Eurasian blue tit

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Eurasian blue tit
Eurasian blue tit Lancashire.jpg
Lancashire, United Kingdom
Call
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Paridae
Genus: Cyanistes
Species:
C. caeruleus
Binomial name
Cyanistes caeruleus
CyanistesCaeruleusDistribution.png
  Eurasian blue tit range
   African blue tit range
Synonyms

Parus caeruleus Linnaeus, 1758

Eurasian blue tit on a ground, April. Parus caeruleus EM1B1832 (40967518404).jpg
Eurasian blue tit on a ground, April.

The Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) [2] is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognisable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size.

Contents

Eurasian blue tits, usually resident and non-migratory birds, are widespread and a common resident breeder throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and the western Palearctic in deciduous or mixed woodlands with a high proportion of oak. They usually nest in tree holes, although they easily adapt to nest boxes where necessary. Their main rival for nests and in the search for food is the larger and more common great tit.

The Eurasian blue tit prefers insects and spiders for its diet. Outside the breeding season, they also eat seeds and other vegetable-based foods. The birds are famed for their acrobatic skills, as they can hold on to the outermost branches of trees and shrubs and hang upside down when looking for food.

Taxonomy

The Eurasian blue tit was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Parus caeruleus. [3] Parus is the classical Latin for a tit and caeruleus is the Latin for dark blue or cerulean. [4] Two centuries earlier, before the introduction of the binomial nomenclature, the same Latin name had been used by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner when he described and illustrated the blue tit in his Historiae animalium of 1555. [5]

In 2005, analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of the Paridae indicated that Cyanistes was an early offshoot from the lineage of other tits, and more accurately regarded as a genus rather than a subgenus of Parus . [6] The current genus name, Cyanistes, is from the Ancient Greek kuanos, "dark blue". [4] The African blue tit (Cyanistes teneriffae) was formerly considered conspecific.

Subspecies

There are currently at least nine recognised subspecies: [7]

Hybrids

tit' (Cyanistes × pleskei) is a common interspecific hybrid between this species and the azure tit (Cyanistes cyanus), in western Russia. The cap is usually darker than the azure tit, and the tail is paler than the Eurasian blue tit. [9]

Description

The Eurasian blue tit is usually 10.5–12 cm (4.1–4.7 in) long with a wingspan of 17.5–20 cm (6.9–7.9 in) for both sexes, and weighs about 11 g (0.39 oz). [10] [11] A typical blue tit has an intensively blue crown and dark blue line passing through the eye, and encircling the white cheeks to the chin, giving the bird a very distinctive appearance. The forehead and a bar on the wing are white. The nape, wings and tail are blue and the back is yellowish green. The underparts are mostly sulphur-yellow with a dark line down the abdomen—the yellowness is indicative of the number of yellowy-green caterpillars eaten, due to high levels of carotene pigments in the diet. [12] The bill is black, the legs bluish grey, and the irides dark brown. The sexes are similar and often indistinguishable to human eyes, but under ultraviolet light, males have a brighter blue crown. [13] Juvenile birds are more yellowish and have less contrasting colors. They become similar to mature ones on September, although some parts of the wings are kept until May/June next year. [14]

Blue tits can also see in ultraviolet light – that's one of the ways they can distinguish whether the bird they're seeing is a male, female or juvenile. [15]

Male's cap is more colorful than female's and youngster's.

Distribution and habitat

Reported range from observations reported to eBird Year-Round Range Summer Range Winter Range Eurasian Blue Tit ebird data map.png
Reported range from observations reported to eBird
  Year-Round Range
  Summer Range
  Winter Range
Blue tit displaying aggression during ringing Blue tit displaying aggresion during ringing.jpg
Blue tit displaying aggression during ringing

There are currently around 20 to 44 million pairs in Europe. [16]

The Eurasian blue tit and the related hybrids are considered native species in areas of the European continent with a mainly temperate or Mediterranean climate, and in parts of the Middle East. These areas include Ireland, the United Kingdom and most of the European Union and EFTA (except Malta, where they are considered vagrant, and Iceland, where they are absent), plus: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, North Macedonia, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Vatican City and Ukraine. [17]

In Great Britain the Eurasian blue tit can be found in a variety of environments, and is typically found in deciduous woodland, parks, gardens and even in the centre of towns. [18]

Can be seen almost everywhere – from wild old forests to modern cities. [14] [19]

Behaviour and ecology

Eurasian blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts in the slender twigs. A Eurasian blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, reminiscent of a treecreeper. As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in harsh winters will roost wherever there is a suitable small hole, be it in a tree or nesting box. They are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.

