18.8
Kaliningrad region
18.8
Omsk region
18.7
Ivanovo region
17.9
Krasnodar Krai
17.6
Belgorod region
16.8
Rostov region
15.3
Voronezh region
15
Leningrad region
14.3
United Kingdom
12.9
Sevastopol (city; status disputed)
12.9
Tver region
9.4
Ukraine
8.6
Italy
8.3
Kaluga region
4.8
A Meduza investigation revealed that the areas with the highest proportions of elderly residents (Tula, Tambov, Ryazan, and Tver regions) are most vulnerable to the epidemic because of the few numbers of ventilators and, in particular, Tula and Tver governors didn't issue general stay-at-home orders. [147]
Government responses
On 29 January, Russian President Vladimir Putin held a meeting on measures to counter the spread of coronavirus in Russia.[148]
On 16 March, Mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin held the first meeting of the State Council working group on countering the spread of coronavirus.
Russia implemented preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country by imposing quarantines, carrying raids on potential virus carriers and using facial recognition to impose quarantine measures.[149] Measures to prevent a crisis in Russia include banning the export of medical masks, random checks on the Moscow Metro, and cancellation of large-scale events by schools. The Russian government has also taken measures to prevent foreign citizens from heavily affected countries from visiting Russia.[14]
The Russian consumer health watchdog Rospotrebnadzor advised tourists to refrain from visiting Wuhan and stay away from Chinese zoos and markets selling animals and seafood. The agency also said that development of a vaccine against the virus was underway, relying on the WHO's recommendations.[150][151]
144 Russians were evacuated from Wuhan, the initial centre of the outbreak, and were quarantined in Tyumen Oblast for two weeks from 5 February.[152]
On 4 March, Russia temporarily banned the export of medical masks, gloves, bandages, and protective suits.[153]
On 21 March, it was announced that Russia delivered over 100,000 test kits to 13 countries, including Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Egypt, Venezuela, Iran, and North Korea.[154]
On 22 March, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send medical help to Italy, which was the European country hardest hit by coronavirus.[155]
On 24 March, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin told President Putin at a meeting that "a serious situation is unfolding" and that the relatively low number of confirmed cases could be due to a low level of testing, saying that "there are far more people who are infected" and that the number of people in Moscow suspected of having the coronavirus was about 500.[156][157][158]
On 24 January, the first testing systems were developed and deployed to laboratories around the country.[9]
As of 23 March, Russia had 4 testing systems and had carried out over 165 thousand tests for the virus[162][163] which is among the highest testing numbers in the world.[164] Two private lab companies started testing on 26 March. According to Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova, as of 25 March, 141 state laboratories were conducting tests in 79 federal subjects.[165] There are plans to increase the number of reference centres across the country to 15.[153][162][166] On 27 March, the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare (Roszdravnadzor) registered two more test systems.[167] In Moscow on 21 March the average of those tested was low at 35 years and starting to rise to 37–39 years.[168]
On 9 April, Russia passed the 1 million test mark and in addition to the laboratories of Rospotrebnadzor 200 state medical laboratories and 22 private laboratories are carrying out testing. There is a drive to further expand testing with any laboratory being able to carry out tests by submitting a notification to the central website.[169]
On 27 April, Russia passed the 3 million test mark.[170], on 28 April Anna Popova head of Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare (Roszdravnadzor) in a presidential update stated that there were now 506 laboratories testing and that 45% of those tested have no symptoms with the number having pneumonia reducing from 25% to 20% and only 5% of patients with a severe form. 40% of infections were from family members. The speed of people reporting illness has improved from 6 days to the day people find symptoms. Antibody testing was carried out on 3,200 Moscow doctors and 20% have immunity.[171]
On 3 May, Russia passed the 4 million test mark at 4.1m tests with 174,000 tests were carried out in the past 24 hours.[172]
Dr. Melita Vujnovic, the World Health Organization's representative in Russia, stated that Russia, in accordance with WHO recommendations, "started testing literally at the end of January."[173] Coronavirus testing in Russia was provided by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Novosibirsk and had to be verified there.[174][175] There was concern that the tests may have insufficient sensitivity,[174][175] despite the fact that the tests were verified in China since early February, showed the degree of sensitivity similar to or higher than other tests and the lab has been approved by the World Health Organization.[174] Since 23 March, European Russia doesn't send their batches to Novosibirsk for verification, verifying them instead in a Moscow reference centre.[citation needed]
There was some skepticism about the accuracy of Russia's reported infection figures. Anastasia Vasilyeva, leader of the Doctors' Alliance organisation loosely aligned to the Russian opposition and doctor for opposition figure Alexei Navalny, made a series of videos accusing the authorities of concealing the true number of coronavirus cases by using pneumonia and acute respiratory infection as a diagnosis instead. Health officials rejected the allegation, and President Putin addressed concerns about statistics, saying that the government is not covering up the number of cases, though might not have the full picture. The WHO's representative to Russia, Dr. Vujnovic, also expressed skepticism at the allegation.[174][175][156][176]
Travel and entry restrictions
Social distancing signs in the Moscow Metro on 1 April.
