Cuillin

Last updated

Cuillin Hills National Scenic Area
Sgurr nan Gillean from Sligachan, Isle of Skye, Scotland - Diliff.jpg
The northern Cuillin (Sgùrr nan Gillean, Am Basteir and Bruach na Frìthe) from Sligachan.
Highland UK relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
The location of the Cuillin within Highland (map centred on Sgùrr Alasdair)
Location Isle of Skye, Highland, Scotland
Coordinates 57°12′N6°12′W / 57.20°N 6.2°W / 57.20; -6.2
Area227 km2 (88 sq mi) [1]
Established1981
Governing body NatureScot

The Cuillin (Scottish Gaelic : An Cuiltheann) [2] is a range of mostly jagged rocky mountains on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. The main Cuillin ridge is also called the Black Cuillin [3] to distinguish it from the Red Cuillin (na Beanntan Dearga), which lie to the east of Glen Sligachan. [4]

Contents

The peaks of the Black Cuillin are mainly composed of gabbro, a very rough igneous rock which provides a superb grip for mountaineers; and basalt, which can be very slippery when wet. [3] The rocks forming the ridge of the Black Cuillin (and outliers such Blà Bheinn) are dark, particularly in the shade, but when in sunlight the Black Cuillin can appear grey to brown. [5] The main ridge forms a narrow crest, with steep cliffs and scree slopes. [6] The ridge is about 14 kilometres (8+12 miles) long (from Gars-bheinn in the south to Sgùrr nan Gillean in the northeast), and curves in an irregular semi-circle around Loch Coruisk, which lies at the heart of the range. [7] [6] The highest point of the Cuillin, and of the Isle of Skye, is Sgùrr Alasdair in the Black Cuillin at 992 m (3,255 ft). [3]

The Red Cuillin are mainly composed of granite, which is paler than the gabbro (with a reddish tinge from some angles in some lights) and has weathered into more rounded hills with vegetation cover to summit level and long scree slopes on their flanks. These hills are lower and, being less rocky, have fewer scrambles or climbs. [5] The highest point of the red hills is Glamaig at 775 m (2,543 ft), one of only two Corbetts on Skye (the other being Garbh-bheinn, part of the small group of gabbro outliers surrounding Blà Bheinn). [8]

The scenic beauty of the Cuillin has led to it being designated a national scenic area, [9] one of forty such areas in Scotland. [10] A Scottish Natural Heritage review of the special qualities of the Cuillin stated:

The mountains rise up dramatically from the sea creating formidable, enclosed sea lochs, with the absence of foothills enhancing their vast scale. Many iconic views of Scotland are centred here, whether Sgurr nan Gillean soaring above Sligachan, Loch Scavaig and the Cuillin ridge from Elgol, or Bla Bheinn above Torrin.

Scottish Natural Heritage [5]

Etymology

Skye and the surrounding islands, showing the location of the Cuillin. Isle of Skye UK relief location map labels.jpg
Skye and the surrounding islands, showing the location of the Cuillin.

There are several theories about the derivation of the name 'Cuillin'. One suggestion is that it comes from the Old Norse word kjölen, which literally means the keel of a boat, suggesting a similarity with an upturned Viking longship. Peter Drummond, in Scottish Hill and Mountain Names (1991), noted that this is also a name of the Scandinavian Mountains and says it can mean 'high rocky mountain'. [11] Drummond later considered the Irish placename element cuilleann, meaning 'a steep slope', which is found in mountain names such as Slieve Gullion. However, he pointed out that the element is rare, and that most mountain names around Skye come from Norse. [12] Another suggestion is that it comes from Gaelic cuilionn, meaning 'holly', because of the mountains' jagged shape. [11] The name has also been linked to Gaelic mythology, with the hills being the place where Cúchullin learnt archery from the female warrior Scáthach. [5]

Natural history

The Cuillin are a diverse and complex geological landscape, and there is a clear distinction visible between the two mountain types. [5] The mountains formed from the remains of the magma chambers which fed volcanic eruptions. [13] In the Black Cuillin the rocks cooled to form gabbro, the coarse-grained rock that makes up much of the range. Cracks and fissures in the rock provided pathways for later magma intrusions, leading to dykes of basalt which are commonly seen across Skye. [13] The Red Cuillin also have volcanic origins, being formed from a later intrusion of acidic, granitic rock. [5] This granite was more uniformly eroded by wind and water than the gabbro and basalt, causing the red hills to have smoother outlines. [13]

