EU three

Last updated

The EU three, also known as EU big three, EU triumvirate, EU trio or simply E3, refers to France, Germany and Italy, a group that consists of the three large founding members of the European Union. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

It had also been used to refer to the grouping of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, especially during the negotiations with Iran from 2003. [4] [5] [6]

EU-3 (EU founding states)

Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg
Konrad Adenauer, founding father of the European Union and Chancellor of Germany (1949–1963)
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-19000-2453, Robert Schuman.jpg
Robert Schuman, founding father and Prime minister of France (1947–1948)
Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg
Alcide De Gasperi, founding father and Prime minister of Italy (1945–1953)

Activities

Germany, France and Italy were part of the original Inner Six founders of the EU along with Benelux nations.

Negotiations for greater integration in the EU

Determined to keep the European project intact in the wake of the UK's vote to leave the European Union in 2016, France, Germany and Italy called for greater integration in various trilateral summits in Berlin, Paris and Ventotene. [7] [8] [9] More recently France, Germany and Italy have agreed a common position about the Paris climate agreement [10] they have led a draft EU law to restrain Chinese acquisitions of European firms and technologies [11] and they lead the EU sanctions on North Korea. [12]

Statistics

EU Big Three
CountryPopulation Votes in the Council (pre-Brexit)Contribution to EU budget MEPs NATO Quint G7/G8/G20 P5 G4 nations Uniting for Consensus
Flag of France.svg  France 66,616,41613.05%17,303,107,859€16.44%74Green check.svgGreen check.svgGreen check.svgRed x.svgRed x.svg
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 80,716,00016.06%22,218,438,941€21.11%96Green check.svgGreen check.svgRed x.svgGreen check.svgRed x.svg
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 60,782,66812.00%14,359,479,157€13.64%73Green check.svgGreen check.svgRed x.svgRed x.svgGreen check.svg

EU-3 (largest economies in the EU until UK left)

The UK joined the European communities in 1973 and voted to leave in 2016, formally withdrawing from the EU in 2021.

Negotiations with Iran

EU-3 ministers and Iran's top negotiator Hassan Rouhani, Sa'dabad Palace, Tehran, October 2003 EU ministers in Iran for nuclear talks, 21 October 2003.jpg
EU-3 ministers and Iran's top negotiator Hassan Rouhani, Sa'dabad Palace, Tehran, October 2003


In 2003, France, Germany and the UK launched negotiations attempting to limit the Iranian nuclear program, which led to the Tehran Declaration of 21 October 2003 and the voluntary Paris Agreement of 15 November 2004. [13] [14] [15]

EU 3 + 3, more commonly referred to as the E3+3, [16] refers to a grouping which includes the EU-3 and China, Russia, and the United States. It was coined when these states joined the EU diplomatic efforts with Iran in 2006. In the United States and Russia, it is more commonly known as P5+1, which refers to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany. [17]

Italy took part in a number of these meetings between 2006 and 2007. [18] [19] In 2014, under the request of the Italian PM Matteo Renzi, Foreign Minister Federica Mogherini was named High Representative of the EU as the negotiations approached a conclusion and came to an end with the elaboration of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enlargement of the European Union</span> Accession process of new countries to the European Union

The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria, which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</span> Official of the European Union

The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission (HR/VP) is the chief co-ordinator and representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) within the European Union (EU). The position is currently held by Josep Borrell Fontelles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Withdrawal from the European Union</span> Legal process of Article 50 of the Treaty of European Union

Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) provides for the possibility of an EU member state leaving the European Union "in accordance with its own constitutional requirements".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Switzerland–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

Switzerland is not a member state of the European Union (EU). It is associated with the Union through a series of bilateral treaties in which Switzerland has adopted various provisions of European Union law in order to participate in the Union's single market, without joining as a member state. Among Switzerland's neighbouring countries, all but one are EU member states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of European Union history</span>

This is a timeline of European Union history and its previous development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">P5+1</span> Group formed in 2006 to engage diplomatically with Iran over its nuclear program

The P5+1 refers to the UN Security Council's five permanent members ; namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; plus Germany. The P5+1 is often referred to as the E3+3 by European countries. It is a group of six world powers which, in 2006, joined together in diplomatic efforts with Iran with regard to its nuclear program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

European Union–Iran relations are the bilateral relations between Iran and the European Union (EU). The EU is Iran's largest trading partner, along with China and the United Arab Emirates. Trade with Iran is subject to the general EU import regime and the EU supports the goal of Iranian accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The EU has accused and criticized Iran for human rights violations, which led to diplomatic tensions, but both sides aim at improving and normalizing relations. Should Turkey's accession to the EU take place, Iran will border the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

Relations between the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) are governed, since 1 January 2021, by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brexit</span> UK withdrawal from the European Union (2020)

Brexit was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Following a referendum on 23 June 2016, Brexit officially took place at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. The UK is the only sovereign country to have left the EU. The UK had been a member state of the EU or its predecessor, the European Communities (EC), since 1 January 1973. Following Brexit, EU law and the Court of Justice of the European Union no longer have primacy over British laws. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 retains relevant EU law as domestic law, which the UK can amend or repeal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federica Mogherini</span> Italian politician (born 1973)

Federica Mogherini is an Italian politician who served as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019. She previously served as Italy's Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation from February 2014 to October 2014, in the centre-left Renzi Cabinet. She was a Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 2008 to 2014. In 2020 she was appointed rector of the College of Europe, a post-graduate university for European studies in Bruges (Belgium) and Natolin (Poland).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Four (Western Europe)</span> Refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom

The Big Four, also known as G4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. France and the United Kingdom are official nuclear-weapon states and are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power of veto, which enables any one of them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support. The United Kingdom is the only country of the Big Four which is not a member state of the European Union, having ended its membership in 2020, pursuant to a referendum held in 2016. France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom are considered major European economic powers and they are the Western European countries individually represented as full members of the G7 and the G20. They have been referred to as the "Big Four of Europe" since the interwar period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran nuclear deal framework</span> Agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and world powers

The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 and the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union</span> Invocation of the EUs withdrawal process for "Brexit"

On 29 March 2017, the United Kingdom (UK) invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) which began the member state's withdrawal, commonly known as Brexit, from the European Union (EU). In compliance with the TEU, the UK gave formal notice to the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU to allow withdrawal negotiations to begin.

