Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification

Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress library classification systems organize resources by concept, in part to assign call numbers that are used to shelve and retrieve materials. ^[1] Most libraries in the United States use one of these two classification systems. ^[2] Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is the most commonly used library cataloging system in the world, and is used predominantly in public libraries in the United States. ^[3] while Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is used primarily in academic libraries. ^[4]

Characteristics

Both classification systems are used to create a topical order of the resources on the library shelves. They vary in their use of notation: DDC is a numeric classification system, while LCC is a alpha-numeric system. ^{[5] [6]} LCC was developed specifically for the Library of Congress collection, while DDC was created as a system that could be adapted to a variety of library sizes and specialties. ^[6] However, as with any classification system, both DDC and LCC include the bias of their creators; in this case, both systems were developed by white, Christian, male academic scholars in late 19th century America. ^[7]

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) was first published by Melvil Dewey as a pamphlet in 1876, and was sent to several American librarians for review. That draft included a detailed justification for his use of decimal notation. ^[8] DDC decimal notation can be expanded or reduced as needed by libraries. It was designed for medium and small sized collections, ^{[9] [10]} including those found in public libraries, school libraries, and small academic libraries. ^{[11] [12] [13]} It consists of ten numeric classes that represent broad fields of study. ^{[12] [11] [3]} Using numbers, each class is divided into ten divisions or subclasses. ^{[2] [3]} During the cataloging process, each item is assigned a three-digit DDC number that represents class, division, and section, followed by a cutter number that identifies the author. ^[14] For example, the call number 813.54 M37 includes 800 for the main class of literature, 810 for the division of American literature in English, 813 for American fiction in English, and the cutter M37 for the author. ^[14]

The Library of Congress Classification was introduced in 1900, based on the collection of the Library of Congress, the largest library in the world. ^{[15] [6]} LCC was adopted by other institutions with larger or specialized collections, such as those found in academic libraries and research libraries. ^{[4] [11] [12] [13] [15]} For example, in 2019, 81 percent of US academic libraries and 93 percent of Nigeria's academic libraries used the Library of Congress Cataloging system. ^[16] LCC has 21 main classes, each designated with a letter of the alphabet. ^{[12] [11]} Its alpha-numeric call numbers include four parts: class/subclass, topic, cutter number, and publication date. ^{[11] [2]} For example, HV4708 .R83 2011, where HV stands for social sciences, 4708 is the topic social welfare, .R83 is the cutter number which represents the author, and 2001 is the year of publication. ^[11] LCC does not use letters I, O, W, X, or Y, and these letters can be used to accommodate special needs of libraries using the classification scheme. ^{[17] [1]}

There are various factors that determine which classification system a library uses. The global library cooperative OCLC notes that "A library should base its decision on close versus broad classification on the size of its collection and the needs of its users." ^[18] Usually, the size of a library's collection determines whether it selects DDC or LCC. ^[12] While DDC was designed for medium sized libraries, ^[19] LCC allows libraries will larger collections to be more specific or precise with classifications. ^{[12] [11]} In the 1960s and early 1970s, many larger academic libraries changed from Dewey Decimal Classification to Library of Congress Classification. ^[20] After converting the college's library from DCC to LCC in 2021, West Coast Baptist College's director of library services Alyssa Sultanik concluded, "LCC tends to divide resources into smaller subclasses and may be more suitable for larger collections. Several factors can play a part in the success of LCC, such as the practicality of LCC for academic libraries, the ease of use in a specialized collection, and the ability to grow for expanding libraries and the ability to easily add new topics as needed. The collection size, depth of the materials, and intended use of the library collection should be considered when choosing between classification systems...Smaller collections may be more suited for DDC because of the classifications more generalized nature." ^[17]

Comparison

The following table compares the organization of resources by the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress classification systems. ^{[3] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]} It includes all 99 second-level (two-digit) Dewey Decimal classes (excluding 040), and all second-level (two-digit) Library of Congress classes. If a class in one system maps to several classes in the other system, it will be listed multiple times, such as DDC class 551.