This is a common and popular European garden bird, due to its perky acrobatic performances when feeding on nuts or suet. It swings beneath the holder, calling "tee, tee, tee" or a scolding "churr".

Breeding

The Eurasian blue tit will nest in any suitable hole in a tree, wall, or stump, or an artificial nest box, often competing with house sparrows or great tits for the site. Few birds more readily accept the shelter of a nesting box; the same hole is returned to year after year, and when one pair dies another takes possession. It is estimated by the RSPB that there are 3,535,000 breeding pairs in the UK. [16]

During the incubation period, female blue tits perform all of the incubation, however the male feeds the female during this time. During the nestling period, both female nest attendance and male feeding rate are higher in the morning, declining throughout the day. [20] Although socially monogamous, blue tits regularly engage in extra-pair copulations with other individuals. [21]

Eggs are 14–18 mm (0.55–0.71 in) long and 10.7–13.5 mm (0.42–0.53 in) wide. Egg size appears to depend mostly on the size of individual females and secondarily on habitat, with smaller eggs found at higher altitudes. The clutch's total weight can be 1.5 times as heavy as the female bird. [22]

Juvenile in Pimlico, London Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) juvenile.jpg
Juvenile in Pimlico, London

A study found that the timing of breeding in blue tits is related to the expression of nestling carotenoid‐based coloration, which could play a role in offspring–parent communication. [23]

The bird is a close sitter, hissing and biting at an intruding finger. In the southwest of England, such behaviour has earned the Eurasian blue tit the colloquial nickname "Little Billy Biter" or "Billy Biter." [24] When protecting its eggs, it raises its crest, but this is a sign of excitement rather than anger, for it is also elevated during nuptial display. The nesting material is usually moss, wool, hair, and feathers, and the eggs are laid in April or May. The number in the clutch is often very large, but seven or eight eggs are normal. Clutch size varies with latitude and other geographic parameters. Some bigger clutches may be laid by two or even more hens in some locations, but single hen clutches of 14 have been verified in the UK. It is not unusual for a single bird to feed the chicks in the nest at a rate of one feeding every 90 seconds during the height of the breeding season. In winter, they form flocks with other tit species.

In an analysis carried out using ring-recovery data in Britain, the survival rate for juveniles in their first year was 38%, while the adult annual survival rate was 53%. [25] From these figures the typical lifespan is only three years. [10] Within Britain, the maximum recorded age is 10 years and 3 months for a bird that was ringed in Bedfordshire. [26] The maximum recorded age overall is 11 years and 7 months for a bird in the Czech Republic. [27] However,

Diet

Eating peanuts from a garden bird feeder in England
Eurasian blue tit eating peanuts from a string, Italy Eurasian blue tit - 2018.JPG
Eurasian blue tit eating peanuts from a string, Italy

The Eurasian blue tit feeds on many insects, other small invertebrates and their larvae, though it is fond of young buds and fruits of various trees, especially when insect prey is scarce, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects. [28] It is a well-known predator of many Lepidoptera species including the Wood Tiger moth. No species, however, destroys more coccids and aphids, the worst foes of many plants. It takes leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths (Tortricidae). In common with all members of the family, seeds are also eaten.

