Dutch general election, 1850

Last updated
Kingdom of the Netherlands
State coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Netherlands

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 27 July 1850. [1]

Netherlands Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Europe

The Netherlands is a country located mainly in Northwestern Europe. The European portion of the Netherlands consists of twelve separate provinces that border Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. Together with three island territories in the Caribbean Sea—Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba— it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The official language is Dutch, but a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian.

Contents

Results

PartyVotes%Seats
Liberals 44
Conservatives 13
Conservative Liberals 8
Anti-Revolutionaries3
Total55,57910068
Registered voters/turnout82,24967.6–
Source: Bromley & Kossman, [2] Nohlen & Stöver

By district

District Members elected Group Ref.
Alkmaar Moraaz, Samuel Antony de Samuel Antony de Moraaz [Note 1] Thorbeckian liberal [3]
Smit, Hendrik Jan Hendrik Jan Smit [Note 2] Pragmatic liberal [4]
Almelo Hoëvell, Wolter Robert van Wolter Robert van Hoëvell [Note 3] Ethical direction liberal [5]
Man, Maximiliaan Jacob de Maximiliaan Jacob de Man [Note 4] Pragmatic liberal [6]
Amersfoort Engelen, Adriaan Walraven Adriaan Walraven Engelen [Note 5] Pragmatic liberal [7]
Walchren, Simon van Simon van Walchren [Note 6] Pragmatic liberal [8]
Amsterdam Backer, Cornelis Cornelis Backer [Note 7] Pragmatic liberal [9]
Godefroi, Michel Henry Michel Henry Godefroi [Note 8] Pragmatic liberal [10]
Hall, Floris Adriaan van Floris Adriaan van Hall [Note 9] Pragmatic liberal [11]
Heemskerk Bzn., Jan Jan Heemskerk Bzn. [Note 10] Thorbeckian liberal [12]
Stolte, Harm Harm Stolte Conservative [13]
Appingedam Westerhoff, Rembertus Rembertus Westerhoff [Note 11] Thorbeckian liberal [14]
Zijlker, Jan Freerks Jan Freerks Zijlker [Note 12] Thorbeckian liberal [15]
Arnhem Lynden, Willem van Willem van Lynden Anti-revolutionary [16]
Mackay, Æneas Æneas Mackay Anti-revolutionary [17]
Assen Heiden Reinestein, Louis van Louis van Heiden Reinestein [Note 13] Conservative [18]
Veen, Petrus van der Petrus van der Veen Pragmatic liberal [19]
Boxmeer Hengst, Johannes Johannes Hengst [Note 14] Pragmatic liberal [20]
Breda Meeussen, Karel Adrianus Karel Adrianus Meeussen [Note 15] Thorbeckian liberal [21]
Storm, Lambertus Dominicus Lambertus Dominicus Storm [Note 16] Thorbeckian liberal [22]
Delft Poortman, Karel Arnoldus Karel Arnoldus Poortman [Note 17] Thorbeckian liberal [23]
Wintgens, Willem Willem Wintgens [Note 18] Pragmatic liberal [24]
Den Bosch Luyben, Johannes Johannes Luyben [Note 19] Conservative liberal [25]
Poorter, Johannes de Johannes de Poorter Thorbeckian liberal [26]
Den Haag Boreel van Hogelanden, Willem Willem Boreel van Hogelanden [Note 20] Pragmatic liberal [27]
Schooneveld, Pieter Carel Pieter Carel Schooneveld [Note 21] Pragmatic liberal [28]
Deventer Storm van 's Gravesande, Carel Carel Storm van 's Gravesande [Note 22] Moderate liberal [29]
Dokkum Bruggen Hugenholtz, Isaäc ter Isaäc ter Bruggen Hugenholtz [Note 23] Thorbeckian liberal [30]
Dordrecht Oud-Alblas, Pieter Blussé van Pieter Blussé van Oud-Alblas Thorbeckian liberal [31]
Lotsy, Johannes Servaas Johannes Servaas Lotsy [Note 24] Pragmatic liberal [32]