The Cuillin provide classic examples of glacial topography and were the subject of an early published account by James Forbes in 1846 (who had become a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh aged only nineteen). [14] [15] He partnered Louis Agassiz on his trip to Scotland in 1840 and although they subsequently argued, Forbes went on to publish other important papers on Alpine glaciers. [16] In 1904 Alfred Harker published The Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Skye, the first detailed scientific study of an extinct volcano. [17] [18]

The Cuillin encompasses a wide range of habitats, changing with altitude. At the base there are conifer plantations, coastal woodlands and areas of heather moorland and rough grassland. The lower slopes are covered by various different types of bog, with grassland on the better-drained slopes that are found above 400 m (1,300 ft). Higher up, the rocky hills are largely bare, with exposed rock and scree. [6] The entire area is designated as a Special Protection Area under the Natura 2000 programme due particularly for its importance to golden eagles. The site is of European importance for these birds, and holds one of the highest-density populations in Britain, having an unusually high breeding productivity. [6] Eleven pairs were estimated in 1992; this representing about 3% of the breeding population in Great Britain at that time. [6]

The Cuillin are protected as a national scenic area, defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development. [10] The areas protected by the designation are considered to represent the type of scenic beauty "popularly associated with Scotland and for which it is renowned". [19] The Cuillin Hills National Scenic Area covers 27,320 hectares (67,500 acres), of which 22,726 ha (56,160 acres) is on land, with a further 4,594 ha (11,350 acres) being marine (i.e. below low tide level). [1]

History

Views of the Cuillin Mountains on the A863 towards Sligachan on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Isle Of Skye A863 The Cuillins.jpg
Views of the Cuillin Mountains on the A863 towards Sligachan on the Isle of Skye, Scotland.

Due to the rocky nature of the Cuillin they have historically been of little use for agriculture: this contrasts with the majority of the highlands, where the hills were used to provide seasonal grazing for cattle and sheep. Despite the lack of earlier human presence in the hills themselves, there is much evidence of historic settlement in the surrounding glens, with prehistoric hut circles found in Glenbrittle, [20] and a stone circle identified in Glen Sligachan. [21] Rubha an Dùnain, an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the main ridge, has a variety of archaeological sites dating from the Neolithic onwards. There is a 2nd or 3rd millennium BC chambered cairn, an Iron Age promontory fort and the remains of another prehistoric settlement dating from the Bronze Age nearby. Loch na h-Airde on the peninsula is linked to the sea by an artificial "Viking" canal that may date from the later period of Norse settlement. [22] [23]

The Norse held sway throughout the Hebrides from the 9th century until after the Treaty of Perth in 1266. In the post–Norse period the most powerful clans on Skye were Clan MacLeod, originally based in Trotternish, and Clan Macdonald of Sleat. Following the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles, the Mackinnons also emerged as an independent clan, whose substantial landholdings in Skye were centred on Strathaird. [24] The MacDonalds and the MacLeods were bitter rivals, and two major battles of this period were fought between the clans at Harta Corrie and Coire Na Creich in the Cuillin:

Boswell and Johnson visited Skye during their tour of the Western Isles in 1773, and observed snow falling on the summits of the range in September. [29] Boswell described the Cuillin as "a prodigious range of mountains, capped with rocks like pinnacles in a strange variety of shapes". [29]

Uniquely for a group of Scottish mountains there are no records of the majority of the Cuillin summits having been climbed prior to the start of mountaineering as a leisure activity in the Victorian era, [30] a situation reflected in the fact that around half the summits had no recorded name prior to this period, although names for corries and other features were in existence. [31] Many of the summits are thus named after early climbers such as John MacKenzie (Sgùrr MhicChoinnich), Alexander Nicolson (Sgùrr Alasdair), and Norman Collie (Sgùrr Thormaid). [3]