Dewey Decimal	Library of Congress	Description	Ref.
000	QA71–90	Computer science, knowledge, and general works	[27]
001	A	Knowledge	[28]
002	Z4-659	The book	[29]
003		Systems
004	QA (subrange)	Data processing and computer science	[27]
005	QA (subrange)	Computer programming, programs, and data	[27]
006	QA (subrange)	Special computer methods	[27]
010	Z1001–8999	Bibliography	[29]
020	Z665–718.8	Library and information sciences	[29]
030	AE	General encyclopedic works	[28]
050	AI	General serials and their indexes	[28]
060	AM111–160	General organization and museology	[28]
070	AN	News media	[28]
070	PN4699–5650	Journalism	[30]
070	Z278–549	Publishing	[29]
080	AC	General collections	[28]
090	Z105–115.5	Manuscripts	[29]
090	Z1019–1033	Rare books	[29]
100	B	Psychology and philosophy	[31]
111	BD300–450	Ontology	[31]
115	BD493–701	Time	[31]
120	BD143–237	Epistemology	[31]
120	BD?	Causation	[31]
120	BD?	Humankind	[31]
124	BD493–701	Teleology	[31]
130	BF1404–2055	Paranormal phenomena and occult sciences	[31]
150	BF	Psychology	[31]
152	HM1041–1101	Perception	[32]
152	QH?	Movement	[27]
152	BF511–593	Emotions	[31]
155	BF712–724	Developmental psychology	[31]
160	BC	Logic	[31]
170	BJ	Ethics (moral philosophy)	[31]
180	B108–708	Classic philosophy	[31]
181	B850–5739	Oriental philosophy	[31]
182	B108–708	Ancient philosophy	[31]
183	B108–708	Sophists and Socratic philosophies	[31]
185	B108–708	Aristotelian philosophy	[31]
186	B108–708	Skeptic and Neoplatonic philosophies	[31]
187	B108–708	Epicurean philosophy	[31]
188	B108–708	Stoic philosophy	[31]
189	B720–765	Medieval Western philosophy	[31]
190	B790–5802	Modern Western philosophy	[31]
200	BL	Religion	[31]
210	BL175–265	Natural theology	[31]
212	BL205–216	Nature of God	[31]
220	BS	Bible	[31]
221	BS701–1830	Old Testament	[31]
225	BS1901–2970	New Testament	[31]
226	BS2547–2970?	Gospels and Acts of the Apostles	[31]
227	BS2640–2765.6	Epistles	[31]
228	BS2547–2970?	Revelation	[31]
229	BS2547–2970?	Apocrypha	[31]
230	BR	Christian theology	[31]
232	BT198–590	Jesus and his family	[31]
236	BT819–891	Eschatology	[31]
250	BR?	Christian orders and local church	[31]
260	BR?	Christian social theology	[31]
270	BR140–1510	Christian church history	[31]
280	BX?	List of Christian denominations	[31]
282	BX800–4795	Roman Catholic church	[31]
283	BX5001–6093	Anglican churches (English and Protestant Episcopal)	[31]
284	BX?	Protestants of continental origin	[31]
286	BX6201–6495, BX7301–7343, BX6101–6193	Baptist, Disciples of Christ, and Adventist	[31]
287	BX8201–8495	Methodist and related churches	[31]
289	BX7601–7795, BX7801–7843, BX8101–8144, BX 8799–8809, BX9751–9793, BX9998	Other denominations and sects	[31]
290	BL660–2680	Non-Christian religions	[31]
292	BL700–820	Greek mythology and Roman mythology	[31]
295	BL1500–1590	Zoroastrianism	[31]
296	BM	Judaism	[31]
297	BP	Islam, Bábísm, and Baháʼí Faith	[31]
300	H	Social sciences	[32]
301	HM	Sociology	[32]
301	GN	Anthropology	[33]
310	HA154–473	General statistics (of parts of the world)	[32]
320	J	Political science	[34]
327	JZ	International relations	[34]
330	HB	Economics	[32]
331	HD4801–8943	Labor economics	[32]
332	HG	Financial economics	[32]
333	HD101–1399	Economics of land	[32]
333	HD9502	Economics of energy	[32]
336	HJ	Public finance	[32]
339	HB?	Macroeconomics	[32]
340	K	Law	[35]
341	KZ	International law	[35]
345	K5000–5582	Criminal law	[35]
346	KB479	Private law	[35]
347	K2201–2385	Civil procedure	[35]
347	K2100–2385	Courts	[35]
350	JF	Public administration	[34]
352	JS	City government	[34]
353	JK1–9593	U.S. federal government	[34]
353	JK2403–9593	U.S. state governments	[34]
355	U	Military science	[36]
