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The Federated Colored Catholics (FCC), originally the Committee against the Extension of Race Prejudice in the Church, then the Committee for the Advancement of Colored Catholics, was a Black Catholic organization founded in 1925 by Thomas Wyatt Turner. [1] It was a kind of spiritual successor to Daniel Rudd's Colored Catholic Congress movement (1889-1904), providing an organized voice in an era of nearly unchecked anti-Blackness and systemic racism. After a hostile takeover, it folded in the 1950s.
The FCC was originally founded in December 1925 as a small group advocating for Black uplift, and later expanded within the local area before becoming a federated group of chapters in various other cities.
They engaged in a number of social justice efforts, including a concerted push for more Black priests, who at the time were extremely few. (US seminaries had been entirely closed to Blacks until the late 19th century, and to a continuing extent thereafter.) The FCC's main target in this regard was the Society of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart, a mostly White order that ministered specifically to African-Americans. At the FCC's meeting in 1928 in Cincinnati, several of the first openly Black Catholic priests were mentioned in the program, including Frs Augustus Tolton, John Henry Dorsey, SSJ; Charles Uncles, SSJ; Stephen Theobald, Norman Dukette; Joseph A. John, SMA; and Augustine Derricks, OSST. [2]
The clashes between the FCC and the Josephites would eventually lead to the expulsion of FCC firebrand Marcellus Dorsey (brother of Josephite priest John Dorsey) from the Knights of Peter Claver, a Black Catholic fraternal organization the Josephites helped found in 1909.
Two White Jesuit priests, John LaFarge Jr. and William Markoe, later became major backers of and leaders in the FCC, eventually pushing the organization into a more interracial direction—against Turner's will. The group would eventually splinter over this conflict, with LaFarge establishing the short-lived Catholic Interracial Council of New York, which spawned several other chapters. [3]
The FCC would itself die off in 1952, eventually succeeded by other national Black Catholic organizations such as the National Black Catholic Congress.
Thomas Wyatt Turner was an American civil rights activist, biologist, and educator. He was the first Black American to receive a Ph.D. in botany, and helped found both the NAACP and the Federated Colored Catholics.
The Society of Saint Joseph of the Sacred Heart abbreviated SSJ, also known as the Josephites is a society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. They work specifically among African Americans.
The National Black Catholic Congress (NBCC) is a Black Catholic advocacy group and quinquennial conference in the United States. It is a spiritual successor to Daniel Rudd's Colored Catholic Congress movement of the late 19th and early 20th century.
John Huston Ricard, S.S.J. is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee in Florida from 1997 to 2011 and as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Baltimore in Maryland from 1984 to 1997.
The Knights of Peter Claver and Ladies Auxiliary is an international Catholic fraternal service order. Founded in 1909 by the Josephites and parishioners from Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Mobile, Alabama, it is the largest and oldest Black Catholic lay-led organization still in existence.
St. Augustine High School is a private, Catholic, all-boys high school run by the Josephites in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was founded in 1951 and includes grades 8 through 12.
Eugene Antonio Marino, SSJ was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Atlanta from 1988 until 1990. He was the first African American Catholic archbishop in history. He was previously the first such bishop in the Archdiocese of Washington, and the first to be secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. Marino was a member of the Josephites.
Charles Randolph Uncles, SSJ was an African-American Catholic priest. In 1891, he became the first such priest ordained on US soil. Two years later, he co-founded the Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, formed to minister to the African American community.
John LaFarge Jr. was an American Jesuit Catholic priest known for his activism against racism and anti-semitism. Involved in the heyday of Thomas Wyatt Turner's Federated Colored Catholics. LaFarge founded an offshoot, the Catholic Interracial Council in New York City. Branches also grew in Philadelphia and Chicago. In the run-up to World War II, he worked on a draft of a papal encyclical against racist and totalitarian ideologies for Pope Pius XI; entitled Humani generis unitas, though it was never promulgated due to the death of Pius XI on February 10, 1939.
Historic St. Francis Xavier Church is a Black Catholic parish in Baltimore, Maryland. It is said to be the first exclusively Black parish in America, having been established in 1863.
St. Peter's Catholic School (StPCS) was a Black Catholic school in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in operation from 1889 through 1975 and 1985 through 2012.
Black Catholicism or African-American Catholicism comprises the African-American people, beliefs, and practices in the Catholic Church.
The Black Catholic Movement was a movement of African-American Catholics in the United States that developed and shaped modern Black Catholicism.
Raymond Rodly Caesar, SVD was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Goroka in Papua New Guinea from 1980 until his death in 1987. He was the first African American to serve as a Catholic bishop outside of the United States.
The Colored Catholic Congress movement was a series of meetings organized by Daniel Rudd in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for African-American Catholics to discuss issues affecting their communities, churches, and other institutions.
Arthur Grand Pre’ Falls was an African-American physician and activist based in Chicago. He became in 1925 the founder of the city's first Catholic Worker.
William Leonard "Bill" Norvel, SSJ is an African-American Catholic priest who served as the 13th and first Black superior general of the Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, also known as the Josephites. The society was founded to serve African Americans in 1893. Norvel, ordained to the priesthood in 1965, became superior in 2011—the first Black man to head a Catholic religious community in the United States.
St. Augustine Seminary, originally named Sacred Heart College, was a Black Catholic seminary run by the Society of the Divine Word in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Founded in 1920 in Greenville at Sacred Heart Catholic Church, it relocated in 1923 was the first seminary intended to educate African Americans for the priesthood.
St. Anthony's Mission House and Theological Seminary was a Catholic minor seminary for the Society of African Missions founded in Highwood, Bergen County, New Jersey. It was spearheaded in 1921 by Fr Ignatius Lissner, SMA as an interracial institution to educate men for the priesthood.
Joseph B. Anciaux, SSJ, was a Belgian Catholic priest who ministered in the United States during the early 20th century until his return to Belgium. Anciaux worked among largely African American populations and was a member of the Josephites, a society of apostolic life founded to work among African Americans.