Eindhoven Bots, Johannes Baptista Johannes Baptista Bots [Note 25] Thorbeckian liberal [33]
Heijde, Johannes Franciscus van der Johannes Franciscus van der Heijde [Note 26] Pragmatic liberal [34]
Goes Bachiene, Philip Johannes Philip Johannes Bachiene [Note 27] Thorbeckian liberal [35]
Gorinchem Schiffer, Cornelis Cornelis Schiffer [Note 28] Conservative [36]
Gouda Linden, Gijsbertus Martinus van der Gijsbertus Martinus van der Linden [Note 29] Thorbeckian liberal [37]
Metman, Leonard Leonard Metman Pragmatic liberal [38]
Groningen Wichers, Berend Berend Wichers [Note 30] Thorbeckian liberal [39]
Haarlem Voorst, Willem Hendrik van Willem Hendrik van Voorst [Note 31] Pragmatic liberal [40]
Hoorn Akerlaken, Dirk van Dirk van Akerlaken Pragmatic liberal [41]
Hasselt, Willem Jan Cornelis van Willem Jan Cornelis van Hasselt [Note 32] Pragmatic liberal [42]
Leeuwarden Dirks, Jacob Jacob Dirks [Note 33] Conservative [43]
Ypeij, Adolph Adolph Ypeij Liberal [44]
Leiden Gevers van Endegeest, Daniël Théodore Daniël Théodore Gevers van Endegeest Conservative [45]
Amerongen, Pieter Hendrik Taets van Pieter Hendrik Taets van Amerongen Conservative [46]
Maastricht Borret, Eduardus Josephus Hubertus Eduardus Josephus Hubertus Borret [Note 34] Conservative (Catholic) [47]
Limpens, Charles de Charles de Limpens Thorbeckian liberal [48]
Middelburg Slicher van Domburg, Jan Jacob Jan Jacob Slicher van Domburg [Note 35] Pragmatic liberal [49]
Eck, Daniël van Daniël van Eck [Note 36] Thorbeckian liberal [50]
Nijmegen Dommer van Poldersveldt, Gustaaf Gustaaf Dommer van Poldersveldt [Note 37] Conservative (Catholic) [51]
Nispen van Sevenaer, Joannes van Joannes van Nispen van Sevenaer [Note 38] Pragmatic liberal [52]
Roermond Lom de Berg, Pieter Lodewijk de Pieter Lodewijk de Lom de Berg [Note 39] Conservative (Catholic) [53]
Wylick, Johan Jacob Anton van Johan Jacob Anton van Wylick Pragmatic liberal [54]
Rotterdam Baud, Jean Chrétien Jean Chrétien Baud Conservative [55]
Hoffmann, Mari Aert Frederic Henri Mari Aert Frederic Henri Hoffmann Conservative [56]
Sneek Huguenin, Herman Ulrich Herman Ulrich Huguenin Pragmatic liberal [57]
Jongstra, Anne Franszoon Anne Franszoon Jongstra Thorbeckian liberal [58]
Steenwijk Duymaer van Twist, Albertus Jacobus Albertus Jacobus Duymaer van Twist [Note 40] Pragmatic liberal [59]
Tiel Dam van Isselt, Edmond Willem van Edmond Willem van Dam van Isselt Pragmatic liberal [60]
Tilburg Jespers, Franciscus Johannes Franciscus Johannes Jespers [Note 41] Thorbeckian liberal [61]
Mutsaers, Jacobus Arnoldus Jacobus Arnoldus Mutsaers [Note 42] Conservative (Catholic) [62]
Utrecht Doorn, Elisa Cornelis Unico van Elisa Cornelis Unico van Doorn [Note 43] Conservative [63]
Goltstein, Jan Karel van Jan Karel van Goltstein [Note 44] Pragmatic liberal [64]
Zierikzee Anemaet, Sebastiaan Hendrik Sebastiaan Hendrik Anemaet [Note 45] Thorbeckian liberal [65]
Zuidhorn Reinders, Geert Geert Reinders [Note 46] Pragmatic liberal [66]
Zutphen Dullert, Willem Hendrik Willem Hendrik Dullert [Note 47] Thorbeckian liberal [67]
Zuylen van Nijevelt, Jacob van Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt [Note 48] Thorbeckian liberal [68]
Zwolle Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer [Note 49] Anti-revolutionary [69]
Sloet tot Oldhuis, Bartholomeus Bartholomeus Sloet tot Oldhuis [Note 50] Thorbeckian liberal [70]