360	H	Social services and association	[32]
361	HN	General social problems and services	[32]
362	HN	Social welfare problems and services	[32]
363	HN	Other social problems and services	[32]
364	HV6001–7220	Criminology	[32]
365	HV8301–9920	Penal and related institutions	[32]
366	HS	Association	[32]
367	HS	General clubs	[32]
368	K1960–1973	(Social) Insurance	[35]
370	L	Education	[37]
371	LB3011–3095	School management	[37]
371	LC3950–4806.5	Special education	[37]
372	LB1501–1602	Elementary education	[37]
373	LB1603–1699	Secondary education	[37]
374	LC5201–6661	Adult education	[37]
376	LC1401–2572	Education of women	[37]
377	LC321–951	Schools and religion	[37]
378	LB2300–2430	Higher education	[37]
380	HF	Commerce, communications, and transport	[32]
382	HF1	International commerce (foreign trade)	[32]
383	HE6000–7500	Postal communications	[32]
384	HE	Communications	[32]
384	HE7601–8700.9	Telecommunication	[32]
385	HE1001–5600	Railways	[32]
386	HE380–560	Inland waterway	[32]
386	HE5751–5870	Ferry transportation	[32]
387	HE380–971	Water transportation	[32]
387	HE9761–9900	Air transportation	[32]
387	TL787–4050	Space transportation	[38]
388	HE	Transport	[32]
390	GT	Customs	[33]
390	BJ1801–2195	Etiquette	[31]
390	GR	Folklore	[33]
391	GT500–2370	Costume and personal appearance	[33]
392	GT2400–3390.5	Customs of life cycle and private life	[33]
393	GT2400–3390.5	Customs of Death	[33]
395	BJ1801–2195	Etiquette	[31]
398	GR	Folklore	[33]
400	P	Language	[30]
410	P101–410	Linguistics	[30]
411	P327–327.5	Writing systems	[30]
412	P321–324.5	Etymology	[30]
414	P?	Phonology phonetics	[30]
415	P201–299	Grammar	[30]
419	PM8001–8995	Sign language	[30]
420	PE	English language	[30]
430	PD	Germanic languages	[30]
440	PC2001–3761	French language	[30]
449	PC3201–3366	Provençal	[30]
449	PC3801–3976	Catalan	[30]
450	PC1001–1977	Italian language	[30]
459	PC601–872	Romanian language	[30]
459	PC901–986	Rhaeto–Romanic language	[30]
460	PC4001–4977	Spanish language	[30]
469	PC5001–5498	Portuguese language	[30]
470	PA2001–2915	Latin language	[30]
480	PA201–899	Greek language	[30]
490	P501–769	Indo-European Languages	[30]
492	PJ991–995	Afro-Asiatic languages	[30]
494	PL1–481	Altaic languages	[30]
495	PL3521–4001	Sino-Tibetan languages	[30]
496	PL8000–8844	African languages	[30]
497	PM101–2711	North American languages (Native American languages)	[30]
498	PM3001–4566	Central American Languages (Native American languages)	[30]
498	PM5001–7356	South American Languages (Native American languages)	[30]
500	Q	Natural sciences and mathematics	[27]
510	QA	Mathematics	[27]
512	QA150–272	Algebra	[27]
513	QA101–145	Arithmetic	[27]
514	QA612–699	Topology	[27]
515	QA299–433	Analysis and calculus	[27]
516	QA440–611	Geometry (excluding topology)	[27]
519	QA273–299	Probability, statistics, and numerical analysis	[27]
520	QB	Astronomy	[27]
521	QB349–421	Celestial mechanics	[27]
530	QC	Physics	[27]
531	QC120–168.85	Classical mechanics and solid mechanics	[27]
532	QC120–168.85	Fluid mechanics and liquid mechanics	[27]
533	QC120–168.85	Gas mechanics	[27]
534	QC221–246	Sound and related vibrations	[27]
535	QC350–467	Light and paraphotic phenomena	[27]
536	QC251–338.5	Heat	[27]
537	QC501–721	Electricity and electronics	[27]
538	QC750–766	Magnetism	[27]
539	QC770–798	Modern physics	[27]
540	QD	Chemistry and allied sciences	[27]
541	QD450–801	Physical chemistry and theoretical chemistry	[27]
542	QD1–65	Techniques, equipment, and materials (laboratory)	[27]
543	QD71–142	Analytical chemistry	[27]
544	QD71–142	Quantitative analysis (chemistry)	[27]
545	QD71–142	Quantitative analysis (chemistry)	[27]
546	QD146–197	Inorganic chemistry	[27]