On 20 February, the entry of Chinese citizens was banned. The temporary suspension is for Chinese citizens entering Russia for employment, private, educational and tourist purposes.[153]
On 28 February, Moscow announced that it would deport 88 foreigners for allegedly violating quarantine measures.[149] Russia barred Iranian citizens from entering Russia and said it would also restrict the entry of South Korean citizens from 1 March. Flights between Russia and South Korea are suspended, except for those operated by Aeroflot and Aurora.[153]
On 4 March, Russia suspended its train service from Moscow to Nice, France.[153] Aeroflot suspended flights to and from Hong Kong since 9 March.[153]
Flights to and from Italy, Germany, France and Spain are limited since 13 March. Russia also stopped issuing tourist visas to Italian citizens and closed the border to Italian citizens and foreigners coming from Italy.[153]
On 15 March, the land borders with Norway and Poland were closed to all foreigners. Russian Railways announced it would stop passenger trains from Moscow to Berlin and Paris. Earlier it was announced that train connections to and from Ukraine, Moldova and Latvia would be suspended because those countries had closed their borders.[153]
Since 16 March, flights to and from the European Union, Norway and Switzerland were limited to regular flights between capital cities (Geneva in the case of Switzerland) and Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport, and charter flights.[178]Prime MinisterMikhail Mishustin announced that the border with Belarus has been closed for the movement of people and an entry ban for foreigners will be imposed from 18 March to 1 May.[179][180] On 17 March, Ministry of Foreign Affairs said Russian embassies and consulates had stopped issuing all types of visas, including e-visas, with exceptions for diplomats, people attending funerals and transit passengers.[181]
On 23 March, Russia restricted air travel from all over the world, except for certain flights from Moscow to major capitals, and charter flights intended to move foreign citizens to their respective countries and Russian nationals back to Russia, until everyone is evacuated.[182]
On 25 March, the Russian government loosened the travel ban to allow the entry for relatives of Russian citizens.[183]
All regular and charter international flights were suspended on 27 March, except for those aimed at bringing Russians home.[184]
On the same day, Grozny Airport refused to receive passengers without permanent or temporary registration in Chechnya.[185]
Following a request from the Government of Moscow,[186]BlaBlaCar carpooling service decided to suspend its activities across Russia starting from 30 March.[187]
On 28 March, the Russian government decided to close all automobile, railway, pedestrian, river, or other border checkpoints, including on the Belarus border, with exceptions similar to that of the air travel restrictions. The ban must be enforced on 30 March.[188]
Nationwide measures
President Putin, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin and Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin visited the Coronavirus Monitoring Centre on 17 MarchCall centre for the coronavirus situation in Moscow at Khodynsky Boulevard located in the gym of school No. 1409.
