| Political corruption |
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| Forms and concepts |
| Anti-corruption |
| Corruption by country |
Corruption levels are perceived to be high by surveyed residents of Serbia, and public trust in key institutions remains low. [1]
| Political corruption |
|---|
| |
| Forms and concepts |
| Anti-corruption |
| Corruption by country |
Corruption levels are perceived to be high by surveyed residents of Serbia, and public trust in key institutions remains low. [1]
Public procurement, public administration recruitment processes, mining and rail operations are sectors with a serious problem of conflict of interest. [1] The European Commission has raised concern over Serbia's judiciary, police, health and education sectors that are particularly vulnerable to corruption. [2] Corruption is considered the most problematic factor for doing business in Serbia, followed by inefficient government bureaucracy. [3]
Even though Serbia has made progress in the investigation of high-level corruption cases, the implementation of anti-corruption laws is weak. [2] According to Global Corruption Barometer 2016, 22% of Serbian citizens who had contact with public institutions included in research (traffic police, public health, educational system, courts - civil litigation, public services that issue official documents, departments responsible for social welfare), had paid bribe at least once in the previous year. [4]
Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index scored Serbia at 36 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Serbia ranked 104th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. [5] For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). [6] For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries [Note 1] was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18. [7]
Serbia's scores of 36 in 2022 and 2023 were its lowest since the Corruption Perceptions Index began its current system of scoring in 2012. Transparency International reported in 2023 that the autocratic government of Serbia controls the justice system and prevents the prosecution of corrupt officials. Of the state prosecutor's office, Transparency International wrote: "This politically captured justice institution is failing to protect the public interest at a crucial time, reducing the country’s ability to stop corruption." [7]
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys." The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain". The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.
Corruption in Albania is a very serious problem. According to Global Corruption Barometer 2013, 66% of respondents indicated that level of corruption has increased in Albania.
In general, Belgium has a well-developed legal and institutional framework for fighting against corruption.
Corruption in Denmark is amongst the lowest in the world. According to the 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index from Transparency International, Denmark scored 90 on a scale from 0 to 100. When ranked by score, Denmark held first place among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first are perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison, the worst score was 12 and the average was 43. The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists reported in 2014 that Denmark has consistently been in the top-4 since the publication of the first Corruption Perceptions Index report in 1995.
According to Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer 2013, corruption is a large concern in the public sector as more than half of the surveyed households consider Parliament, police, public officials, and particularly the judiciary and political parties very corrupt.
Corruption in Switzerland describes the prevention and occurrence of corruption in Switzerland.
Levels of corruption in Luxembourg are generally said to be very low, and there a strong legal framework for combating corruption in the country. Surveys however indicate that a majority of the population believe political parties are either "corrupt" or "extremely corrupt."
Corruption in Iceland describes the prevention and occurrence of corruption in Iceland.
Corruption in Latvia is examined on this page.
In 2013, a report by Transparency International revealed that political parties, Parliament, the judiciary and the military are the most corrupt institutions in Portugal. Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index ranks the country in 33rd place out of 180 countries in the Index.
Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index scored Germany at 79 on a scale from 0 to 100. When ranked by score, Germany ranked 9th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison, the best score was 90, the worst score was 12, and the average score was 43.
Corruption in the Netherlands is minimal in all major areas—judiciary, police, business, politics—as the country is considered one of the least corrupt within the European Union.
In recent years, Montenegro has increased its efforts to implement preventive and legislative measures needed to curb corruption. For example, anti-bribery provisions in the Criminal Code, as well as laws on money laundering, conflict of interest, access to information, and political funding have all been strengthened, while awareness-raising activities and training of public officials in integrity standards have been intensified.
Corruption in Slovenia is examined on this page.
Corruption in Slovakia is a serious and ongoing problem.
According to several public surveys in Kosovo and reports from institutions such as the European Commission, levels of corruption and impunity among politicians are high.
The government in Moldova has in recent years taken several steps to fight corruption, including law enforcement and institutional setups. The prosecution of officials who are involved in corruption has also increased in recent years. However, businesses consider corruption a serious problem for doing business, and the business environment continues to be one of the most challenging in the region.
There are several sectors in Ethiopia where businesses are particularly vulnerable to corruption. Land distribution and administration is a sector where corruption is institutionalized, and facilitation payments as well as bribes are often demanded from businesses when they deal with land-related issues.
A general public survey on corruption from Transparency International shows that citizens perceive Bosnia and Herzegovina's political structures to be deeply affected by corruption. Two-thirds of citizens believe that the government's efforts to combat corruption are ineffective.
Croatia has severe problems with corruption, and among European Union member states, it is one of the top 5 most corrupt countries.