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Anti-corruption |
Corruption by continent and country |
The Republic of Singapore is generally perceived as one of the least corrupt countries in the world. Cases are mostly handled by the Singapore Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), a government agency in Singapore that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors. [1] According to a Transparency International survey, an overwhelming majority of people in Singapore do not hear cases of corruption by public officials or institutions through media in their lifetime. In 2020, Singapore's public sector was ranked by Transparency International as the fourth least corrupt in the world and the most transparent in Asia. [2]
Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean") and ranked the countries by score. Singapore received a score of 83 and was ranked 5th, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. [3] For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). [4] For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among the countries of the Asia Pacific region [lower-alpha 1] was 85—only New Zealand outscored Singapore in the region—the average score was 45 and the lowest score was 17. [5]
According to Transparency International's 2015 "Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index" the highest corruption risk area is "Operations" followed by "Finance". [6]
Business executives surveyed in the World Economic Forum's 2014–2015 Global Competitiveness Report reported no problems doing business in Singapore. [7]
A strain of political reasoning behind Singapore's low corruption theorizes that compared to neighboring nations such as Thailand and Malaysia, a theory that the powers of the state were able to pressure private interests into funneling capital into sectors that would ultimately benefit the public in the long term. [8]
Year | Corruption Perceptions Index [lower-alpha 2] | Bribes Payer Index [lower-alpha 3] | Control of Corruption [lower-alpha 4] | |||
Rank | Score | Rank | Score | Rank | Score | |
2023 | 5/180 | 83/100 [9] | - | - | - | - |
2022 | 5/180 | 83/100 [10] | - | - | - | - |
2021 | 4/180 | 85/100 [11] | - | - | - | - |
2020 | 4/180 | 85/100 | - | - | - | - |
2019 | 4/180 | 85/100 | - | - | - | - |
2018 | 3/180 | 85/100 | - | - | - | - |
2017 | 6/180 | 84/100 | - | - | - | - |
2016 | 7/168 | 84/100 | - | - | - | - |
2015 | 8/168 | 85/100 | - | - | - | - |
2014 | 7/175 | 84/100 | - | - | - | - |
2013 | 5/177 | 86/100 | - | - | - | - |
2012 | 5/176 | 87/100 | - | - | - | - |
2011 | 5/183 | 9.2/10 | 8/28 | 8.3/10 | - | - |
2010 | 1/178 | 9.3/10 | - | - | 99% | 2.18370827 |
Below are notable Singaporean corruption-related incidents in both the public [12] and private [13] sector.
In August 1966, Tan Kia Gan, the former Minister for National Development (1960–1963), was investigated for attempting to assist businessman Lim Tjin Hauw and his son William Lim in securing the sale of a Boeing aircraft to Malaysian Airways. In exchange, he received 70,000 shares valued at S$1 (US$0.74) each. As Tan lost his parliamentary seat in the 1963 general elections, he was administratively relieved of all his public appointments by the Singaporean Government. [14] [15]
In 1975, Minister of State Wee Toon Boon was found guilty of corruption and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, which was reduced to 18 months upon appeal. [16] [17]
In 1986, Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan was investigated by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) for alleged corruption. Teh died by suicide on 14 December 1986 before he could be charged in court. [14] [18]
Former Singapore Land Authority (SLA) deputy director of technology and infrastructure, Koh Seah Wee, and former SLA manager, Christopher Lim Chai Meng, were sentenced to jail by the High Court on cheating and money laundering charges. Koh was sentenced to 22 years of jail after admitting to 59 charges and Lim was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment after admitting to 49 charges. Of the $12.2 million laundered, $7.5 million was recovered from Koh. Koh and Lim cheated SLA by using false invoices issued by ex-swim coach Ho Yen Teck who set up seven sole proprietorships to provide fake IT maintenance services and goods that were not delivered. Ho was jailed for 10 years for the conspiracy. [19]
In January 2012, two senior civil servants were arrested under graft charges. Former head of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), Peter Lim Sin Pang, [20] was arrested on 19 December 2011, while Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) chief, Ng Boon Gay, was taken in for questioning on 4 January 2012. [21] Both men were arrested in connection with the Prevention of Corruption Act relating to an IT contract, [22] and in late January 2012, it was announced that both men are also facing disciplinary action by the Public Service Commission, which oversees the conduct of civil servants. After being interdicted, a step only taken when an individual “faces serious offences for which 'criminal proceedings or proceedings for his dismissal or reduction in rank are being contemplated'”, [23] the case provoked comment from Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong who promised to punish both men if they are guilty of misconduct. [24] The CPIB's silence on this investigation came under the scrutiny of a number of MPs during a parliamentary sitting in February 2012. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, Teo Chee Hean then defended the CPIB, stating that any announcement on the outcome of the probe would have been premature and may have compromised the investigation. He also assured concerned MPs that all the findings of the investigation would be publicly reported once they had been finalised. [25]