On 17 March, Ministry of Culture announced closing all cultural institutions under its jurisdiction, including museums, theaters, symphonies, and circuses.[191] On the same day, President Vladimir Putin said that the situation was "generally under control".[192]
On 19 March, Russia's Chief Sanitary Doctor, Anna Popova, required all people arriving from abroad to undergo a two-week self-isolation.[193] Russian courts stopped considering all but most urgent cases because of the pandemic until 10 April.[194]
On 24 March, the Russian government adopted a number of decisions, including an instruction to regional authorities to suspend activities of any nightclubs, cinemas, children's entertainment centres, and to ban hookah smoking at any restaurants or cafes.[195] The Central Bank recommended all the banks to keep the money for 3–4 days before giving it to clients or loading it into ATMs, and to restrict usage of cash recycling ATMs.[196]
On 27 March, as a follow-up to Putin's address to the nation, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin ordered all reservations at pensions or holiday houses to be cancelled from 28 March to 1 June, recommended regional authorities to close all the pistes at resorts for the same period, instructed them to force all the public eating places (except for delivery services) to suspend activities from 28 March to 5 April, and recommended that citizens refrain from travelling.[202] On the same day, the Ministry of Education announced the postponement of the Unified State Exam from the end of May to the beginning of June.[203]
On 30 March, as Moscow and Moscow Oblast declared a lockdown, Mishustin urged all regions to follow the example and take similar measures. He also announced a bill that would raise fines for breaching quarantine requirements.[204][205]
On 1 April, Prime Minister Mishustin and the Minister of CommunicationsMaxut Shadayev announced creating a system of tracking quarantine violation based on data of mobile network operators. Violators will receive a text message, and if they breach it systematically, the information will be sent to the police.[207]
On 2 April, President Putin extended the non-working period to 30 April.[208]
Lockdowns
Map of federal subjects that have announced the "self-isolation regime".
Stay-at-home order
Partial restrictions or recommendations
Playground closed for quarantine, April 7, 2020A drawing board with the playground closure announcement in Moscow, April 2, 2020
On 28 March, Chechen authorities urged the population of the republic to stay at their places of permanent residence, and banned entry to Grozny for anyone except emergency services, food supplies, government officials, police, and journalists.[209] On the next day, Chechnya closed its borders, with a full lockdown coming into effect on 30 March.[210]
On 29 March, Moscow issued a stay-at-home order for all residents starting on 30 March. Muscovites were not allowed to leave their homes except in cases of emergency medical care and other threats to life and health, to travel to work for those who are obliged to, to make purchases in the nearest shop or pharmacy, to walk pets at a distance not exceeding 100 metres from the place of residence, as well as to take out the garbage. People were instructed to keep a distance of 1.5 metres from other people. Those recently unemployed will receive 19,500 rubles a month.[211][212] After that, a similar regime was introduced in Moscow Oblast at 20:00 MSK on 29 March.[213] Senator Andrey Klishas, chair of the Federation Council Committee on constitutional legislation and state construction, criticized this decision, saying that such restrictions are the exclusive competence of the Federal Assembly and the President.[214]
On 28 April president Vladimir Putin summarised progress on producing additional equipment as follows:-
Ventilators production increased from 60-70 per month to over 800 in April and 2,500 in May
Face masks from 800,000 per day to 8.5m in April
Protective suits for doctors from 3,000 per day to 100,000 per day by end of April and 150,000 per day by mid May
Additional production was required and the Ministry of Industry and Trade was given the task to further increase daily production.[243]
Local measures
Chechnya was the first region to close restaurants and cafes on 24 March[153] and to announce closure of its borders on 5 April.[244]
On 15 April, it was reported that Murmansk Oblast will use electronic bracelets to monitor those suspected to have the coronavirus and self-isolating at home.[245]
Moscow and Moscow Oblast
President Putin visits coronavirus patients at Moscow hospital on 24 March.Denis Protsenko (middle), the medical director of the Kommunarka hospital visited by President Putin (left) and Moscow Mayor Sobyanin (right), tested positive for the coronavirus on March 31, 2020.
Construction of an infection centre in Moscow in connection with the spread of coronavirus started on March 12.[246] The photo shows progress as of March 16, 2020.
March 21, 2020.
Infectious Diseases Hospital in Voronovskoye was opened on April 17.