Ownership

The Cuillin now consists of two estates divided by Glen Sligachan. [32] The hills on the west side of Glen Sligachan (the Black Cuillin) remained the property of Clan MacLeod despite the long history of conflict between them and Clan MacDonald. The earliest formal record of MacLeod ownership was in a land grant from the Crown in 1611. [33] In 2000 the Cuillin were put on sale for £10 million by the clan chief, John MacLeod of MacLeod, in a scheme of land in exchange for repairs to Dunvegan Castle, [34] however there was a dispute over ownership, as opponents of the sale argued that the charter referred to the MacLeod's Tables which stand across the loch from Dunvegan Castle and not to the Cuillin themselves. A deal was cut for the property to be gifted in return for repairs to the clan castle, [34] although it later fell through, with opponents arguing that the cost was out of proportion compared to other equivalent land sales. [33] Following the death of John MacLeod in 2007 his successor, Hugh Magnus MacLeod of MacLeod, found alternative funding sources, and as of 2017 ownership of the main range remains in the MacLeod family. [33]

The Strathaird, Torrin and Sconser Estate lies on the eastern side of Glen Sligachan, encompassing the Red Cuillin and Bla Bheinn: it is owned by the John Muir Trust, [35] a charity that seeks to protect and enhance wild places. [36] Strathaird Estate was formerly owned by musician Ian Anderson, the frontman for Jethro Tull, who sold the estate to the trust in 1994, for around £750,000. [37]

Climbing and hillwalking

The main ridge Main ridge of the cuillin in skye arp.jpg
The main ridge

The summits of the Cuillin are bare rock, jagged in outline and with steep cliffs and deep cut corries and gullies. Twelve Black Cuillin peaks are listed as Munros, though one of them, Blaven, is part of a group of outliers separated from the main ridge by Glen Sligachan. [3]

The scrambler can access most of the individual peaks by their easiest routes. Only the Inaccessible Pinnacle is a graded rock climb (Moderate) by its simplest line but several of the other summits require scrambling skills. Navigation on the ridge is difficult due to jagged terrain and magnetic abnormalities that make compass reading unreliable. [3] The majority of scramblers heading on to the Black Cuillin do so via routes from Glenbrittle (where there is a campsite and a youth hostel) or Sligachan for the northern peaks: due to the remoteness of Loch Coruisk, which can only be reached by boat or a c.10 km (6.2 mi) walk from Elgol, routes starting from this side are less frequented. [3]

Cultural references

Panorama of the Black Cuillin from Bla Bheinn Black Cuillin Mountains Panorama from Blaven.jpg
Panorama of the Black Cuillin from Blà Bheinn

