Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes. Two major classes are known: those for bacteria and eukaryotes and a separate family for archaea.
Glycerophospholipids of biochemical relevance are divided into three subclasses based on the substitution present at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone: acyl, alkyl and alkenyl. Of these, the alkyl and alkenyl moiety in each case form an ether bond, which makes for two types of ether phospholipids, plasmanyl, and plasmenyl. Plasmalogens are plasmenyls with an ester linked lipid at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, chemically designated 1-0(1Z-alkenyl)-2-acyl-glycerophospholipids. The lipid attached to the vinyl ether at sn-1 can be C16:0, C18:0, or C18:1, and the lipid attached to the acyl group at sn-2 can be C22:6 ω-3 or C20:4 ω-6, . Plasmalogens are classified according to their head group, mainly as PC plasmalogens (plasmenylcholines) and PE plasmalogens (plasmenylethalomines) Plasmalogens should not be confused with plasmanyls.
Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates lipid-gated ion channels.
The enzyme phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase catalyzes the following reaction:
In enzymology, a 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a ceramide cholinephosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an ethanolaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase (CDS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol from cytidine triphosphate and phosphatidate.
In enzymology, a phosphatidylcholine synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines are a class of phospholipids that are intermediates in the metabolism of lipids. Because they result from the hydrolysis of an acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine, they are also called 1-lysophosphatidylcholine. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholines with specific fatty acids occurs through the synthesis of 1-lysoPC. The formation of various other lipids generates 1-lysoPC as a by-product.
The CDP-choline pathway, first identified by Eugene P. Kennedy in 1956, is the predominant mechanism by which mammalian cells synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC) for incorporation into membranes or lipid-derived signalling molecules. The CDP-choline pathway represents one half of what is known as the Kennedy pathway. The other half is the CDP-ethanolamine pathway which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
