General Behavior Inventory

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General Behavior Inventory
Purposeidentify manic mood

The General Behavior Inventory (GBI) is a 73-question psychological self-report assessment tool designed by Richard Depue [1] [2] [ failed verification ] and colleagues to identify the presence and severity of manic and depressive moods in adults, as well as to assess for cyclothymia. It is one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of bipolar disorder and the fluctuation of symptoms over time. The GBI is intended to be administered for adult populations; however, it has been adapted into versions that allow for juvenile populations (for parents to rate their offspring), as well as a short version that allows for it to be used as a screening test.

Contents

Versions

General Behavior Inventory Version Development General Behavior Inventory Table.png
General Behavior Inventory Version Development

General Behavior Inventory (GBI)

The GBI was originally made as a self-report instrument for college students and adults to use to describe their own history of mood symptoms. The original item set included clinical characteristics and associated features in addition to the diagnostic symptoms of manic and depressive states in the current versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The first set of 69 items was increased to 73, with the final version having 73 mood items and 6 additional questions to check the validity of responses (but which did not figure in the scale scores). The self report version of the GBI has been used in an extensive program of research, accruing evidence of many facets of validity. Because of its length and high reading level, there also have been many efforts to develop short forms of the GBI.

7 Up 7 Down Inventory (7U7D)

The 7 Up-7 Down (7U7D) [3] is a 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies that was carved from the full length GBI. This version is designed to be applicable for both youths and adults, and to improve separation between both mania and depressive conditions. It was developed via factor analysis from nine separate samples pooled into two age groups, ensuring applicability for use in youth and adults. [3]

A sleep scale also has been carved from the GBI, using the seven items that ask about anything directly related to sleep.

Parent report on the GBI (P-GBI)

The P-GBI [4] is an adaptation of the GBI, consisting of 73 Likert scale items rated on a scale from 0 ("Never or Hardly Ever") to 3 ("Very often or Almost Constantly"). It consists of two scales: a depressive symptoms (46 items) and a hypomanic/biphasic (mixed) symptoms (28 items). [5]

Parent short forms

Parent GBI-10-Item Mania Scale
Synonyms PGBI-10M
LOINC 62720-8

Again, due to the length of the full version, several short forms have been built and tested in multiple samples that may be more convenient to use in clinical work. These include 10 item mania, two alternate 10 item depression forms, and the seven item Sleep scale. All have performed as well or better than the self-report version when completed by an adult familiar with the youth's behavior (typically a parent).

The PGBI-10M [5] is a brief (10-item) version of the PGBI that was validated for clinical use for patients presenting with a variety of different diagnoses, including frequent comorbid conditions. It is administered to parents for them to rate their children between ages 5–17. The 10 items include symptoms such as elated mood, high energy, irritability and rapid changes in mood and energy as indicators of potential juvenile bipolar disorder. [5] The PhenX Toolkit uses this instrument as its child protocol for Hypomania/Mania Symptoms. [6]

Teacher report on the GBI

One study had a large sample of teachers complete the GBI to describe the mood and behavior of youths age 5 to 18 years old. The results indicated that there were many items that teachers did not have an opportunity to observe the behavior (such as the items asking about sleep), and others that teachers often chose to skip. Even after shortening the item list to those that teachers could report about, the validity results were modest even though the internal consistency reliability was high. The results suggested that it was challenging for teachers to tell the difference between hypomanic symptoms and symptoms attributable to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which is much more common in the classroom. The results aligned with findings from a large meta-analysis that teacher report had the lowest average validity across all mania scales compared to adolescent or parent report on the same scales. [7] Based on these results, current recommendations are to concentrate on parent and youth report, and not use teacher report as a way of measuring hypomanic symptoms in youths.

Psychometric properties

This image illustrates the GBI's abilities in the three "P"s: (a) Predicting a diagnosis or criterion of importance; (b) Prescribing a specific treatment; and (c) helping us understand developmental Processes. GBI PPP GIF file.gif
This image illustrates the GBI's abilities in the three "P"s: (a) Predicting a diagnosis or criterion of importance; (b) Prescribing a specific treatment; and (c) helping us understand developmental Processes.