Notes

  1. ↑ Incumbent member for Alkmaar.
  2. ↑ Incumbent member for Zaandam.
  3. ↑ Incumbent member for Zaltbommel.
  4. ↑ Incumbent member for Enschede.
  5. ↑ Incumbent member for Elst.
  6. ↑ Incumbent member for Amersfoort.
  7. ↑ Incumbent member for Amsterdam II.
  8. ↑ Incumbent member for Amsterdam I.
  9. ↑ Incumbent member for Amsterdam III.
  10. ↑ Incumbent member for Amsterdam V.
  11. ↑ Incumbent member for Appingedam.
  12. ↑ Incumbent member for Winschoten.
  13. ↑ Incumbent member for Assen.
  14. ↑ Incumbent member for Grave.
  15. ↑ Incumbent member for Bergen op Zoom.
  16. ↑ Incumbent member for Breda.
  17. ↑ Incumbent member for Schiedam.
  18. ↑ Incumbent member for Delft.
  19. ↑ Incumbent member for Den Bosch.
  20. ↑ Incumbent member for Den Haag I.
  21. ↑ Incumbent member for Den Haag II.
  22. ↑ Incumbent member for Deventer.
  23. ↑ Incumbent member for Dokkum.
  24. ↑ Incumbent member for Dordrecht.
  25. ↑ Incumbent member for Helmond.
  26. ↑ Incumbent member for Eindhoven.
  27. ↑ Incumbent member for Goes.
  28. ↑ Incumbent member for Heusden.
  29. ↑ Incumbent member for Gouda.
  30. ↑ Incumbent member for Groningen.
  31. ↑ Incumbent member for Haarlem.
  32. ↑ Incumbent member for Edam.
  33. ↑ Incumbent member for Franeker.
  34. ↑ Incumbent member for Maastricht.
  35. ↑ Incumbent member for Middelburg.
  36. ↑ Incumbent member for Sluis.
  37. ↑ Incumbent member for Nijmegen.
  38. ↑ Incumbent member for Doetinchem.
  39. ↑ Incumbent member for Venlo.
  40. ↑ Incumbent member for Kampen.
  41. ↑ Incumbent member for Zevenbergen.
  42. ↑ Incumbent member for Tilburg.
  43. ↑ Incumbent member for IJsselstein.
  44. ↑ Incumbent member for Utrecht.
  45. ↑ Incumbent member for Brielle.
  46. ↑ Incumbent member for Onderdendam.
  47. ↑ Incumbent member for Zutphen.
  48. ↑ Incumbent member for Ruurlo.
  49. ↑ Incumbent member for Harderwijk.
  50. ↑ Incumbent member for Zwolle.

Related Research Articles

1888 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 6 March 1888. The Liberal Union emerged as the largest party, winning 46 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives.

1891 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 9 June 1891. The Liberal Democratic League emerged as the largest party, winning 53 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives.

1894 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 10 April 1894. The Liberal Democratic League remained the largest party, winning 57 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives.

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 17 and 25 June 1913. Despite receiving the fourth highest number of votes, the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses emerged as the largest party, each winning 25 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives. After the election, the independent liberal Pieter Cort van der Linden became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading a cabinet of Liberals, Free-thinking Democrats, Christian Historicals and other independent liberals.

Jan Heemskerk Dutch politician

Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon was a Dutch politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1874 to 1877, and again from 1883 to 1888. His son, Theo Heemskerk also served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

The Eerste Nederlandse Systematisch Ingerichte Encyclopaedie, is a Dutch language encyclopaedia in ten volumes of which the first volume appeared in 1946 and the last part, the alphabetical lexicon, in 1952. It was published in Amsterdam under the redaction of Prof. Dr H. J. Pos, Prof. Dr J. M. Romein, Prof. Dr H. A. Kramers, Dr O. Noordenbos and others.

Jan Jacob Rochussen Dutch politician

Jan Jacob Rochussen was a Dutch politician. He served as Finance Minister from 1840 to 1843 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1845 to 1851. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 18 March 1858 to 23 February 1860.

1848 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 30 November and 4 December 1848. Held immediately after the Constitutional Reform of 1848, they were the first direct elections to the House of Representatives, and were the first to elect a States General to which government ministers would be responsible. Voting was restricted to men over the age of 23, and who paid a certain level of taxation. This limited the franchise to 55,728 people, roughly 11% of the male population over 23, or 2.5% of the total population of the country. Candidates were elected in districts in a two-round system; if no candidate received over 50% of the vote in the first round, the top two candidates would face a run-off. The districts had one MP for every 45,000 inhabitants.

1860 Dutch general election

Partial general elections were held in the Netherlands on 12 and 26 June 1860 to elect 37 of the 72 seats in the House of Representatives.

1868 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 January 1868.

1871 Dutch general election

Partial general elections were held in the Netherlands on 13 June 1871 to elect half the seats in the House of Representatives.

1877 Dutch general election

Partial general elections were held in the Netherlands on 12 June 1877 to elect half the seats in the House of Representatives.

1883 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 12 June 1883.

1853 Dutch general election Dutch elections

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 17 May 1853. They followed the dissolution of the House of Representatives as a result of a government crisis caused by the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy.

1887 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 1 September 1887.

Ferdinand Grapperhaus Dutch lawyer

Ferdinand Bernhard Joseph Grapperhaus is a Dutch politician serving as Minister of Justice and Security in the Third Rutte cabinet since 26 October 2017. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

Vice-President of the Council of State (Netherlands) Wikimedia list article

The Vice-President of the Council of State is the de facto presiding officer of the Council of State. The Monarch serves as ex officio President of the Council of State but in reality seldom chairs meetings, in his absence the Vice-President serves as pro tempore chair of those meetings. The Vice-President is also in charge of the Council's organisation and administrative duties. The Constitution of the Netherlands stipulates that if the royal house were to become extinct the Vice-President will become the acting Head of state. Like the other Members of the Council of State the Vice President is appointed by the Monarch upon nomination by the Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. The service of the Vice-President is a life tenure appointment but is required by law to enter a mandatory retirement at the age of 70. Alternatively, an early retirement or a forced termination of his tenure can be given by the Monarch in a Royal Decree.