From the beginning of the outbreak, Moscow patients have been brought to already-in-place newly-constructed yet underused City Hospital No. 40 in the district of Kommunarka, which is located outside MKAD and only recently got a metro station.[249] Subsequently, almost 30 hospitals in Moscow started to receive suspected COVID-19 patients, with being the City Hospital No. 15, Infectious Hospital No. 2, Bashlyaeva Children's Hospital, Infectious Hospital No. 2, and the hospital in Kommunarka being the most capacious of them.[250] In mid-April, it was announced that additional 24 hospitals would be repurposed to receive coronavirus patients, bringing the total number of beds available in the city to 21 thousand.[251]
On 6 March, Mayor of MoscowSergey Sobyanin announced a "high alert regime", ordering self-isolation for two weeks for Russians returning from China, South Korea, Iran, France, Germany, Italy and Spain.[153]
On 10 March, Mayor Sobyanin signed a decree for banning mass events in Moscow with more than 5,000 participants from 10 March to 10 April.[252]
On 12 March, the Governor of Moscow Oblast Andrey Vorobyov has announced a high alert status, banning large events with over 5,000 people.[153]
Since 16 March, school attendance was optional in Moscow and Moscow Oblast. According to RBK, Moscow recommended that private schools go on a two-week holiday or switch to distance learning. On 21 March, schools were closed for three weeks.[153]
On 16 March, Moscow extended measures to closing public schools, athletic schools and supplemental education institutions from 21 March to 12 April; banning indoor events with more than 50 attendees and all outdoor mass events. The compulsory 14-day self-isolation which had been previously enforced to people coming China, South Korea and Iran, was extended to those coming from the United States and all European countries.[253]
On 23 March, Mayor Sobyanin ordered all people over 65 to self-isolate at home starting Thursday, saying each would receive 4,000 rubles (around $50) for following the order.[153] He also suggested that older residents leave Moscow and stay in their dachas. School students' public transportation cards were temporarily suspended, starting from the 5th grade.[254][255]
On 24 March, it was announced that Moscow hospitals would receive up to 200,000 rubles (around $2,500) for each coronavirus patient from the city's health insurance fund.[256]
On 25 March, following the respective decision of the federal government, Mayor Sobyanin ordered the closure of all municipal libraries and clubs, as well as cinemas and nightclubs, banned hookah smoking in cafes, and suspended any organized leisure social activities, including amusement parks. He also instructed dental clinics to see patients with acute pain or other emergencies only. Municipal multiservice centres suspended services, except for those unavailable online. Free or concessionary use of public transport was suspended for people aged over 65, with chronic diseases, students of vocational schools or high schools.[257]
On 26 March, Mayor Sobyanin ordered restaurants, cafes, bars, canteens, parks, commercial, and retail businesses requiring personal attendance, except those providing essential services, like grocery shops and pharmacies, to close during the week from 28 March to 5 April, the holiday week announced by President Putin.[258]
On 28 March, Sobyanin urged Muscovites to stay at home, except for seeking medical help, work travel, local shopping, walking pets not further than 100 m from home, taking out trash. He announced that a "smart control system" would be introduced to control these rules.[259]
On 3 April, Sobyanin announced that the city bike-sharing system Velobike would resume operation after the winter break on 10 April, but will be available for delivery agents and volunteers only, free of charge.[260]
On 4 April, he ordered all the businesses in the city that were working to secure a social distance of at least 1.5 m between the workers and the customers.[261]
On 10 April, Sobyanin introduced a system of electronic permits due to the increase in violations of the stay-at-home regime, ordered most types of companies and institutions in the city to halt operation, paused the work of the world's largest carsharing system.[262] Starting from 15 April, people using private cars, taxis or public transport, will have to get a digital pass indicating the purpose of travel. The number of permits available will be limited, except for unlimited passes for work trips.[263]
Accusations of ethnic profiling at the earlier stages
In February, drivers of Mosgortrans were required to inform their dispatchers if they see Chinese nationals in their vehicles, in order to call the police.[264][265] Moscow Metro employees were required to ask Chinese nationals to fill in questionnaires.[265]
On 21 February, Mayor Sobyanin confirmed that Mosgortrans and Moscow Metro were asked to work together with police forces to "monitor those who arrived from China". Facial recognition was also used to track these people.[265]
On 24 February, the Chinese Embassy in Russia asked Moscow authorities to put an end to these "excessive measures" in transport.[153] Sobyanin insisted that the measures were not discriminatory but helped control those who were required to stay self-isolated upon arrival from China.[266]
In early March, numerous cases of deportation of Chinese students who allegedly broke the quarantine rules were reported.[267][268]