Voice

Calls of a blue tit

Eurasian blue tits use songs and calls throughout the year. [29] Songs are mostly used in late winter and spring to defend the territory or to attract mates. Calls are used for multiple reasons. [30] Communication with other Eurasian blue tits is the most important motivation for the use of calls. They inform one another of their location in trees by means of contact-calls. They use alarm-calls to warn others (including birds of other species such as the great tit, the European robin or the treecreeper) about the presence of predators in the neighbourhood. Scolding, for example, is used when a ground predator (e.g. fox, cat or dog), a low flying predator or a perched owl are noticed. [31] Sometimes this is followed by mobbing behaviour in which birds gather together in flocks to counter a predator. The alarm-whistle warns other birds about the proximity of a Eurasian sparrowhawk, a northern goshawk, a common buzzard or other flying predators that form a potential danger in the air. A series of high-pitched 'zeedling' notes are given by both partners before and during copulation. [32] The begging-call is used by juveniles to beg for food from parents.

Learnt behaviours

An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1920s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at the cream underneath. [33] Such behaviour has been suppressed recently by the gradual change of human dietary habits (low-fat or skimmed milk instead of full-fat), and the way of getting them (from a supermarket in plastic containers with hard plastic lids, instead of the milkman). [34] In addition, the instinct to strip bark from trees in search of insects has developed into a tendency to peel building materials such as thatch, wallpaper, stucco and window putty. [35]

Predators and natural threats

The small size of the Eurasian blue tit makes it vulnerable to prey by larger birds such as jays who catch the vulnerable fledglings when they leave the nest. The most important predator is probably the sparrowhawk, closely followed by the domestic cat. Nests may be robbed by mammals such as weasels and red squirrels, as well as introduced grey squirrels in the UK.

The successful breeding of chicks is dependent on sufficient supply of green caterpillars as well as satisfactory weather. Breeding seasons may be affected badly if the weather is cold and wet between May and July, particularly if this coincides with the emergence of the caterpillars on which the nestlings are fed. [36]

Parasites

A bald blue tit with mite A bald blue tit with mite.jpg
A bald blue tit with mite

Eurasian blue tits are known to be host to feather mites, and rarely lice and flat flies. In Europe, the only feather mite species known to live on the blue tit host is Proctophyllodes stylifer. However, this mite seems to be of no concern to the bird as, until now, it is only known to feed on dead feather tissue. P. stylifer lives all its developmental stages, i.e. egg, larva, protonymph, tritonymph and adult, within the plumage of the same host. The usual sites where P. stylifer is encountered are the remiges and the rectrices of the bird where they can be found tandemly positioned between the barbs of the rachis. [37]

Status and conservation

The Eurasian blue tit is classified as a least concern species on the IUCN Red List (version 3.1), [1] and as a Green Status species, since 1996, by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the United Kingdom. [10] [16]

Cultural significance

The Eurasian blue tit has appeared on many stamps and ornaments. Its most recent appearance on a British stamp was the 2010 Birds of Britain series. [38]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian magpie</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian magpie or common magpie is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family (corvids) designated magpies, and belongs to the Holarctic radiation of "monochrome" magpies. In Europe, "magpie" is used by English speakers as a synonym for the Eurasian magpie: the only other magpie in Europe is the Iberian magpie, which is limited to the Iberian Peninsula. Despite having a shared name and similar colouration, it is not closely related to the Australian magpie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian tree sparrow</span> Species of bird in the sparrow family

The Eurasian tree sparrow is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape and a black patch on each pure white cheek. The sexes are similarly plumaged, and young birds are a duller version of the adult. This sparrow breeds over most of temperate Eurasia and Southeast Asia, where it is known as the tree sparrow, and it has been introduced elsewhere including the United States, where it is known as the Eurasian tree sparrow or German sparrow to differentiate it from the native unrelated American tree sparrow. Although several subspecies are recognised, the appearance of this bird varies little across its extensive range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common cuckoo</span> Species of bird

The cuckoo, common cuckoo, European cuckoo or Eurasian cuckoo is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, Cuculiformes, which includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tit (bird)</span> Family of small passerine birds

The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus Parus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian chaffinch</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian chaffinch, common chaffinch, or simply the chaffinch is a common and widespread small passerine bird in the finch family. The male is brightly coloured with a blue-grey cap and rust-red underparts. The female is more subdued in colouring, but both sexes have two contrasting white wing bars and white sides to the tail. The male bird has a strong voice and sings from exposed perches to attract a mate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsh tit</span> Species of bird