References

  1. 1 2 "National Scenic Areas - Maps". SNH. 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  2. "Cuillin Hills". Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba: Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 D. Bennet & R. Anderson. The Munros: Scottish Mountaineering Club Hillwalkers Guide, pp. 258–275. Published 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 R. Anderson & Tom Prentice. The Grahams & The Donalds - Scottish Mountaineering Club Hillwalkers' Guide, pp. 304–309. Published 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The special qualities of the National Scenic Areas. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No.374" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "SPA description for Cuillins". Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  7. Ordnance Survey Landranger 1:50000, Sheet 32
  8. 1 2 3 R. Milne & H Brown. The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills - Scottish Mountaineering Club Hillwalkers' Guide, pp. 262–263. Published 2002.
  9. "Map: Cuillin Hills National Scenic Area" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  10. 1 2 "National Scenic Areas". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  11. 1 2 Drummond, Peter (1991). Scottish Hill and Mountain Names. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. pp. 3, 54–55.
  12. Drummond, Peter (1997). "Scottish Hill-Names - The Irish Connection" (PDF). Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal . 36 (188): 276.
  13. 1 2 3 "The Roots of Volcanoes - Scottish Natural Heritage online". Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  14. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Forbes, James David"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 638.
  15. Forbes, James D. (1846) Notes on the topography and geology of Cuchullin Hills in Skye, and on traces of ancient glaciers which they present. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal No. 40. Pages 76–99.
  16. Forbes, James D. (1846) On the Viscous Theory of Glacier Motion Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London, Vol. 5, 1843–1850. pp. 595–596.
  17. McKirdy et al. (2007) pages 164–5 and 280.
  18. Harker, Alfred, (1904) The Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Skye. Geological Survey of Scotland Memoir.
  19. "Countryside and Landscape in Scotland - National Scenic Areas". Scottish Government. 4 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  20. Historic Environment Scotland. "Skye, Glen Brittle (Site no. NG42SW 3)" . Retrieved 19 June 2025.
  21. Historic Environment Scotland. "Skye, River Sligachan (Site no. NG42NE 8)" . Retrieved 19 June 2025.
  22. "Skye survey" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  23. Historic Environment Scotland. "Skye, Rubh' An Dunain, 'Viking Canal' (Site no. NG31NE 8)" . Retrieved 19 June 2025.
  24. Mackinnon, C. R. (1958). "The Clan Mackinnon: a short history". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  25. T. Marsh. The Isle of Skye, p. 170. Published 2012.
  26. Historic Environment Scotland. "Skye, Bloody Stone, Harta Corrie (Site no. NG42SE 1)" . Retrieved 19 June 2025.
  27. MEM Donaldson. Wanderings in the Western Highlands and Islands, Revision. 2nd. Paisley. p. 147 RCAHMS Shelf Number: D.6.DON
  28. Historic Environment Scotland. "Skye, Coire Na Creiche (Site no. NG42NW 1)" . Retrieved 19 June 2025.
  29. 1 2 S. Johnson & J. Boswell (ed. R. Black). To the Hebrides: "Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland" and "Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides", pp. 257–258. Published by Birlinn, 2007.
  30. Ian R Mitchell, Scotland's Mountains Before the Mountaineers, p. 159. Published 2013, Luath Press.
  31. Ian R Mitchell. Scotland's Mountains Before the Mountaineers, p. 171. Published 2013, Luath Press.
  32. "Map Search". Who Owns Scotland. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  33. 1 2 3 "When the Black Cuillin mountains went on the market for £10m". The Scotsman. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  34. 1 2 "Black Cuillin may be gifted to nation in clan castle deal". The Scotsman . 8 May 2004. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  35. "Introducing Sconser, Strathaird and, Torrin" (PDF). John Muir Trust. 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  36. "Homepage". John Muir Trust. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  37. Elizabeth Buie. "Pop singer sells Skye estate to trust". The Herald . Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  38. Calum Smith (2020). The Black Cuillin: The Story of Skye's Mountains. Rymour Books. p. 179. ISBN   9780954070441.
  39. H. E. L. Porter (1974). "Leslie Garnet Shadbolt (1883–1973)" (PDF). Alpine Journal : 284–85.
  40. "Finlay Wild Breaks Cuillin Record - Again".
  41. Colin Wells, Running in Heaven Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Sunday Herald (accessed 14 June 2007).
  42. "How to scramble: the Cuillin Ridge". The BMC. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  43. Begley, Alastair (February 2014). "A Winter Cuillin Traverse". ukclimbing.com. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  44. Lates, Mark. "The Cuillin Ridge: Tips for success by Mike Lates" (PDF). skyeguides.co.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  45. Patey, Tom (1965). "The first Winter Traverse of the Cuillin Ridge" (PDF). Scottish Mountaineeering Club Journal. #28 (156): 69–86. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  46. Murray, William H (1947). Mountaineering in Scotland. J.M.Dent and Sons Ltd. pp. 148–167. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  47. 1 2 3 Trendall, Adrian (2020). Skye's Cullin Ridge Traverse. Cicerone. pp. 53–5. ISBN   978-1-78631-043-9.
  48. "Gaelic film up for Scots BAFTAs". BBC. 31 October 2007.
  49. "Sorley MacLean". Scottish Poetry Library. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  50. "Jethro Tull - Broadford Bazaar Lyrics". SongLyrics. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  51. Merrill, Jamie (2 October 2014). "Video: Thrill-seeker Danny MacAskill takes death-defying ride along the 992-metre drop of The Cuillin Ridge". The Independent . Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  52. Ash, Russell (1973). Folklore, Myths and Legends of Britain. Reader's Digest Association Limited. p. 449. ISBN   9780340165973.