Dirk Hartog Island

Last updated

Dirk Hartog Island National Park
Native name:
Wirruwana
Dirk Hartog Island
Dirk Hartog Island is situated off the Gascoyne coast of Western Australia.
Geography
Location Indian Ocean
Coordinates 25°50′S113°05′E / 25.833°S 113.083°E / -25.833; 113.083
Area620 km2 (240 sq mi)
Length80 km (50 mi)
Width15 km (9.3 mi)
Highest elevation188 m (617 ft)
Highest pointHerald Heights
Administration
Australia
State Western Australia
Region Gascoyne
Shire Shire of Shark Bay
Demographics
Population9 (SAL 2021) [1]
Map of the Shark Bay region Shark Bay.svg
Map of the Shark Bay region
Copy of Dirk Hartog's plate in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Ac dirkhartogplate.jpg
Copy of Dirk Hartog's plate in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Cape Inscription lighthouse, c. 1910 Cape Inscription Lighthouse.jpg
Cape Inscription lighthouse, c.1910

Dirk Hartog Island is an island off the Gascoyne coast of Western Australia, within the Shark Bay World Heritage Area. It is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and between 3 and 15 kilometres (1.9 and 9.3 miles) wide and is Western Australia's largest and most western island. It covers an area of 620 square kilometres (240 square miles) and is approximately 850 kilometres (530 miles) north of Perth.

Contents

Known as Wirruwana by the traditional owners of the island, the Malgana people, [2] it was given its present name by Europeans. It was named after Dirk Hartog, a Dutch sea captain who first encountered the Western Australian coastline close to the 26th parallel south latitude, which runs through the island, around 1616. After leaving the island, Hartog continued his voyage north-east along the mainland coast. Hartog gave the Australian mainland one of its earliest known names, as Eendrachtsland, which he named after his ship Eendracht , meaning "concord". The island is now the location of a major environmental reconstruction project, Return to 1616 , that has seen all introduced livestock and feral animals removed, with eleven native species now in various stages of reintroduction. [3]

History

The island was discovered by Hartog on 25 October 1616 in the Dutch East India Company (VOC) ship Eendracht from Cape Town to Batavia (Jakarta). [4] The names of senior people on board, including Hartog's, were inscribed with the date on a pewter plate and nailed to a post.

In 1697 the Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh landed on the island and discovered Hartog's plate. He replaced it with one of his own, which included a copy of Hartog's inscription, and took the original plate home to Amsterdam, where it is still kept in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.

On 28 March 1772, Breton navigator Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn landed on the island and became the first European to formally take possession of Western Australia in the name of the French king Louis XV. This involved a ceremony (which took place on 30 March) during which one or more bottles were buried on the island. One bottle was recorded as containing an annexation document and a coin. In 1998 a bottle cap made of lead with an écu coin set in it was first discovered at Turtle Bay by a team led by Philippe Godard and Max Cramer. This triggered a broader search by a team from the Western Australian Museum led by Myra Stanbury, with Bob Sheppard, Bob Creasy and Dr Michael McCarthy. On 1 April 1998, an intact bottle bearing a lead cap identical to the one recovered earlier, also with a coin set in it, was unearthed. No trace of an annexation document has yet been found. [5] [6] [7]

In 1801 the island was visited by a French expedition aboard the Naturaliste led by Captain Emmanuel Hamelin. This expedition found de Vlamingh's plate almost buried in the sand, its post having rotted away. The Captain ordered that it be re-erected in its original position. In 1818 the Uranie with French explorer Louis de Freycinet, who had been an officer in Hamelin's 1801 crew, sent a boat ashore to recover de Vlamingh's plate. It eventually arrived in Paris, only to be lost for over a century. It was found in 1940 and returned to Australia in 1947, where it can now be seen in the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle, Western Australia. The Baudin expedition left also a plaque at the island at 16 July 1801.