547	QD241–441	Organic chemistry	[27]
548	QD0001–0999	Crystallography	[27]
549	QE351–399.2	Mineralogy	[27]
550	QE	Earth sciences	[27]
551	QE	Geology	[27]
551	GB651–2998	Hydrology	[33]
551	QC851–999	Meteorology	[27]
552	QE420–499	Petrology	[27]
553	QE?	Economic geology	[27]
560	QE701–760	Paleontology	[27]
560	QE7601–899	Paleozoology	[27]
570	QH301–705.5	Life sciences – biology	[27]
572	QD415–436	Biochemistry	[27]
572	GN	Anthropology	[33]
573	GN49–298	Physical anthropology	[33]
574	QH301–705.5	Biology	[27]
575	QH359–425	Evolution	[27]
575	QH426–470	Genetics	[27]
576	QH573–671	Microbiology	[27]
577	QH540–549.5	Ecology	[27]
578	QH201–278.5	Microscopy in biology	[27]
579	QH1–199.5	Collection and preservation (biological specimens)	[27]
580	QK	Botanical sciences	[27]
581	QK	Botany	[27]
582	QK474.8–495	Spermatophyta (seed-bearing plants)	[27]
585	QK494–494.5	Gymnospermae (Pinophyta)	[27]
586	QK504–638	Cryptogamia (seedless plants)	[27]
590	QL	Animals	[27]
591	QL1–355	Zoology	[27]
592	QL360–599.82	Invertebrates	[27]
593	QL360–599.82	Protozoa, Echinodermata, and related phyla	[27]
594	QL360–599.82	Mollusca and Molluscoidea	[27]
595	QL360–599.82	Other invertebrates	[27]
596	QL605–739.8	Vertebrata (Craniata and vertebrates)	[27]
597	QL614–639.8	Fishes	[27]
597	QL640–669.3	Reptiles and amphibians	[27]
598	QL671–699	Aves (birds)	[27]
599	QL700–739.8	Mammalia (mammals)	[27]
600	T	Technology (applied sciences)	[38]
607	T61–173	Education	[38]
607	T175–178	Research	[38]
608	T201–342	Invention and patents	[38]
608	Q	Invention and patents	[27]
610	R	Medicine	[39]
611	QM	Human anatomy	[27]
611	QH573–671	Cytology	[27]
611	QM550–577.8	Histology	[27]
612	QP	Human physiology	[27]
615	RM	Pharmacology and therapeutics	[39]
617	RD	Surgery and related topics	[39]
618	RG	Gynecology	[39]
618	R	Other medical specialties	[39]
619	R735–854	Experimental medicine	[39]
620	TA	Engineering and allied operations	[38]
621	TJ	Mechanical engineering	[38]
621	QC	Applied physics	[27]
622	TN	Mining and related operations	[38]
623	UG1–620	Military engineering	[36]
623	VM	Nautical engineering	[40]
624	TA	Civil engineering	[38]
	TG	Bridge engineering	[38]
625	TF	Engineering of railways	[38]
625	TE	Engineering of highways	[38]
627	TC1–978	Hydraulic engineering	[38]
628	TD	Sanitary engineering	[38]
628	TD159–168	Municipal engineering	[38]
629	T	Other branches of engineering	[38]
	TK	Electrical engineering, electronics, and nuclear engineering	[38]
	TL	Motor vehicles, aeronautics, and astronautix	[38]
	TP	Chemical technology	[38]
630	S	Agriculture	[41]
631	S1–972	Techniques, equipment, and materials	[41]
632	SB599–990.5	Plant injuries, diseases, and pests	[41]
633	SB317.5–319.864	Horticulture	[41]
634	SB354–402	Fruits	[41]
634	SD	Forestry	[41]
634	SB169–172.5	Orchards	[41]
636	SF	Animal husbandry	[41]
637	SF250.5–275	Processing dairy and related products	[41]
638	SF518–561	Insect culture	[41]
639	SK	Hunting and fishing	[41]
639	S604.5–604.64	Conservation	[41]
640	TX	Home economics	[38]
650	HD28–70	Management and auxiliary services	[32]
653	Z53–102	Shorthand	[29]
657	HF5601–5689	Accounting	[32]
658	HD28–70	General management	[32]
659	HF5801–6182	Advertising	[32]
660	TP155–156	Chemical engineering	[38]
670	HD9720–9975	Manufacturing	[32]
680	TT	Handicrafts	[38]
690	TH	Buildings	[38]
700	N	Arts	[42]
708	N400–3990	Museums	[42]
710	SB469–476	Landscape art	[41]
720	NA	Architecture	[42]
730	NB	Plastic arts and sculpture	[42]
736	NB0001–1952	Carving and carvings	[42]
738	NB0001–1952	Ceramic arts	[42]
739	NB0001–1952	Metalwork	[42]
740	NC	Drawing	[42]
740	NK	Decorative arts	[42]
746	NK8800–9505.5	Textile arts	[42]
748	NK5100–5440	Glass	[42]