The GBI has been used extensively in research, including clinical samples, college students, longitudinal, treatment, and other studies. However, no normative data exist to calibrate scores in the general population.

Reliability

The GBI has exceptionally high internal consistency because it has long scales with a large number of items [ citation needed ]. The GBI shows high reliability whether completed as a self report or as a caregiver report about youth behavior [ citation needed ].

Retest reliability also is good over a week or two week period, although the GBI's length makes it tedious to complete frequently [ citation needed ].

Evaluating scores from the General Behavior Inventory against the EBA rubric for norms and reliability
CriterionRatingExplanation with references
NormsAdequateMultiple convenience samples and research studies, including both clinical and nonclinical samples [7]
Internal consistencyExcellent; too good for some contextsCronbach's alphas routinely over .94 for both scales, suggesting that scales could be shortened for many uses [8]
Inter-rater reliabilityNot applicableDesigned originally as a self-report scale; parent and youth report correlate about the same as cross-informant scores correlate in general [9]
Test-retest reliability (stability)Goodr = .73 over 15 weeks. Evaluated in initial studies, [10] with data also showing high stability in clinical trials [11]
RepeatabilityNot publishedNo published studies formally checking repeatability

Validity

Evaluation of validity and utility for the General Behavior Inventory (table from Youngstrom et al., unpublished, extended from Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category)
CriterionRatingExplanation with references
Content validityExcellentCovers both DSM diagnostic symptoms and a range of associated features [10]
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)ExcellentShows convergent validity with other symptom scales, longitudinal prediction of development of mood disorders, [12] [13] [14] criterion validity via metabolic markers [10] [15] and associations with family history of mood disorder. [16] Factor structure complicated; [10] [17] the inclusion of “biphasic” or “mixed” mood items creates a lot of cross-loading
Discriminative validityExcellentMultiple studies show that GBI scores discriminate cases with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders from other clinical disorders [10] [18] [19] effect sizes are among the largest of existing scales [7]
Validity generalizationGoodUsed both as self-report and caregiver report; used in college student [17] [20] as well as outpatient [18] [12] [4] and inpatient clinical samples; translated into multiple languages with good reliability
Treatment sensitivityGoodMultiple studies show sensitivity to treatment effects comparable to using interviews by trained raters, including placebo-controlled, masked assignment trials [21] [22] Short forms appear to retain sensitivity to treatment effects while substantially reducing burden [22] [23]
Clinical utilityGoodFree (public domain),[ citation needed ] strong psychometrics, extensive research base. Biggest concerns are length and reading level. Short forms have less research, but are appealing based on reduced burden and promising data

Interpretation

GBI scoring

The current[ when? ] GBI questionnaire includes 73 Likert-type items which reflect symptoms of different moods. The original version of the GBI used case scoring where items were given values ranging from 1–4. Symptoms that were rated as 1 or 2 were considered to be absent and symptoms rated as 3 or 4 were considered to be present. However, if each item were to receive one of four scores, the authors of the GBI decided Likert scaling would be a better scoring option. The items on the GBI are now scaled from 0–3 rated as 0 (never or hardly ever present), 1 (sometimes present), 2 (often present), and 3 (very often or almost constantly present). [19]

PGBI-10M

For the PGBI-10M, the scores from each question are added together to form a total score, with higher scores indicating a greater severity of symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 30. Low scores of 5 and below indicate a very low risk of a bipolar diagnosis. High scores of 18 and over indicate a high risk of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, increasing the likelihood by a factor of seven or greater. [24] [5] Several peer-reviewed research studies support the P-GBI as a reliable and valid measure of bipolar in children and adolescents. [5] [25] It is recommended to be used as part of an assessment battery in the diagnosis of juvenile bipolar disorder.

Limitations

The GBI is free for use clinically and in research. The reading level and length make it challenging for some people to complete. Being a self-report questionnaire, the GBI is not known to have any adverse effects on patients beyond the potential of causing minor distress.