Brexit and arrangements for science and technology refers to arrangements affecting scientific research, experimental development and innovation that are within the scope of the negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union on the terms of Britain's withdrawal from the European Union (EU).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brexit negotiations</span> Negotiations for the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union

Between 2017 and 2019, representatives of the United Kingdom and the European Union negotiated the terms for Brexit, the UK's planned withdrawal from membership of the EU. These negotiations arose following the decision of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, following the UK's EU membership referendum on 23 June 2016.

The effect of Brexit on Gibraltar concerns the status of Gibraltar after the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union ("Brexit"). The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020, having formally notified the EU in March 2017 of its intention to do so. Gibraltar is not part of the UK, but unlike all other British Overseas Territories, it was a part of the European Union along with the UK. It participated in the Brexit referendum and it ceased, by default, to be a part of the EU upon the UK's withdrawal.

The term Brexit Divorce bill refers to payment due to the European Union (EU) from the United Kingdom (UK) when it left the EU to settle the UK's share of the financing of all the obligations undertaken while it was a member of the EU. In the Withdrawal Agreement, it is officially referred to as the "financial settlement".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact of Brexit on the European Union</span>

In 2016, the impact of Brexit on the European Union (EU) was expected to result in social and economic changes to the Union, but also longer term political and institutional shifts. The extent of these effects remain somewhat speculative until the precise terms of the United Kingdom's post-Brexit relationship with the EU becomes clear. With an end to British participation in the EU's policies on freedom of movement of goods, persons, services, and capital, and the European Union Customs Union, as well as sharing criminal intelligence and other matters, there is a clear impact with consequences for both institutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brexit negotiations in 2017</span>

Brexit negotiations in 2017 took place between the United Kingdom and the European Union for the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum on 23 June 2016. The negotiating period began on 29 March 2017 when the United Kingdom served the withdrawal notice under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. The period for negotiation stated in Article 50 is two years from notification, unless an extension is agreed. In March 2019, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May and European Leaders negotiated a two-week delay for the Parliament of the United Kingdom to agree upon The Government's Brexit Treaty, moving the date from 29 March 2019 to 12 April 2019. Negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union regarding Brexit began in June 2017.

In the wake of the referendum held in the United Kingdom on 23 June 2016, many new pieces of Brexit-related jargon entered popular use.

References

  1. ↑ Herszenhorn, David M. (16 June 2022). "Rhetoric and reality collide as France, Germany, Italy back Ukraine's EU bid". Politico. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  2. ↑ "EU divided on answer to Brexit 'wake up call'" . Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  3. ↑ "Brexit: Germany, France, Italy vow no talks before Britain makes formal decision on EU - Brexit: UK EU Referendum - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  4. ↑ Bretherton, Charlotte; John Vogler (2006). The European Union as a Global Actor. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN   9780415282451.
  5. ↑ Jovanovic, Miroslav (11 September 2002). European Economic Integration: Limits and Prospects. Routledge. ISBN   9781134866571 . Retrieved 17 June 2017– via Google Books.
  6. ↑ Capet, A. (10 October 2006). Britain, France and the Entente Cordiale Since 1904. Springer. ISBN   9780230207004 . Retrieved 17 June 2017– via Google Books.
  7. ↑ "Merkel besucht Renzi Wie das Europa-Tandem zum Trike wurde". FAZ.NET. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  8. ↑ "Europe Is Already Plotting A Future Without Britain". BuzzFeed . Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  9. ↑ "Italy joins Europe's big league, but is it primed to fail?". 1 September 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  10. ↑ "Germany, France, Italy: Paris Agreement 'cannot be renegotiated'". Evening Standard. June 1, 2017.
  11. ↑ "EU drafting law to restrain Chinese takeovers | DW | 28.01.2018". DW.COM.
  12. ↑ says, Johan Stavers (September 4, 2017). "Germany, France, Italy seek tougher EU sanctions on North Korea".
  13. ↑ Peter Crail, Maria Lorenzo Sobrado (1 December 2004). "IAEA Board Welcomes EU-Iran Agreement: Is Iran Providing Assurances or Merely Providing Amusement?". NTI. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  14. ↑ Kjell Engelbrekt, Jan Hallenberg (2010). European Union and Strategy: An Emerging Actor. Routledge. pp. 94–97. ISBN   9781134106790 . Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  15. ↑ Joachim Koops, Gjovalin Macaj (2014). The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   9781137356864 . Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "Nuclear talks between Iran and E3+3 to continue in November". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  17. ↑ "You say P5+1, I say E3+3". Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  18. ↑ "Perché l'Italia non partecipa ai negoziati con l'Iran?". Linkiesta. October 16, 2013.
  19. ↑ "...such meetings took place in Berlin and New York..." [ permanent dead link ]
  20. ↑ Greco, Ettore; Ronzitti, Natalino (September 30, 2016). Rapporto sulla politica estera italiana: il governo Renzi: Edizione 2016. Edizioni Nuova Cultura. ISBN   9788868127138 – via Google Books.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.