749	NK2200–2750	Furniture and accessories	[42]
750	ND	Painting	[42]
760	NE	Graphic arts, printmaking, and prints	[42]
761	NE1330–1352	Relief processes (block printing)	[42]
763	NE2250–2570	Lithography	[42]
764	NE2236–2240.6	Chromolithography and serigraphy	[42]
765	NE1400–1879	Metal engraving	[42]
767	NE1940–2232.5	Etching and drypoint	[42]
770	TR	Photography and photographs	[38]
780	M	Music	[43]
781	MT	General principles and musical forms	[43]
782	M1495–5000	Vocal music	[43]
783	M1528–1529.5	Music for solo voice	[43]
784	M1000–1075	Orchestras and ensembles	[43]
785	M1000–1075	Ensembles with one instrument per part	[43]
786	MT180–255	Keyboard instrument	[43]
787	MT259–338	String instruments	[43]
788	MT339–533	Wind instruments	[43]
790	PN1560–1590	Performing arts	[30]
790	GV	Recreation	[33]
792	PN2000–3307	Theater and other stage presentations	[30]
793	GV1221–1469.63	Indoor games and amusements	[33]
795	GV1301–1311	Games of chance	[33]
796	GV557–1198.995	Sport	[33]
797	GV750–770.27	Air sports	[33]
797	GV770.3–840	Aquatic sports	[33]
799	SK	Fishing, hunting, and shooting	[41]
800	P	Literature and rhetoric	[30]
810	PS	American literature	[30]
820	PR	English literature	[30]
830	PT1–4897	German literature	[30]
840	PQ0001–3999	French literature	[30]
850	PQ4001–5999	Italian literature	[30]
860	PQ6001–8929	Spanish literature	[30]
869	PQ9000–9999	Portuguese literature	[30]
870	PA6001–8595	Latin literature	[30]
880	PA3050–5660	Greek literature	[30]
890	PN	World literature	[30]
900	G	Geography	[33]
900	D	History	[44]
910	G	Geography	[33]
911	G141	Historical geography	[33]
912	GA	Graphic representations of earth (maps)	[33]
914	G1791–2196	Geography of Europe	[33]
915	G2200–2444	Geography of Asia	[33]
916	G2445–2739	Geography of Africa	[33]
917	G1105–1692	Geography of North America	[33]
918	G1700–1779	Geography of South America	[33]
919	G2740–2799	Geography of Oceania	[45]
920	CT	Biography	[45]
920	CS	Genealogy	[45]
920	CR4480–4485	Insignia	[45]
930	D51–90	History of ancient world	[44]
938	DE	History of the Greco-Roman World	[44]
940	DAW1031–1051	History of Europe	[44]
942	DA	History of Britain	[44]
943	DD	History of Germany	[44]
943.6	DB	History of Austria and history of Liechtenstein	[44]
943.9	DB	History of Hungary	[44]
944	DC	History of France	[44]
945	DG	History of Italy	[44]
946	DP	History of the Iberian Peninsula	[44]
947	DJK	History of Eastern Europe	[44]
947	DK	History of Russia, Soviet Union, and former Soviet republics	[44]
948	DL	History of Northern Europe and history of Scandinavia	[44]
949.2	DH	History of the Netherlands	[44]
949.3	DH	History of Belgium	[44]
949.4	DQ	History of Switzerland	[44]
949.5	DF	History of Greece	[44]
949.6	DR	History of the Balkan peninsula	[44]
950	DS	General history of Asia and Far East	[44]
951	DS701–799.9	History of China	[44]
952	DS801–897	History of Japan	[44]
953	DS201–248	History of Arabian Peninsula (history of Saudi Arabia, etc.)	[44]
954	DS401–486.8	History of India	[44]
955	DS251–326	History of Iran (Persia)	[44]
960	DT	History of Africa	[44]
961	DT211–239	History of Libya	[44]
961	DT241–269	History of Tunisia	[44]
962	DT154.1–159.9	History of Sudan	[44]
962	DT43–154	History of Egypt	[44]
963	DT371–390	History of Ethiopia (Abyssinia)	[44]
963	DT391–398	History of Eritrea	[44]
965	DT271–299	History of Algeria	[44]
966	DT470–671	History of West Africa and offshore islands	[44]
967	DT?	History of Central Africa and offshore islands	[44]
968	DT1701–2405	History of South Africa	[44]
969	DS349.8–349.9	[46]	[44]
970	F	History of North America	[46]
971	F1001–1145.2	History of Canada	[46]
972	F1421–1440	History of Central America	[46]