Research

Shorter versions of the GBI have been validated for research and clinical use. For instance, the PGBI-10M is currently[ when? ] being tested as part of a large longitudinal study investigating the course of early symptoms of mania in children [ citation needed ], with preliminary studies indicating its clinical efficacy in differentiating juvenile bipolar disorder from youth with other diagnoses [ citation needed ].

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bipolar disorder</span> Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe, it is called hypomania. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in self-harm. Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, are commonly associated with bipolar disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bipolar I disorder</span> Bipolar disorder that is characterized by at least one manic or mixed episode

Bipolar I disorder is a type of bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, with or without mixed or psychotic features. Most people also, at other times, have one or more depressive episodes, and all experience a hypomanic stage before progressing to full mania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mania</span> State of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels

Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect." During a manic episode, an individual will experience rapidly changing emotions and moods, highly influenced by surrounding stimuli. Although mania is often conceived as a "mirror image" to depression, the heightened mood can be either euphoric or dysphoric. As the mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in anxiety or anger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mood disorder</span> Group of conditions characterised by a disturbance in mood

A mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where a disturbance in the person's mood is the main underlying feature. The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Bipolar disorder in children, or pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), is a rare and controversial mental disorder in children and adolescents. PBD is hypothesized to be like bipolar disorder (BD) in adults, thus is proposed as an explanation for periods of extreme shifts in mood called mood episodes. These shifts alternate between periods of depressed or irritable moods and periods of abnormally elevated moods called manic or hypomanic episodes. Mixed mood episodes can occur when a child or adolescent with PBD experiences depressive and manic symptoms simultaneously. Mood episodes of children and adolescents with PBD deviate from general shifts in mood experienced by children and adolescents because mood episodes last for long periods of time and cause severe disruptions to an individual's life. There are three known forms of PBD: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Bipolar Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). Just as in adults, bipolar I is also the most severe form of PBD in children and adolescents, and can impair sleep, general function, and lead to hospitalization. Bipolar NOS is the mildest form of PBD in children and adolescents. The average age of onset of PBD remains unclear, but reported ages of onset range from 5 years of age to 19 years of age. PBD is typically more severe and has a poorer prognosis than bipolar disorder with onset in late-adolescence or adulthood.

In medicine, a prodrome is an early sign or symptom that often indicates the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop. It is derived from the Greek word prodromos, meaning "running before". Prodromes may be non-specific symptoms or, in a few instances, may clearly indicate a particular disease, such as the prodromal migraine aura.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bipolar II disorder</span> Bipolar spectrum disorder

Bipolar II disorder (BP-II) is a mood disorder on the bipolar spectrum, characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one episode of major depression. Diagnosis for BP-II requires that the individual must never have experienced a full manic episode. Otherwise, one manic episode meets the criteria for bipolar I disorder (BP-I).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Young Mania Rating Scale</span> Human Psychiatric Diagnostic Questionnaire

The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), developed by Vincent E Ziegler and popularised by Robert Young, is an eleven-item multiple choice diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the presence and severity of mania and associated symptoms. The scale was originally developed for use in the evaluation of adult patients with bipolar disorder, but has since been adapted for use in pediatric patients. The scale is widely used by clinicians and researchers in the diagnosis, evaluation, and quantification of manic symptomology.

Joseph Biederman was Chief of the Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at the Massachusetts General Hospital, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Biederman was Board Certified in General and Child Psychiatry.

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a widely used caregiver report form identifying problem behavior in children. It is widely used in both research and clinical practice with youths. It has been translated into more than 90 languages, and normative data are available integrating information from multiple societies. Because a core set of the items have been included in every version of the CBCL since the 1980s, it provides a meter stick for measuring whether amounts of behavior problems have changed over time or across societies. This is a helpful complement to other approaches for looking at rates of mental-health issues, as the definitions of disorders have changed repeatedly over the same time frame.

Cyclothymia, also known as cyclothymic disorder, psychothemia / psychothymia, bipolar III, affective personality disorder and cyclothymic personality disorder, is a mental and behavioural disorder that involves numerous periods of symptoms of depression and periods of symptoms of elevated mood. These symptoms, however, are not sufficient to indicate a major depressive episode or a manic episode. Symptoms must last for more than one year in children and two years in adults.