The marsh tit is a Eurasian passerine bird in the tit family Paridae and genus Poecile, closely related to the willow tit, Père David's and Songar tits. It is a small bird, around 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighing 12 g (0.42 oz), with a black crown and nape, pale cheeks, brown back and greyish-brown wings and tail. Between 8 and 11 subspecies are recognised. Its close resemblance to the willow tit can cause identification problems, especially in the United Kingdom where the local subspecies of the two are very similar: they were not recognised as separate species until 1897.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willow tit</span> Species of passerine bird in the tit family Paridae

The willow tit is a passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and across the Palearctic. The plumage is grey-brown and off-white with a black cap and bib. It is more of a conifer specialist than the closely related marsh tit, which explains it breeding much further north. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great tit</span> Passerine bird in the tit family Paridae

The great tit is a small passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and east across the Palearctic to the Amur River, south to parts of North Africa where it is generally resident in any sort of woodland; most great tits do not migrate except in extremely harsh winters. Until 2005 this species was lumped with numerous other subspecies. DNA studies have shown these other subspecies to be distinct from the great tit and these have now been separated as two distinct species, the cinereous tit of southern Asia, and the Japanese tit of East Asia. The great tit remains the most widespread species in the genus Parus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian sparrowhawk</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian sparrowhawk, also known as the northern sparrowhawk or simply the sparrowhawk, is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. Adult male Eurasian sparrowhawks have bluish grey upperparts and orange-barred underparts; females and juveniles are brown above with brown barring below. The female is up to 25% larger than the male – one of the greatest size differences between the sexes in any bird species. Though it is a predator which specialises in catching woodland birds, the Eurasian sparrowhawk can be found in any habitat and often hunts garden birds in towns and cities. Males tend to take smaller birds, including tits, finches and sparrows; females catch primarily thrushes and starlings but are capable of killing birds weighing 500 g (18 oz) or more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian treecreeper</span> Small passerine bird found in temperate Eurasia

The Eurasian treecreeper or common treecreeper is a small passerine bird also known in the British Isles, where it is the only living member of its genus, simply as treecreeper. It is similar to other treecreepers, and has a curved bill, patterned brown upperparts, whitish underparts, and long stiff tail feathers which help it creep up tree trunks. It can be most easily distinguished from the similar short-toed treecreeper, which shares much of its European range, by its different song.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long-tailed tit</span> Species of bird in Europe and Asia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-capped chickadee</span> Species of small, non-migratory, North American passerine

The black-capped chickadee is a small, nonmigratory, North American passerine bird that lives in deciduous and mixed forests. It is a member of the Paridae family, also known as tits. It has a distinct black cap on its head, a black bib underneath, and white cheeks. It has a white belly, buff sides, and grey wings, back, and tail. The bird is well known for its vocalizations, including its fee-bee call and its chick-a-dee-dee-dee call, from which it derives its name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carolina chickadee</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azure tit</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verdin</span> Genus of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saxaul sparrow</span> Species of bird

The saxaul sparrow is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in parts of Central Asia. At 14–16 centimetres (5.5–6.3 in) and 25–32 grams (0.88–1.13 oz), it is among the larger sparrows. Both sexes have plumage ranging from dull grey to sandy brown, and pale brown legs. Females have less boldly coloured plumage and bills, lacking the pattern of black stripes on the male's head. The head markings of both sexes make the saxaul sparrow distinctive, and unlikely to be confused with any other bird. Vocalisations include a comparatively soft and musical chirping call, a song, and a flight call.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-backed chickadee</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-backed chickadee is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae, native to western North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African blue tit</span> Species of bird

The African blue tit is a species of bird in the family Paridae. It is found in northern Africa, Pantelleria (Italy) and the Canary Islands (Spain). Its natural habitat is temperate forests. This species and the Eurasian blue tit were formerly considered conspecific. The status of this species has not been assessed because it is noted to be common on the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The species has been used in many research studies due to its island populations and relevance to evolutionary hypotheses.