972	F1201–1392	History of Mexico	[46]
973	E	History of United States	[46]
980	F2201–3799	History of South America	[46]
981	F2501–2659	History of Brazil	[46]
982	F2801–3021	History of Argentina	[46]
983	F3051–3285	History of Chile	[46]
984	F3301–3359	History of Bolivia	[46]
985	F3401–3619	History of Peru	[46]
987	F2301–2349	History of Venezuela	[46]
988	F2351–2471	History of Guiana	[46]
990	DU	History of Oceania	[44]
993	DU400–430	History of New Zealand	[44]
994	DU80–398	History of Australia	[44]
995	DU490	History of Melanesia	[44]
995	DU739–747	History of New Guinea	[44]
803	AG	Dictionaries and other general reference works	[28]
069	AM	Museums, collectors, and collecting	[28]
050	AP	Periodicals	[28]
060–068	AS	Academies and learned societies	[28]
030	AY	Yearbooks, almanacs, and directories	[28]
001	AZ	History of scholarship and learning, and the humanities	[28]
110–140	BD	Speculative philosophy	[31]
111.85	BH	Aesthetics	[31]
200	BL	Mythology	[31]
230	BT	Doctrinal theology	[31]
240–260	BV	Practical theology	[31]
280	BX	Christian denominations	[31]
	C	Auxiliary sciences of history (general)	[45]
909	CB	History of civilization	[45]
930.1	CC	Archaeology	[45]
929.1 – 929.3	CD	Diplomatics, archives, and seals	[45]
529	CE	Technical chronology and calendar	[45]
737	CJ	Numismatics	[45]
411.7	CN	Inscriptions and epigraphy	[45]
929.6	CR	Heraldry	[45]
909.0491497	DX	History of Romanies	[44]
551.4	GB	Physical geography	[33]
551.46	GC	Oceanography	[33]
333.7	GE	Environmental sciences	[33]
304	GF	Human ecology and anthropogeography	[33]
310	HA	Social science statistics	[32]
330.9	HC	Economic history and conditions	[32]
331–338	HD	Industries, land use, and labor	[32]
649.1–641.7	HQ	Family, marriage, and women	[32]
	HT	Communities, classes, and races	[32]
364	HV	Social pathology, social and public welfare, and criminology	[32]
335	HX	Socialism, communism, and anarchism	[32]
	J	General legislative and executive papers	[34]
320	JA	Political science (general)	[34]
320.5	JC	Political theory	[34]
	JJ	Political institutions and public administration (North America)	[34]
320.973	JK	Political institutions and public administration (United States)	[34]
320.971	JL	Political institutions and public administration (Canada, Latin America, etc.)	[34]
320.94	JN	Political institutions and public administration (Europe)	[34]
320.95–320.969	JQ	Political institutions and public administration (Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Area, etc.)	[34]
	JV	Colonies and colonization, emigration and immigration, and international migration	[34]
	KB	Religious law (general) and comparative religious law and jurisprudence	[35]
	KD	Law of the United Kingdom, Ireland, America, and North America	[35]
340.971	KE	Law of Canada	[35]
340.973	KF	Law of United States	[35]
	KG	Law of Latin America – Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and the Caribbean area	[35]
	KH	Law of South America	[35]
340.94	KJ–KK	Law of Europe	[35]
340.95–340.969	KL–KW	Law of Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica	[35]
370.9	LA	History of education	[37]
370.1	LB	Theory and practice of education	[37]
	LC	Special aspects of education	[37]
378.73–378.79	LD	Individual educational institutions – United States	[37]
378.8	LE	Individual educational institutions – America (except United States)	[37]
378.4	LF	Individual educational institutions – Europe	[37]
378.5–378.6	LG	Individual educational institutions – Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific islands	[37]
378	LH	College and school magazines and papers	[37]
	LJ	Student fraternities and societies, United States	[37]
	LT	Textbooks	[37]