References

  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1395 ISBN   978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. ↑ J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossmann (1960) Britain and the Netherlands; Volume IV Metropolis, Dominion and Province, p198
  3. ↑ "S.A. de Moraaz". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  4. ↑ "Mr. H.J. Smit". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "Dr. W.R. baron van Hoëvell". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  6. ↑ "Mr. M.J. de Man". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  7. ↑ "Mr.Dr. A.W. Engelen". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  8. ↑ "Mr. S. van Walchren". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  9. ↑ "Jhr.Mr. C. Backer". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  10. ↑ "Mr. M.H. Godefroi". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  11. ↑ "Mr. F.A. baron van Hall". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  12. ↑ "Mr. J. Heemskerk Bzn." Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  13. ↑ "H. Stolte". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  14. ↑ "Dr. R. Westerhoff". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  15. ↑ "J.F. Zijlker". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  16. ↑ "Mr. W. baron van Lynden". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  17. ↑ "Mr. Æ. baron Mackay". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  18. ↑ "Mr. L. graaf van Heiden Reinestein". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  19. ↑ "Mr. P. van der Veen". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  20. ↑ "Mr. J.B.J. Hengst". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  21. ↑ "Mr. K.A. Meeussen". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  22. ↑ "Mr. L.D. Storm". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  23. ↑ "Mr. K.A. Poortman". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  24. ↑ "Mr. W. Wintgens". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  25. ↑ "Mr. J.L.A. Luyben". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  26. ↑ "Dr. J.H.H. de Poorter". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  27. ↑ "Jhr.Mr. W. Boreel van Hogelanden". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  28. ↑ "Mr. P.C. Schooneveld". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  29. ↑ "Jhr. C.M. Storm van 's-Gravesande". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  30. ↑ "I.Th. Ter Bruggen Hugenholtz". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  31. ↑ "Mr. P. Blussé van Oud-Alblas". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  32. ↑ "Mr. J.S. Lotsy". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  33. ↑ "Mr. J.B. Bots". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  34. ↑ "Mr. W.J.C. van Hasselt". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  35. ↑ "Ph.J. Bachiene". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  36. ↑ "C. Schiffer". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  37. ↑ "Mr. G.M. van der Linden". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  38. ↑ "Mr. L. Metman". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  39. ↑ "Mr. B. Wichers". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  40. ↑ "Mr. W.H. van Voorst". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  41. ↑ "Jhr.Mr. D. van Akerlaken". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  42. ↑ "J.F. van der Heijde". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  43. ↑ "Mr. J. Dirks". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  44. ↑ "Mr. A. Ypeij". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  45. ↑ "Jhr.Mr. D.Th. Gevers van Endegeest". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  46. ↑ "P.H. baron Taets van Amerongen tot Natewisch". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  47. ↑ "Mr. E.J.H. Borret". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  48. ↑ "Mr. Ch. de Limpens". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  49. ↑ "Mr. J.J. Slicher van Domburg". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  50. ↑ "Mr. D. van Eck". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  51. ↑ "Jhr. G.E.G.C.K. Dommer van Poldersveldt". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  52. ↑ "Jhr. J.A.Ch.A. van Nispen van Sevenaer". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  53. ↑ "Mr. P.L. de Lom de Berg". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  54. ↑ "J.J.A. van Wylick". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  55. ↑ "J.Ch. Baud". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  56. ↑ "M.A.F.H. Hoffmann". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  57. ↑ "Mr. H.U. Huguenin". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  58. ↑ "Mr. A.F. Jongstra". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  59. ↑ "Mr. A.J. Duymaer van Twist". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  60. ↑ "E.W. van Dam van Isselt". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  61. ↑ "Mr. F.J. Jespers". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  62. ↑ "Mr. J.A. Mutsaers". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  63. ↑ "E.C.U. van Doorn". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  64. ↑ "Mr. J.K. baron van Goltstein". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  65. ↑ "Mr. S.H. Anemaet". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  66. ↑ "G. Reinders". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  67. ↑ "Mr. W.H. Dullert". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  68. ↑ "Mr. J.P.P. baron van Zuylen van Nijevelt". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  69. ↑ "Mr.Dr. G. (Willem) Groen van Prinsterer". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  70. ↑ "Mr. B.W.A.E. baron Sloet tot Oldhuis". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.