<i>Cyanistes</i> Genus of birds

Cyanistes is a genus of birds in the tit family Paridae. The genus was at one time considered as a subgenus of Parus. In 2005 an article describing a molecular phylogenetic study that had examined mitochondrial DNA sequences from members of the tit family, proposed that a number of subgenera including Cyanistes be elevated to genus status. This proposal was accepted by the International Ornithologists' Union and the British Ornithologists' Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinereous tit</span> Species of bird

The cinereous tit is a species of bird in the tit family Paridae. This species is made up of several populations that were earlier treated as subspecies of the great tit. These birds are grey backed with white undersides. The great tit in the new sense is distinguishable by the greenish-back and yellowish underside. The distribution of this species extends from parts of West Asia across South Asia and into Southeast Asia. The Japanese tit was formerly treated as a separate species but is now lumped together with the cinereous tit.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2017). "Cyanistes caeruleus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T103761667A118689415. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103761667A118689415.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Gill, Frank; Wright, Minturn (2006). Birds of the World: Recommended English Names (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. ix, 259. ISBN   978-0-691-12827-6.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Vol. v.1. Holmiae. [Stockholm]: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 190. P. remigibus caerulescentibus : primoribus margine exteriore albis, fronte alba, vertice caeruleo.
  4. 1 2 Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp.  83, 293. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ↑ Gesner, Conrad (1555). Historiæ animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordiné quo in hoc volumine continentur (in Latin). Zurich: Froschauer. p. 616. NB –The link is to the preceding page.
  6. ↑ Gill, Frank B.; Slikas, Beth; Sheldon, Frederick H. (2005). "Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene". Auk. 122 (1): 121–143. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86067032.
  7. ↑ Clements, James (2011). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (6th ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-7136-8695-1.
  8. ↑ Mlíkovský, Jiří (26 August 2011). "Nomenclatural and taxonomic status of bird taxa (Aves) described by an ornithological swindler, Josef Prokop Pražák (1870–1904)". Zootaxa. 3005 (3005): 45–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3005.1.2.
  9. ↑ Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (Illus.) (2010). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. A&C Black. p. 94. ISBN   978-1-4081-3458-0.
  10. 1 2 3 Robinson, R.A. (8 December 2010). "Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)". BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407). Thetford: British Trust for Ornithology . Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  11. ↑ Radziszewski, Michał; Matysiak, Mateusz; Marczewski, Antoni; Maniakowski, Michał, eds. (2022). Ilustrowana encyklopedia ptaków Polski: przewodnik ornitologa. Bełchatów : Warszawa: Fenix ; PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie Sp. z o.o. ISBN   978-83-65808-48-6.
  12. ↑ "Blue tit, Nature Wildlife". BBC. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  13. ↑ Hunt, S.; Bennett, A.T.D.; Cuthill, I.C.; Griffiths, R. (22 March 1998). "Blue tits are ultraviolet tits". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1395). Royal Society: 451–455. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0316. PMC   1688906 .
  14. 1 2 Svensson, Lars; Stawarczyk, Tadeusz; Zetterström, Dan; Graszka-Petrykowski, Dariusz; Mullarney, Killian (2023). Ptaki Europy i obszaru śródziemnomorskiego. Przewodnik Collinsa (Wydanie III, poprawione i zaktualizowane ed.). Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza. ISBN   978-83-7763-647-3.
  15. ↑ Korsten, Peter; Vedder, Oscar; Szentirmai, István; Komdeur, Jan (2007-10-01). "Absence of status signalling by structurally based ultraviolet plumage in wintering blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1933–1943. doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0433-z. ISSN   1432-0762.