However at the later stages many of these Russian measures were applied to all foreign arrivals, including for Russian citizens coming back from abroad, with them being forced into self quarantine and facecam profiling. 200 cases of quarantine-breakers by Russian citizens were reported to be recognized with facecam profiling, tracked by public surveillance cameras in Moscow.[269][270]
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast
On 13 March, the governors of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Alexander Beglov and Aleksandr Drozdenko announced a high alert status and banned events with more than 1,000 and 300 people respectively.[271]
On 18 March, Governor of Saint Petersburg Alexander Beglov banned events and gatherings with more than 50 people.[153] On 26 March, he ordered restaurants, cafes, bars, canteens, parks, places of worship, commercial and retail businesses requiring personal attendance, except those providing essential services, like grocery shops and pharmacies, to close during the holiday week from 28 March to 5 April. Free and concessionary tickets for public transport will be suspended during the week. Leisure facilities including nightclubs, children's playrooms, and recreation centres will be closed until 30 April. In Leningrad Oblast only pharmacies, grocery shops, building material and household shops will remain open during the holiday week.[272]
On 1 April, the Saint Petersburg Metro will start closing at 22:00 MSK instead of 0:00–0:45 MSK. Ground transportation will end at 23:00 MSK and its intervals will be increased.[273]
On 5 March, the head of the Russian Association of Tour Operators said Russia's tourism sector had already taken a 27 billion ruble hit from the impact of the coronavirus.[275]
As a result of the pandemic, factory output and transportation demand fell, bringing overall demand for oil down as well, and causing oil prices to fall. This triggered an OPEC summit in Vienna on 5 March. At the summit, OPEC agreed to cut oil production by an additional 1.5 million barrels per day through the second quarter of the year.[276] OPEC called on Russia and other non-OPEC members of OPEC+ to abide by the OPEC decision.[277] On 6 March, Russia rejected the demand, marking the end of the partnership, with oil prices falling 10% after the announcement.[278][279] On 8 March, Saudi Arabia initiated an oil price war with Russia, triggering a major fall in the price of oil around 30%.[280] The price war is one of the major causes of the currently ongoing global stock market crash. As the result of the oil price falling, the Russian ruble suffered a fall hitting a four-year low against the U.S. dollar.[281]
On 17 March, First Deputy Minister of Transport and Federal Air Transport Agency head Alexander Neradko said cancellation of international flights during the pandemic threatens to bankrupt multiple Russian airlines. Russian airlines lost an estimated 1.7 billion rubles due to the cancellation of flights to China in February. According to Neradko, airlines could lose another 100 billion rubles in revenues by the end of the year.[282]
On 24 March, Mayor of MoscowSergey Sobyanin issued orders to support businesses which include postponing payments on organizations’ property and land taxes, deferring rental payments, reducing payments fixed in trading contracts and extending the deadlines for paying trade fees. On 25 March, President of Russia Vladimir Putin announced following measures for microenterprises, small- and medium-sized businesses: deferring tax payments (except Russia's value-added tax) for the next six months, cutting the size of social security contributions in half, deferring social security contributions, deferring loan repayments for the next six months, a six-month moratorium on fines, debt collection, and creditors’ applications for bankruptcy of debtor enterprises. Additionally, a new tax on income from large deposits will be introduced in 2021, and the tax on offshores will be increased.[284][285][286][287] On 27 March, the Association of Banks of Russia reported an increase of deposits closure.[288]
On 25 March, associations of companies of online shopping, retail, culinary, and nine other industries sent a letter to Prime Minister Mishustin, in which they warned of a possible collapse of their businesses and asked for numerous additional measures of support.[289] On 26 March, a petition signed by publishing houses and bookshops pleading for support was published.[290]
On 30 March, owners of hotels and restaurants asked the government for 1-year tax deferral and other fiscal measures.[291]
Sberbank and VTB Bank with backing from the Central Bank will start offering six-month, interest-free loans to businesses to help them pay employee salaries.[293]
On 14 April 2020, the International Monetary Fund projected Russia's real GDP growth rate to be -5.5% for 2020 in what it called "The Great Lockdown".[295] International ratings agency Moody's said in late April that it expected Russia's GDP to decline by 5.5% in 2020, with it growing by 2.2% in 2021.[296]
Political impact
On 25 March, the 2020 constitutional referendum, which was originally scheduled for 22 April, was postponed by President Putin in a televised address to the nation.[297][298]
In a poll carried out by the Levada Center from 24 to 27 April, 46% of respondents approved of the president's and federal government's measures in combating the virus, while 48% disapproved with 18% believing it was excessive and 30% believing it was not enough. In the same poll, 50% of respondents approved of their local government's measures, while 45% disapproved with 15% believing it was excessive and 30% believing it was not enough.[299][300]
