| Hemolivia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hemolivia argantis (A–H) and Hemolivia stellata (I) in their invertebrate hosts [1] | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Conoidasida |
| Order: | Eucoccidiorida |
| Family: | Karyolysidae |
| Genus: | Hemolivia |
| Species | |
Hemolivia mariae Contents | |
Hemolivia (also spelled Haemolivia) is a genus of the phylum Apicomplexia.
This genus was described in 1990 by Petit et al. [2]
The type species is Hemolivia stellata . Molecular data on H. stellata were provided in 2015 by Karadjian, Chavatte and Landau, from a 25-year-old archived smear of crushed tick ( Amblyomma rotondatum ). [1]
Hepatozoon argantis Garnham, 1954 was reassigned to Hemolivia as Hemolivia argantis (Garnham, 1954) Karadjian, Chavatte and Landau, 2015. [1]
The species in this genus are haemogregarines and infect exothermic vertebrates. They have erythrocytic gamogony, both erythrocytic and extra-erythrocytic merogony and cystogony. The definitive hosts are ixodid ticks.
Sporogony occurs in two phases. In the first phase conjugation and fertilization occur within the tick gut. This is followed by the formation of oocysts and the generation of sporokinetes. In the second phase the sporokinetes invade the body of the tick and give rise to sporocysts containing sporozoites infective to the vertebrate host.
Živčicová et al. (2024) considered that the uniform morphology of the most common blood stages of species of the genus Hemolivia complicates their differential diagnosis. [3] They described, however, a new species, Hemolivia pulcherrimaŽivčicová, Kvičerová & Široký, 2024. [3]
The vertebrate host of this species is the cane toad ( Bufo marinus ). The invertebrate host is the tick Amblyomma rotondatum . [2]
Toads become infected by ingesting infected ticks. The sporozoites are released from the sporocysts within the tick and penetrate the intestinal wall. Within the toad they replicate within the endothelial cells and erythrocytes. Liver cysts may form.
Circulating gamonts are then ingested by a tick. Within the tick gut the gamonts form pairs and penetrate the epithelial cells. Within these cells they associate in syzygy. Gametes are formed and fuse forming an oocyst. The oocysts are star shaped. The oocyst undergoes meiosis and then mitosis producing numerous sporozoites.
These sporozoites invade the body of the tick, undergo merogony and giving rise to many merozoites which are infective for the toad.
H. mariae - blue-tongued skink ( Tiliqua rugosa )
H. mauritanica - Greek tortoise ( Testudo graeca ), marginated tortoise ( Testudo marginata ), Testudo mauritanica
H. stellata - teiid lizard ( Ameiva ameiva ), cane toad ( Bufo marinus )
H. mariae - Amblyomma limbatum
H. mauritanica - Hyalomma aegyptium
H. stellata - Amblyomma rotondatum .
Hepatozoon is a genus of Apicomplexa alveolates which incorporates over 300 species of obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Species have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates, as well as a wide range of haematophagous arthropods, which serve as both the vectors and definitive hosts of the parasite. By far the most biodiverse and prevalent of all haemogregarines, the genus is distinguished by its unique reciprocal trophic lifecycle which lacks the salivary transmission between hosts commonly associated with other apicomplexans. While particularly prevalent in amphibians and reptiles, the genus is more well known in veterinary circles for causing a tick-borne disease called hepatozoonosis in some mammals.
The Plasmodiidae are a family of apicomplexan parasites, including the type genus Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria. This family was erected in 1903 by Mesnil and is one of the four families in the order Haemospororida.
Conoidasida is a class of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. The class was defined in 1988 by Levine and contains two subclasses – the coccidia and the gregarines. All members of this class have a complete, hollow, truncated conoid. Gregarines tend to parasitize invertebrates with the mature gamonts being extracellular; the coccidia mostly infect vertebrates and have intracellular gamonts.
Adeleorina is a suborder of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.
The Haemosporida are an order of intraerythrocytic parasitic alveolates.
Choleoeimeria is a genus of alveolate parasites that infect the biliary tracts of reptiles. Morphologically they are similar to the Eimeria, to whom they are closely related. The genus was described in 1989 by Paperna and Landsberg.
Polychromophilus is a genus of obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites that infect bats from every continent except Antarctica. They are transmitted by bat flies, which act as an insect vector as well as the parasite’s site of sporogeny. Polychromophilus follows a fairly typical Haemospororidian lifecycle, with gametocytes and gametes restricted to the bloodstream of the host and meronts infecting organs – most notably the lungs and the liver. The type species is Polychromophilus melanipherus, and was described by Dionisi in 1898.
Dactylosoma is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa.
The genus Schellackia comprises obligate unicellular eukaryotic parasites within the phylum Apicomplexa, and infects numerous species of lizards and amphibians worldwide. Schellackia is transmitted via insect vectors, primarily mites and mosquitoes, which take up the parasite in blood meals. These vectors then subsequently infect reptilian and amphibian which consume the infected insects. The parasites deform erythrocytes of the host into crescents, and can be visualized using a blood smear.
Atoxoplasma is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect birds. They are spread by the orofaecal route.
Klossiella is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect the renal tract of mammals and intestinal tract of snakes.
The Archigregarinorida are an order of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this order infect marine invertebrates — usually annelids, ascidians, hemichordates and sipunculids.
Lankesterella is a genus in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect amphibians, reptiles and birds.
Pseudoklossia is a genus in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect marine molluscs, although one species infects in an ascidian worm. The life cycle is heteroxenous.
The Syncystidae are a family of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this family infect insects (Aeshnidae).
The Schizocystidae are a family of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this family infect insects.
Mattesia is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect insects.
Bartazoon is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Syncystis is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Schizocystidae is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.