See also

• Classification
• Decimal classification
• Library catalog
• Library classification
• Library of Congress Subject Headings

Further reading

• Billy, Amber; Nelson, Elizabeth; and Uhl, Rebecca. Inclusive Cataloging: Histories, Context, and Reparative Approaches. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2024. ISBN   979-8-89255-566-1.
• Chan, Lois Mai. A Guide to the Library of Congress Classification, 6th ed. New York: Libraries Unlimited, 2016. ISBN   978-1440844331.
• Chan, Lois Mai and Salaba, Athena. Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2016. ISBN   9781442232495.
• Halstead, D. Kent. "Chapter IX: College and University Libraries: Bibliographic Access" in Statewide Planning in Higher Education (DHEW Publication No. 73-17002). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974. p. 400-408.
• Merkley, Carl. "The Library of Congress, Dewey Decimal, and Universal Decimal Classification Systems are Incomplete and Unsystematic". Evidence Based Library and Information Practice , vol. 6, no. 4 (2011): 134–136. doi.org/10.18438/B8QK7S.
• Satija, M. P. The Theory and Practice of the Dewey Decimal Classification System. Hull: Chandos Publishing, 2013. ISBN   978-1843347385.
• Scott, Mona L. Dewey Decimal Classification: A Study Manual and Number Building Guide, 22nd edition. New York: Libraries Unlimited, 2005. ISBN   978-1591582106.
• Sroka, Marek. "Library of Congress Subject Headings, Dewey Decimal Classification and the Ambiguity of Subject Representation of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in American Knowledge Organization Systems." Central European and Balkan Studies, vol. 33 (November 21, 2024): 9–16. doi.org/10.4467/2543733XssB.24.001.20025
• Weihs, Jean and Intner, Sheila S. Beginning Cataloging,2nd edition. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. ISBN   9798216052197.