Peter Lim Sin Pang was dismissed from service in August 2013 after the court verdict and found guilty, [26] whereas Ng Boon Gay took an early retirement after his court verdict rendered an acquittal. [27] [28]
In July 2012, National Parks Board's purchase of 26 Brompton bikes costing $2,200 each sparked a nationwide uproar after it was revealed by a whistleblower on online forum HardwareZone of possible corruption due numerous red flags in the way the procurement was done. [29] Minister of National Development Khaw Boon Wan initially defended NPark's purchase of the high-end foldable bikes. [30] Subsequent investigation by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) resulted in National Parks Board assistant director Bernard Lim Yong Soon's dismissal and being fined $5,000 for lying to auditors about his relationship with the bicycle firm which was awarded the tender. [31] [32]
On 23 July 2013, CPIB assistant director Edwin Yeo Seow Hiong was charged with misappropriating at least $1.7 million from the anti-graft agency between 2008 and 2012. [33] Yeo was interdicted from his position as head of field research and technical support at CPIB to assist in a Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) probe into his suspected financial impropriety. Eight of the charges were for misappropriating funds and criminal breach of trust, one was for forgery and the rest were in using part of his ill-gotten gains to gamble at the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) casino. [34] On 20 February 2014, Yeo was sentenced to 10 years jail. [35]
On 20 February 2014, former Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) protocol chief Lim Cheng Hoe, 61, was sentenced to 15 months' jail for cheating. From February 2008 to May 2012, Lim made false claims for $89,000 worth of pineapple tarts and wine as gifts for foreign diplomats. [36] [37]
General manager and secretary of Ang Mo Kio Town Council, Victor Wong Chee Meng, was removed from his position and placed under investigation by CPIB, after a complaint was lodged in September 2016 over "the way he handles contracts and dealings in the town council". Wong, a Public Service Medal recipient, was concurrently an employee of CPG Facilities Management, which is the appointed managing agent of the town council. [38] [39] On 14 March 2018, Wong is charged with 55 counts of corruption offence for receiving some $107,000 in bribes from Chia Sin Lan and Yip Fong Yin, directors of two building and repair companies. [40] Wong and Chia pleaded guilty halfway through the trial and were sentenced to 27 months and 21 months respectively. [41] Both of them appealed and had their sentences increased to 39 months and 33 months respectively. [41]
According to US prosecutors, Keppel’s offshore and marine arm, Keppel O&M, agreed to pay a US$422 million settlement to avoid a criminal trial for bribing Brazilian officials. Court documents released by the US justice department revealed that Keppel O&M paid US$55 million in bribes between 2001 and 2014, to win 13 contracts with Petrobras and Sete Brasil – two Brazilian oil companies deeply mired in the country's wide-ranging Operation Car Wash graft scandal. [42] Keppel Corporation is one of the Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) under Temasek Holdings. [43] It was the biggest corruption case involving a GLC in Singapore's history. [44]
CPIB started investigations on the six former Keppel O&M employees who are involved in the case. [45] Investigations was closed in 2023 due to insufficient evidence and the inability to summon key witnesses from other countries. [46] Six former Keppel O&M employees were warned in lieu of prosecution. [45]
Rajkumar Padmanathan, 49, was jailed 25 months and six weeks on 27 July 2018 for 28 counts of corruption, cheating and breaching the Official Secrets Act while working at Tengah Air Base and Sembawang Air Base. He leaked tender quotations in order to secure contracts for companies set up by his wife, Jayashree, friend, Jeevan Arumugam, and acquaintance, Kamal Kishore. The total value of contracts awarded to GAS, EFAS, Duratech and GTW set up for the scam was $1,817,379.87 over the period from 2008 to 2014. [47]
On 5 July 2023, the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) sought Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's permission to open investigations into Minister for Transport S. Iswaran following the uncovering of evidence of corruption against him. Prime Minister Lee agreed and Iswaran was arrested on 11 July 2023 along with property tycoon Ong Beng Seng. Both were released on bail and with effect from 12 July, Prime Minister Lee had interdicted Iswaran and slashed his pay to $8,500. [48]
On 9 January 2024, Minister-in-charge of Public Service and Minister for Education, Chan Chun Sing issued a parliamentary reply that investigations into Minister Iswaran were completed and that the Attorney General's Chambers was reviewing the case. [49] Nine days later, Iswaran arrived at the State Courts of Singapore where the charges against him were read for the first time.
Iswaran became the first Minister to be investigated for corruption since 1986 (Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan's corruption investigation) and the first Minister to be charged and to face trial in court since 1975 (Minister of State for the Environment Wee Toon Boon)—Teh had committed suicide before trial thus prosecution was halted. [16] [17] [14]
A total of 27 charges were handed down against Iswaran. [50] [51]
The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) is an independent agency of the Government of Singapore responsible for the investigation and prosecution of any possible serious or complex fraud and corruption in Singapore. The CPIB has the mandate to investigate into any acts or forms of corruption in the public and private sectors in Singapore, and in the course of doing so, any other offences under any written law, with the powers of arrest.
Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd, doing business as ST Engineering, is a Singaporean multinational technology and engineering group in the aerospace, smart city as well as defence and public security sectors. Headquartered in Singapore, the group reported a revenue of S$7.7 billion in FY2021, ranks among the largest companies listed on the Singapore Exchange, and is one of Asia's largest defence and engineering groups. It is a component stock of FTSE Straits Times Index, MSCI Singapore, iEdge SG ESG Transparency Index and iEdge SG ESG Leaders Index. ST Engineering has about 23,000 employees worldwide with two-thirds of its employees in the engineering and technology roles.
Glenn Jeyasingam Knight is a Singaporean lawyer. He was the first Director of the Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) when it was founded in 1984. He lost his post in 1991 after being convicted of corruption in a much-publicised trial. In 1998, he was again tried and convicted for misappropriating money while in office.
Teh Cheang Wan was a Singaporean politician and architect who served as Minister for National Development between 1979 and 1986. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Geylang West SMC between 1979 and 1986.
Subramaniam Iswaran, commonly known as S. Iswaran, is a Singaporean former politician who served as Minister-in-charge of Trade Relations between 2018 and 2024 and Minister for Transport between 2021 and 2024. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the West Coast division of West Coast GRC between 2001 and 2024. Iswaran resigned as Minister of Transport, Member of Parliament, and the People's Action Party on 16 January 2024, two days before he pleaded not guilty to 27 charges.
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Kuniuraman Kannan, more popularly known as K. Kannan, is a Singaporean football forward who played for Singapore. He was in the Singapore squad in the 1984 Asian Cup. He also played for Jurong Town.
Finland's overall corruption is relatively low, according to public opinion and global indexes and standards. The 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index released by Transparency International scored Finland at 87 on a scale from 0 to 100. When ranked by score, Finland ranked second among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country or countries ranked first are perceived to have the most honest public sector. Finland has ranked first, second or third every year since the current version of the Index was introduced in 2012. For comparison with 2023 worldwide scores, the best score was 90, the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11. For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Western European and European Union countries was 90, the average score was 65 and the lowest score was 42.
Choo Wee Khiang is a former politician in Singapore's governing People's Action Party (PAP). He was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Whampoa division of Jalan Besar GRC between 1997 and 1999. Choo resigned from both the party and Parliament before being convicted for corruption.
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Dato' Ong Beng Seng, often known by his initials, OBS, is a Singapore-based Malaysian billionaire businessman. He is the founder of the Singapore-based organisation Hotel Properties and a shareholder of various businesses.
Corruption in South Korea is moderate compared to most countries in the Asia-Pacific and the broader international community. Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index scored South Korea at 63 on a scale between 0 and 100. When ranked by score, South Korea ranked 32nd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90, the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11. For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among the countries of the Asia Pacific region was 85, the average score was 45 and the lowest score was 17.
According to a 2013 public survey in Malaysia by Transparency International, a majority of the surveyed households perceived Malaysian political parties to be highly corrupt. A quarter of the surveyed households consider the government's efforts in the fight against corruption to be ineffective. Corruption in Malaysia generally involves political connections still playing an important role in the outcome of public tenders.
Corruption in Thailand is a national issue. Thai law provides criminal penalties for conviction of official corruption. Thailand's 2014 military junta, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), stated that fighting corruption would be one of its main focus points, a common practice for military dictatorships following Thailand's frequent military coups. Despite the promises, officials engaged in corrupt practices with impunity, and the NCPO engaged in corrupt practices itself.
Chee Hong Tat is a Singaporean politician and former civil servant who has been serving as Minister for Transport and Second Minister for Finance since 2024. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Toa Payoh West–Thomson division of Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC since 2015.
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Phey Yew Kok is a former Singaporean politician and union leader. He was the Member of Parliament for Boon Teck constituency from 1972 to 1980 and the President of the National Trades Union Congress from 1970 to 1980. He was convicted in 2016 for charges of misuse of union funds laid against him in 1979. He was on the run for 35 years before surrendering to Singapore authorities in 2015.
The following lists events that happened during 2023 in the Republic of Singapore.
Public Prosecutor v. S Iswaran is a case brought by the Attorney-General of Singapore against Singaporean former politician Subramaniam Iswaran, who faces 35 charges of "obtaining gratification as a public servant", corruption, and obstructing justice. The lawsuit was precipitated by an investigation of Iswaran's dealings with Malaysian billionaire Ong Beng Seng by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) that officially began on 11 July 2023 and ended sometime before 9 January 2024.
Wee Toon Boon was a Singaporean politician and Member of Parliament for Sepoy Lines Constituency from 1965 to 1976. A member of the People's Action Party, he also served as Minister of State for Defence and Minister of State for the Environment. In September 1975, he was found guilty of corruption and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, which was reduced to 18 months upon appeal.