On 30 April, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin announced that he had tested positive for the virus. President Putin as a result signed an executive order to appoint First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey Belousov as Acting Prime Minister while Mishustin recovers.[301]
On 17 March, TASS reported that all football, hockey and basketball games were suspended until 10 April.[302] This was later extended to 31 May.[303] On the same day, UEFA confirmed postponing Euro 2020 until summer 2021, one of the venues of which is Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg.[304]
Despite the fact that a conscription started on 1 April, conscripts won't be sent to duty stations until 20 May.[305]
On 17 March, the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church published Instructions to rectors of parishes and monasteries’ town churches, abbots and abbesses of the monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church over the threat of spreading coronavirus infection (in English), which said it had been approved by the ROC's Holy Synod and instructed the ROC's clergy to use disposable cups, gloves, and facial tissue during sacraments and celebrations, disinfect church plates and premises regularly, and refrain from offering the hand for kissing.[308] A nearly identical Russian-language Instructions were addressed to the clergy of the Moscow diocese and said it had been approved by the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'.[309] When in St. Petersburg attendance of places of worship was restricted for the public on 26 March, the Moscow Patriarchate's lawyer deemed it unlawful.[310]
On 29 March, the ROC′s Patriarch Kirill delivered a sermon in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour that urged people to refrain from visiting church, citing the life of St. Mary of Egypt.[311] On 3 April, Kirill issued an encyclical for the clergy and faithful of the "dioceses in the territory of the Russian Federation" urging the clergy to conduct church services without laypeople's presence.[312] As the city of Moscow decided to tighten lockdown measures starting from 13 April, and following a request from chief sanitary doctor of Moscow, the Patriarch's Vicar instructed that church services in the city diocese be held without public (laypeople).[313] A similar decision was taken in St. Petersburg.[314] As of 16 April 2020, according to RBK, 42 out of 85 federal subjects including Moscow, Moscow Oblast and Saint Petersburg, issued instructions to close places of worship for general public, which would extend into the Easter period, which in the Orthodox Church was to begin on 19 April.[315] Equivocation and occasionally contradictory instructions issued by the Moscow Patriarchate's top officials undermined the authority of the Church's leadership while restrictive measures caused opposition on the part of conservative circles of the ROC's congregation.[316][317] On Easter Sunday, the degree of admission restrictions, if any, to religious ceremonies varied significantly from region to region (federal subject), the ROC's branches outside the RF territory given free rein to find appropriate arrangement with local authorities.[318] While Patriarch Kirill presided over the Easter night service in Moscow′s cathedral church with no laypeople in attendance, the ROC′s most venerated St Trinity monastery in the Moscow region, which is under the Patriarch′s direct spiritual authority, defied his directions by conducting Easter services as normal. This and similar incidents in other major monasteries led to massive spread of the COVID-19 infection in a number of the ROC′s monasteries and seminaries in Russia as well as in Belarus and Ukraine.[317][319][320][321][322]
20 April – Ivan Shchyogolev, 59, actor and director, died on complications of COVID-19 (not proven)[332]
Clerics
21 April – Alexander Ageykin, archpriest, 48, dean of the Moscow Yelokhovo Cathedral, died of pneumonia, earlier encouraged the churchgoers not to attend churches during pandemic.[333]
23 April – Vladimir Veriga, archpriest, 70, head of the icon painting workshop "Alexandria"[334]
26 April – Veniamin (Korolyov), bishop of the Zheleznogorsk and Lgov eparchy, died of COVID-19 (according to the official information by the Moscow Patriarchy)[335]
not later than 25 April – Yevgeny Trofimov, 61, protodeacon, cleric of the Moscow Yelokhovo Cathedral, died on COVID-19 (assumingly, according to the Moscow Patriarchy)[336]
Medics
On 25 April 2020, it was reported that doctors had published and were updating a public list of colleagues who had died from the virus which, as of 3 May, has 91 names.[337][338]
Scientists
7 April – Mishik Kazaryan, 72, physician, professor, positive test on COVID-19[339]
The plots above are charts showing the exponential growth of cases. The plots below uses a log scale for all y axes in order to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a straight line. Each major division is a factor of ten. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.
Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Excluding 3 recovered cases from Diamond Princess cruise ship which are classified as "on an international conveyance".
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↑ Сергеев, Николай; Мишина, Валерия (12 March 2020). "Не Китай город" (in Russian). Kommersant. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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