References

1. Francis, Frank C.; Estabrook, Leigh S. (2025-08-09). "The Dewey Decimal system". Britannica. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
2. "Cataloging Tools and Resources: Classification". American Library Association. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
3. Summaries DDC: Dewey Decimal Classification (PDF). Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. 2003. ISBN   0-910608-71-7 . Retrieved August 28, 2025.
4. Lavallee, Andrew (July 20, 2007). "Discord Over Dewey: A New Library in Arizona Fans a Heated Debate Over What Some Call the 'Googlization' of Libraries". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
5. List-Handley, Carla J. (2002). Information Research. Kendall Hunt. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-7872-9057-3 – via Google Books.
6. Bullard, Eric. "Library of Congress Classification (LCC) | Research Starters". EBSCO. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
7. Christiansen, Andrew (2022-04-14). "SLCC switches library classifications". The Globe. Retrieved 2025-09-03. Jon Glenn, director of library services, said we … wanted to make our system more equitable and inclusive, which isn't really a question of which system was originally more biased, but rather which system...can be more easily improved upon...Any classification system is rooted in and biased by its creator and the time under which it was created. Glenn added that this applies to DDC and LCC, which were both developed in the United States during the 19th century by academic scholars who were white, male, and Christian.
8. Comaromi, John P. (1976), The eighteen editions of the Dewey Decimal Classification, Albany, N.Y: Forest Press Division, Lake Placid Education Foundation, p. 43, ISBN   978-0-910608-17-6, OL   4881898M
9. Hjørland, Birger (2025). "Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)". Em Questão. 31. doi:10.1590/1808-5245.31.145068. ISSN   1808-5245.
10. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) was created in 1905 based on DDC 5th edition to address the needs of large libraries.
11. Moeller, Kimberly (2023-10-31). "Peer Navigator Corner: Library of Congress vs. Dewey Decimal System". Library News. University of Missouri Libraries. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
12. "Comparing LC and Dewey". University of Mississippi Library. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
13. "Call Numbers and the Library of Congress Classification System | HCC". Henderson Community College. Archived from the original on 2025-05-22. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
14. "Basic Cataloging: Intro to Call Numbers". Internet Public Library. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
15. "LibGuides: Cataloging Tools and Resources: Classification". American Library Association. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
16. Lund, Brady; Agbaji, Daniel; Tijani, Solomon; Omame, Isaiah (2019-07-03). "Evaluating Knowledge Organization in Developed and Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress Classification Scheme Preference and use in the United States and Nigeria" . Technical Services Quarterly. 36 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1080/07317131.2019.1621563. ISSN   0731-7131.
17. Sultanik, Alyssa (April 7, 2022). "Lessons learned about converting from Dewey Decimal Classification to Library of Congress Classification". The Christian Librarian. 65 (1).
18. "Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification" (PDF). OCLC. May 17, 2019. p. 37. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
19. Hjørland, Birger (2025). "Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)". Em Questão. 31. doi:10.1590/1808-5245.31.145068. ISSN   1808-5245.
20. Shorten, Jay Shorten; Seikel, Michele; Ahrberg, Janet H. (April 2005). "Why Do You Still Use Dewey? Academic Libraries that Continue with Dewey Decimal Classification". Library Resources & Technical Services. 49 (2). American Library Association. Retrieved September 1, 2025– via Gale Academic OneFile.
21. Scott, Mona L. and Alvey, Christine E. Conversion Tables: LC-Dewey, Dewey-LC. 17th edition. Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, 1993. ISBN   9781563080173
22. "Map Dewey (DDC) to LC (LCC) Classification". Questionpoint.org. OCLC. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
23. "Map LC (LCC) to Dewey (DDC) Classification". Questionpoint.org. OCLC. Archived from the original on 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
24. "Library of Congress Classification Outline". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
25. "Dewey Decimal System – A Guide to Call Numbers". Information Sciences Virtual Library. University of Illinois Library. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
26. "Dewey Decimal vs. Library of Congress". Randolph C. Watson Library. Kilgore College. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
27. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class Q" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
28. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class A" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
29. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class Z" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
30. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class P" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
31. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class B" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
32. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class H" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
33. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class G" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
34. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class J" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
35. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class K" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
36. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class U" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
37. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class L" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
38. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class T" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
39. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class R" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
40. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class V" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
41. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class S" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
42. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class N" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
43. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class M" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
44. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class D" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
45. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class C" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
46. "Library of Congress Classification Outline – Classes E and F" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2025.

External links

• Quick Start Tutorial: LC/Dewey Correlations (Library of Congress).
• Ross, Geoffrey. Dewey → Library of Congress Classification (History, Philosophy, and Newspaper Library, University of Illinois).