  16. 1 2 3 "Blue Tit". RSPB. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  17. ↑ "Parus caeruleus (Blue Tit) – Map". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  18. ↑ Holden, Peter (2012). RSPB Handbook Of British Birds. Christopher Helm. p. 262. ISBN   978-1-4081-2735-3.
  19. ↑ Hume, Rob; Still, Rob; Swash, Andy; Cofta, Tomasz; Harrop, Hugh, eds. (2023). Ptaki Europy: przewodnik do rozpoznawania. Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza. ISBN   978-83-7763-608-4.
  20. ↑ Bambini, G.; Schlicht, E.; Kempenaers, B. (2019). "Patterns of female nest attendance and male feeding throughout the incubation period in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus". Ibis. 161 (2): 50–65. doi: 10.1111/ibi.12614 .
  21. ↑ Arct, Aneta; Drobniak, Szymon M.; Mellinger, Samantha; Martyka, Rafał; Gustafsson, Lars; Cichoń, Mariusz (April 2022). "Extra-pair paternity in Blue Tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) depends on the combination of social partners' age". Ibis. 164 (2): 388–395. doi: 10.1111/ibi.13022 . ISSN   0019-1019. S2CID   244242652.
  22. ↑ Bauer, Kurt M.; Glutz von Blotzheim, Urs Noel, eds. (1993). "P. c. caeruleus". Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas [Handbook of the Birds of Central Europe] (in German). Vol. 13/I. Aula. pp. 581–587.
  23. ↑ Janas, Katarzyna; Lutyk, Dorota; Sudyka, Joanna; Dubiec, Anna; Gustafsson, Lars; Cichoń, Mariusz; Drobniak, Szymon (2020). "Carotenoid-based coloration correlates with the hatching date of Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus nestlings". Ibis. 162 (3): 645–654. doi:10.1111/ibi.12751. ISSN   1474-919X. S2CID   182116803.
  24. ↑ Stenning, Martyn (22 February 2018). The Blue Tit. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9781472937391 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ Siriwardena, G.M.; Baillie, S.R.; Wilson, J.D. (1998). "Variation in the survival rates of some British passerines with respect to their population trends on farmland". Bird Study. 45 (3): 1998. doi: 10.1080/00063659809461099 .
  26. ↑ Robinson, R.A.; Leech, D.I.; Clark, J.A. "Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2014". British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  27. ↑ Fransson, T.; Kolehmainen, T.; Kroon, C.; Jansson, L.; Wenninger, T. (2010). "EURING list of longevity records for European birds". European Union for Bird Ringing (EURING). Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  28. ↑ Gosler, A.; P. Clement; D. A. Christie (2020). "Eurasian Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)". In J. del Hoyo; A. Elliott; J. Sargatal; D. A. Christie; E. de Juana (eds.). Birds of the World. 1.0. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.blutit.01.
  29. ↑ Cramp, S.; Perrins, C.M.P., eds. (1993). Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VII. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-854679-5.
  30. ↑ Bijnens, L.; Dhondt, A.A. (1984). "Vocalizations in a Belgian Blue Tit Parus c. caeruleus population". Le Gerfaut. 74: 243–269.
  31. ↑ Klump, G.M.; Curio, E. (1983). "Reactions of Eurasian Blue Tits Parus caeruleus to Hawk Models of Different Sizes". Bird Behavior. 4 (2): 78–81.
  32. ↑ Hinde, R.A. (1952). "The behaviour of the Great Tit (Parus Major) and some other related species". Behaviour. Supplement (2): 1–201. JSTOR   30039125.
  33. ↑ Sasvári, Lajos (August 1979). "Observational learning in great, blue and marsh tits". Animal Behaviour. 27 (3): 767–771. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90012-5. S2CID   53150665.
  34. ↑ McCarthy, Michael (31 December 2003). "Blue tits lose their bottle as milk thieves". The Independent . Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  35. ↑ Information, Reed Business (24 October 1952). "Birds take a fancy to putty". New Scientist. 2 (49): 8. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  36. ↑ McCambridge, Hazel (17 July 2019). "A Blue Tit diary". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  37. ↑ Atyeo, Warren T.; Braasch, Norman L. (1966). The feather mite genus 'Proctophyllodes (Sarcoptiformes: Proctophyllodidae) (1st ed.). University of Nebraska. pp. 1–351.
  38. ↑ Stephens, Kate (2010), Birds of Britain I – A Presentation Pack, Royal Mail
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