In 1869, Francis Louis von Bibra (son of Franz Ludwig von Bibra) was granted a lease on the island. Von Bibra established sheep on the island and traded guano from its bays. [8]

The leasehold for the island was acquired by the Withnell brothers from Messrs Moore and Meade in 1907. The island was regarded as an ideal place for a sheep station as there was no danger of rabbit invasion. [9] In 1909 it was carrying a flock of about 12,000 sheep and produced approximately 400 bales of wool. The property was still owned by John and James Withnell, the children of John and Emma Withnell who were early settlers in the Pilbara. The brothers had estimated the area of the island to be 156,000 acres (631 km2) and intended to increase the flock on the island to 25,000. [10] By 1910 the flock size was 14,200. [11]

By 1919 the pastoral lease was put up for auction by the owner James Nicholas who also owned Croydon and Peron Peninsula Stations. The station occupied an area of 153,000 acres (61,917 ha) and was stocked with approximately 19,000 sheep. [12]

Perth Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Wardle purchased the island as a private retreat for his family in about 1969 and later retired there, becoming a semi-recluse with his wife. With the exception of the pastoral homestead, the island later returned to government ownership and became part of the Shark Bay Marine Park. [13] It is now run as an eco-tourism resort and maintained by Wardle's grandson, Kieran Wardle.

On 16 March 2008, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced that the wreck of the World War II German raider Kormoran had been found on the seabed about 150 kilometres (93 miles) west of the island. [14]

Geography

The northerly most point Cape Inscription [15] is the location of the plates and the main lighthouse. [16]

The bay facing north next to Cape Inscription 25°28′S112°58′E / 25.467°S 112.967°E / -25.467; 112.967 is known as Turtle Bay.

The most south westerly point – Surf Point 26°07′26″S113°10′46″E / 26.12389°S 113.17944°E / -26.12389; 113.17944 – is located at the channel known as South Passage 26°07′55″S113°09′31″E / 26.13194°S 113.15861°E / -26.13194; 113.15861 across from Steep Point on its south west side.

Land use

The island consists mostly of scrub-covered sand dunes. At times it has been used as a sheep station and supported 20,000 head of sheep at one stage. The island is now Dirk Hartog Island National Park and sheep have been removed. To the east it is bounded by the Shark Bay Marine Park, and it is part of Shark Bay World Heritage Area. A small area is leased to the Wardle family who runs it as a tourism destination. The region is widely used for recreational fishing.[ citation needed ]

Wildlife and conservation

Dirk Hartog Island is an important nesting site for loggerhead sea turtle, with green turtles and loggerhead turtles both nesting on the beaches. It is also home for the endemic subspecies of the white-winged fairy-wren. Quoin Bluff, mid-way along the eastern side of the island, holds an important pied cormorant nesting colony which, along with Freycinet Island some 80 km (50 mi) to the south-east, forms the Quoin Bluff and Freycinet Island Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International. [17]

In October 2018, at the end of a 20-year project, the island was declared free of feral cats, goats and sheep, paving the way for the reintroduction of 11 native animals, most of which had disappeared following a century and a half of pastoral activity and predation. [18]

The "Return to 1616" environmental reconstruction project involves returning nine native species confirmed to have once been present on the island: the western barred bandicoot, burrowing bettong, Shark Bay mouse, greater stick-nest rat, western thick-billed grasswren, brush-trailed bettong, heath mouse, desert mouse, brush-tailed mulgara, dibbler and chuditch. Two additional mammal species that are thought likely to have once been present on the island, the rufous hare-wallaby and banded hare-wallaby, are also included in the faunal reconstruction, [19] and were the first to be returned following the eradication of feral cats in September 2017. [20]

The western barred bandicoot and the dibbler were returned in October 2019. [21] [22] The Shark Bay mouse and the greater stick-nest rat were reintroduced to the island in April and May of 2021, respectively, with early monitoring suggesting ongoing survival. [23] [24] [25] The western thick-billed grasswren was returned in October 2022, with 85 birds translocated to the island from two distinct mainland populations at Shark Bay. [2] [26]

Proof that dibblers were reproducing on the island was established in June 2021. [27] By November 2022, all six reintroduced mammal species were described as breeding and establishing new territories on the island. [2]

One hundred brush-tailed mulgaras were reintroduced to the island from Matuwa Kurrara Kurrara National Park in the Western Australian Goldfields, in June 2023. [28] [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dirk Hartog</span> Dutch sailor and explorer (1580–1621)

Dirk Hartog was a 17th-century Dutch sailor and explorer. Dirk Hartog's expedition was the second European group to land in Australia and the first to leave behind an artefact to record his visit, the Hartog Plate. His name is sometimes alternatively spelled Dirck Hartog or Dierick Hartochszch. Ernest Giles referred to him as Theodoric Hartog. The Western Australian island Dirk Hartog Island is named after Hartog.

