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Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a fundamental subject in the fields of materials science and solid-state physics. The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and γράφειν. In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography.
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information.
DESY, short for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, is a national research centre for fundamental science located in Hamburg and Zeuthen near Berlin in Germany. It operates particle accelerators used to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of matter, and conducts a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary scientific research in four main areas: particle and high energy physics; photon science; astroparticle physics; and the development, construction and operation of particle accelerators. Its name refers to its first project, an electron synchrotron. DESY is publicly financed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal States of Hamburg and Brandenburg and is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres.
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An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects.
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R. J. Dwayne Miller is a Canadian chemist and a professor at the University of Toronto. His focus is in physical chemistry and biophysics. He is most widely known for his work in ultrafast laser science, time-resolved spectroscopy, and the development of new femtosecond electron sources. His research has enabled real-time observation of atomic motions in materials during chemical processes and has shed light on the structure-function correlation that underlies biology.
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Simone Techert is an X-ray physicist and physicochemist. She develops methods for time-resolved X-ray experiments to illuminate chemical molecular processes for example 'filming' chemical reactions in real time.
Saša Bajt is a Slovenian scientist and group leader at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, where she develops multi-layer mirrors for X-ray application such as Laue lenses. . She is a regular collaborator of the European XFEL.
Leslie Leiserowitz is an Israeli chemist and crystallographer.
Petra Fromme is a German-American chemist who is Director of the Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery and Regents Professor at the Arizona State University. Her research considers the structure-to-function relationship of the membrane proteins involved with infectious diseases and bio-energy conversion. In 2021, she was awarded the Protein Society Anfinsen Award.
Janos Hajdu is a Hungarian biophysicist. He is a professor of molecular biophysics at Uppsala University and a senior scientist at the Extreme Light Infrastructure beamline.
References
- ↑ "Leibniz Prize 2015 for Henry N. Chapman". deutschland.de. Fazit Communication GmbH. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ↑ Chapman, Henry N.; et al. (2011). "Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography". Nature. 470 (7332): 73–77. doi:10.1038/nature09750. PMC 3429598 . PMID 21293373.
- ↑ Kupitz, Christopher; et al. (2014). "Serial time-resolved crystallography of photosystem II using a femtosecond X-ray laser". Nature. 513 (7517): 261–265. doi:10.1038/nature13453. PMC 4821544 . PMID 25043005.
- ↑ Pool, Rebecca (22 June 2020). "Henry Chapman: Bright lights, brilliant experiments". Wiley Analytical Science.
- ↑ Henry Chapman – DESY
- ↑ Gregori Aminoff Prize 2021
- ↑ Henry Chapman – Royal Society
- ↑ Roentgen Medal 2017 for Henry Chapman – DESY
- ↑ „Forschung von allerhöchster Qualität“: DFG vergibt Leibniz-Preise 2015
- ↑ Henry Chapman is awarded the Bjørn H. Wiik Prize – Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- ↑ The Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics – Australian Institute of Physics