The associated features of bipolar disorder are clinical phenomena that often accompany bipolar disorder (BD) but are not part of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. There are several childhood precursors in children who later receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. They may show subtle early traits such as mood abnormalities, full major depressive episodes, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. BD is also accompanied by changes in cognition processes and abilities. This includes reduced attentional and executive capabilities and impaired memory. How the individual processes the world also depends on the phase of the disorder, with differential characteristics between the manic, hypomanic and depressive states. Some studies have found a significant association between bipolar disorder and creativity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder</span> Medical condition

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood and frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation and significantly more severe than the typical reaction of same-aged peers. DMDD was added to the DSM-5 as a type of depressive disorder diagnosis for youths. The symptoms of DMDD resemble those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety disorders, and childhood bipolar disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypomania Checklist</span> Diagnostic questionnaire in psychology

The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) is a questionnaire developed by Dr. Jules Angst to identify hypomanic features in patients with major depressive disorder in order to help recognize bipolar II disorder and other bipolar spectrum disorders when people seek help in primary care and other general medical settings. It asks about 32 behaviors and mental states that are either aspects of hypomania or features associated with mood disorders. It uses short phrases and simple language, making it easy to read. The University of Zurich holds the copyright, and the HCL-32 is available for use at no charge. More recent work has focused on validating translations and testing whether shorter versions still perform well enough to be helpful clinically. Recent meta-analyses find that it is one of the most accurate assessments available for detecting hypomania, doing better than other options at recognizing bipolar II disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mood Disorder Questionnaire</span>

The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a self-report questionnaire designed to help detect bipolar disorder. It focuses on symptoms of hypomania and mania, which are the mood states that separate bipolar disorders from other types of depression and mood disorder. It has 5 main questions, and the first question has 13 parts, for a total of 17 questions. The MDQ was originally tested with adults, but it also has been studied in adolescents ages 11 years and above. It takes approximately 5–10 minutes to complete. In 2006, a parent-report version was created to allow for assessment of bipolar symptoms in children or adolescents from a caregiver perspective, with the research looking at youths as young as 5 years old. The MDQ has become one of the most widely studied and used questionnaires for bipolar disorder, and it has been translated into more than a dozen languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child Mania Rating Scale</span>

The Child Mania Rating Scales (CMRS) is a 21-item diagnostic screening measure designed to identify symptoms of mania in children and adolescents aged 9–17 using diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV, developed by Pavuluri and colleagues. There is also a 10-item short form. The measure assesses the child's mood and behavior symptoms, asking parents or teachers to rate how often the symptoms have caused a problem for the youth in the past month. Clinical studies have found the CMRS to be reliable and valid when completed by parents in the assessment of children's bipolar symptoms. The CMRS also can differentiate cases of pediatric bipolar disorder from those with ADHD or no disorder, as well as delineating bipolar subtypes. A meta-analysis comparing the different rating scales available found that the CMRS was one of the best performing scales in terms of telling cases with bipolar disorder apart from other clinical diagnoses. The CMRS has also been found to provide a reliable and valid assessment of symptoms longitudinally over the course of treatment. The combination of showing good reliability and validity across multiple samples and clinical settings, along with being free and brief to score, make the CMRS a promising tool, especially since most other checklists available for youths do not assess manic symptoms.

Hypomania is a mental and behavioral disorder, characterised essentially by an apparently non-contextual elevation of mood (euphoria) that contributes to persistently disinhibited behaviour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia</span>

The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) is a semi-structured interview aimed at early diagnosis of affective disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder. There are different versions of the test that have use different versions of diagnostic criteria, cover somewhat different diagnoses and use different rating scales for the items. All versions are structured to include interviews with both the child and the parents or guardians, and all use a combination of screening questions and more comprehensive modules to balance interview length and thoroughness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory</span>

The Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory (CASI) is a behavioral rating checklist created by Kenneth Gadow and Joyce Sprafkin that evaluates a range of behaviors related to common emotional and behavioral disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, major depressive episode, mania, dysthymic disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum, Asperger syndrome, anorexia, and bulimia. In addition, one or two key symptoms from each of the following disorders are also included: obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia, panic attack, motor/vocal tics, and substance use. CASI combines the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI) and the Adolescent Symptom Inventory (ASI), letting it apply to both children and adolescents, aged from 5 to 18. The CASI is a self-report questionnaire completed by the child's caretaker or teacher to detect signs of psychiatric disorders in multiple settings. Compared to other widely used checklists for youths, the CASI maps more closely to DSM diagnoses, with scoring systems that map to the diagnostic criteria as well as providing a severity score. Other measures are more likely to have used statistical methods, such as factor analysis, to group symptoms that often occur together; if they have DSM-oriented scales, they are often later additions that only include some of the diagnostic criteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eric Youngstrom</span> American psychologist

Eric Arden Youngstrom, Ph.D. is an American clinical child and adolescent psychologist, professor of psychology and neuroscience, and psychiatry, at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association. His research focuses on evidence-based assessment, and assessment of bipolar disorder across the life span.

References

  1. ↑ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  2. ↑ "Richard Depue: Human Ecology Bio Page". Cornell University College of Human Ecology. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
  3. 1 2 Youngstrom, Eric A.; Murray, Greg; Johnson, Sheri L.; Findling, Robert L. (1 December 2016). "The 7 Up 7 Down Inventory: A 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies carved from the General Behavior Inventory". Psychological Assessment. 25 (4): 1377–1383. doi:10.1037/a0033975. ISSN   1040-3590. PMC   3970320 . PMID   23914960.
  4. 1 2 Youngstrom, Eric A.; Findling, Robert L.; Danielson, Carla Kmett; Calabrese, Joseph R. (June 2001). "Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory". Psychological Assessment. 13 (2): 267–276. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.267. PMID   11433802.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Youngstrom, Eric A.; Frazier, Thomas W.; Demeter, Christine; Calabrese, Joseph R.; Findling, Robert L. (May 2008). "Developing a Ten Item Mania Scale from the Parent General Behavior Inventory for Children and Adolescents". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 69 (5): 831–9. doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0517. PMC   2777983 . PMID   18452343.
  6. ↑ "Protocol Overview: Hypomania/Mania Symptoms - Child". PhenX Toolkit, Ver 19.0. RTI International. 17 January 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 Youngstrom, Eric A.; Genzlinger, Jacquelynne E.; Egerton, Gregory A.; Meter, Anna R. Van (16 November 2015). "Multivariate meta-analysis of the discriminative validity of caregiver, youth, and teacher rating scales for pediatric bipolar disorder: Mother knows best about mania". Archives of Scientific Psychology. 3 (1): 112–137. doi: 10.1037/arc0000024 . ISSN   2169-3269. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
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  9. ↑ Achenbach, TM; McConaughy, SH; Howell, CT (March 1987). "Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity". Psychological Bulletin. 101 (2): 213–32. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213. PMID   3562706.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Depue, Richard A.; Slater, Judith F.; Wolfstetter-Kausch, Heidi; Klein, Daniel; Goplerud, Eric; Farr, David (October 1981). "A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 90 (5): 381–437. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.380.4958 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.90.5.381. PMID   7298991.
  11. ↑ Findling, Robert L.; Youngstrom, Eric A.; Zhao, Joan; Marcus, Ron; Andersson, Candace; McQuade, Robert; Mankoski, Raymond (2012). "Respondent and item level patterns of response of aripiprazole in the acute treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 143 (1–3): 231–235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.033. PMID   23044285.