The human history of Western Australia commenced between 40,000 and 60,000 years ago with the arrival of Aboriginal Australians on the northwest coast. The first inhabitants expanded across the east and south of the continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willem de Vlamingh</span> Dutch explorer

Willem Hesselsz de Vlamingh was a Dutch sea captain who explored the central west coast of New Holland (Australia) in the late 17th century, where he landed in what is now Perth on the Swan River. The mission proved fruitless, but he charted parts of the continent's western coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shark Bay</span> Bay of the Indian Ocean in Western Australia

Shark Bay is a World Heritage Site in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. The 23,000-square-kilometre (8,900 sq mi) area is located approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north of Perth, on the westernmost point of the Australian continent. UNESCO's official listing of Shark Bay as a World Heritage Site reads:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shark Bay Marine Park</span> Marine protected area in Western Australia

The Shark Bay Marine Park is protected marine park located within the UNESCO World Heritage–listed Shark Bay, in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. The 748,725-hectare (1,850,140-acre) marine park is situated over 800 km (500 mi) north of Perth and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of Geraldton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denham, Western Australia</span> Town in Western Australia

Denham is the administrative town for the Shire of Shark Bay, Western Australia. At the 2016 census, Denham had a population of 754. Located on the western coast of the Peron Peninsula 831 kilometres (516 mi) north of Perth, Denham is the westernmost publicly accessible town in Australia, and is named in honour of Captain Henry Mangles Denham of the Royal Navy, who charted Shark Bay in 1858. Today, Denham survives as the gateway for the tourists who come to see the dolphins at Monkey Mia, which is located 23 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of the town. The town also has an attractive beach and a jetty popular with those interested in fishing and boating.

The Eendracht was an early 17th century Dutch wooden-hulled 700 tonne East Indiaman, launched in 1615 in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Its Dutch name means "concord", "unity" or "union", and was a common name given to Dutch ships of the period, from the motto of the Republic: Concordia res parvae crescunt . The ship was captained by Dirk Hartog when he made the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, in 1616.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steep Point</span> Headland in Western Australia

Steep Point is the westernmost point of mainland Australia. It is located within the Gascoyne region of Western Australia, 670 kilometres (420 mi) north of the state's capital Perth, in the proposed Edel Land National Park. It is also a part of the Shark Bay World Heritage Site. The point was named Steyle Hock by Willem de Vlamingh in 1697.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hartog Plate</span> Inscribed plate commemorating Dirk Hartogs 1616 landing in Western Australia

Hartog Plate or Dirk Hartog's Plate is either of two pewter plates, although primarily the first, which were left on Dirk Hartog Island during a period of European exploration of the western coast of Australia prior to European settlement there. The first plate, left in 1616 by Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, is the oldest-known artifact of European exploration in Australia still in existence. A replacement, copying the text of the original plus some new text, was left in 1697 – the original dish returned to the Netherlands, where it is on display in the Rijksmuseum. Further additions at the site, in 1801 and 1818, led to the location being named Cape Inscription.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walga Rock</span> Granite monolith on Austin Downs Station in Western Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn</span> French explorer

Louis Francois Marie Aleno de Saint Aloüarn was a notable French Navy officer and explorer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorre Island</span> Island in Shark Bay, Western Australia

Dorre Island is one of three islands that make up the Bernier and Dorre Island Nature Reserve in the Shark Bay World Heritage area in Western Australia. The island was named after Peter Dorre, the pilot of a Dutch vessel, the Eendracht, in 1616.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quoin Bluff</span> Headland in Western Australia

Quoin Bluff, also known as Quoin Bluff South, is an elevated limestone headland midway along the eastern side of Dirk Hartog Island, in Shark Bay, on the-west coast of Western Australia. It extends into Shark Bay between Herald Bay to the north and Tetrodon Loop to the south, and serves as a prominent navigation point with an all-round view of the approaches to Egg Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western grasswren</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edel Land National Park</span> Protected area in Western Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">French Western Australia</span>

On 28 March 1772, the Breton navigator Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn landed on Dirk Hartog Island and became the first European to claim possession of Western Australia on behalf of King Louis XV as French Western Australia.

References

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Further reading