  12. 1 2 Klein, Daniel N.; Dickstein, Susan; Taylor, Ellen B.; Harding, Kathryn (February 1989). "Identifying chronic affective disorders in outpatients: Validation of the General Behavior Inventory". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 57 (1): 106–11. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.1.106. PMID   2925959.
  13. ↑ Mesman, Esther; Nolen, Willem A.; Reichart, Catrien G.; Wals, Marjolein; Hillegers, Manon H.J. (May 2013). "The Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study: 12-Year Follow-Up" (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (5): 542–549. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030401. PMID   23429906.
  14. ↑ Reichart, CG; van der Ende, J; Wals, M; Hillegers, MH; Nolen, WA; Ormel, J; Verhulst, FC (December 2005). "The use of the GBI as predictor of bipolar disorder in a population of adolescent offspring of parents with a bipolar disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 89 (1–3): 147–55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.007. PMID   16260043.
  15. ↑ Depue, RA; Kleiman, RM; Davis, P; Hutchinson, M; Krauss, SP (February 1985). "The behavioral high-risk paradigm and bipolar affective disorder, VIII: Serum free cortisol in nonpatient cyclothymic subjects selected by the General Behavior Inventory". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.2.175. PMID   3970242.
  16. ↑ Klein, DN; Depue, RA (August 1984). "Continued impairment in persons at risk for bipolar affective disorder: results of a 19-month follow-up study". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 93 (3): 345–7. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.3.345. PMID   6470321.
  17. 1 2 Pendergast, Laura L.; Youngstrom, Eric A.; Brown, Christopher; Jensen, Dane; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Alloy, Lauren B. (2015). "Structural invariance of General Behavior Inventory (GBI) scores in Black and White young adults". Psychological Assessment. 27 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1037/pas0000020. PMC   4355320 . PMID   25222430.
  18. 1 2 Danielson, CK; Youngstrom, EA; Findling, RL; Calabrese, JR (February 2003). "Discriminative validity of the general behavior inventory using youth report". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 31 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1023/A:1021717231272. PMID   12597697. S2CID   14546936.
  19. 1 2 Findling, RL; Youngstrom, EA; Danielson, CK; DelPorto-Bedoya, D; Papish-David, R; Townsend, L; Calabrese, JR (February 2002). "Clinical decision-making using the General Behavior Inventory in juvenile bipolarity". Bipolar Disorders. 4 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.40102.x. PMID   12047493. S2CID   33102654.
  20. ↑ Alloy, LB; Abramson, LY; Hogan, ME; Whitehouse, WG; Rose, DT; Robinson, MS; Kim, RS; Lapkin, JB (August 2000). "The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109 (3): 403–18. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403. PMID   11016110.
  21. ↑ Findling, RL; Youngstrom, EA; McNamara, NK; Stansbrey, RJ; Wynbrandt, JL; Adegbite, C; Rowles, BM; Demeter, CA; Frazier, TW; Calabrese, JR (January 2012). "Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term maintenance study of aripiprazole in children with bipolar disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 73 (1): 57–63. doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07104. PMID   22152402.
  22. 1 2 Youngstrom, E; Zhao, J; Mankoski, R; Forbes, RA; Marcus, RM; Carson, W; McQuade, R; Findling, RL (March 2013). "Clinical significance of treatment effects with aripiprazole versus placebo in a study of manic or mixed episodes associated with pediatric bipolar I disorder". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 23 (2): 72–9. doi:10.1089/cap.2012.0024. PMC   3696952 . PMID   23480324.
  23. ↑ Ong, ML; Youngstrom, EA; Chua, JJ; Halverson, TF; Horwitz, SM; Storfer-Isser, A; Frazier, TW; Fristad, MA; Arnold, LE; Phillips, ML; Birmaher, B; Kowatch, RA; Findling, RL; LAMS, Group (1 July 2016). "Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 45 (3): 611–623. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4. PMC   5685560 . PMID   27364346.
  24. ↑ "Table of all screening tools and rating scales". Massachusetts General Hospital: School Psychiatry Program and MADI Resource Center. Massachusetts General Hospital. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  25. ↑ Youngstrom, E; Meyers, O; Demeter, C; Youngstrom, J; Morello, L; Piiparinen, R; Feeny, N; Calabrese, JR; Findling, RL (December 2005). "Comparing diagnostic checklists for pediatric bipolar disorder in academic and community mental health settings". Bipolar Disorders. 7 (6): 507–17. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00269.x. PMID   16403176.

GBI form

Practice parameters

For youth

For adults

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