Hunger in Bangladesh

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Hunger in Bangladesh is one of the major issues that affects the citizens of Bangladesh. The nation state of Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and home for more than 160 million people. It progresses immensely in the Human Development Index, particularly in the areas of literacy and life expectancy, but economic inequality has increased and about 32% of the population, that is 50 million people, still live in extreme poverty. [1]

Contents

In Bangladesh 40% of the country falls under three categories: hunger, starvation and chronic hunger. [2]

Consequences

There are many consequences of hunger in Bangladesh, namely malnutrition, undernutrition in children, child stunting, and child wasting. [2] According to UNICEF, there are three main outcomes: underweight (moderately) 36.4%, stunting is at 41.3%, wasting is at 15.6%. [3]

Child stunting is defined as a child being two standard deviations lower than average height for their age and child wasting is a child who is two standard deviations lower than average weight for height. [4]

Hunger is an issue that has stagnated over the years, yet Bangladesh has shown tremendous efforts towards hunger reduction in the last couple of years, particularly during one of their hardest times during the late 1970s, [5] although the early 2000s were also challenging. [6] During this famine period, many farmers had no idea how to provide food given the land lacked nutrients due to aggressive farming. [5]

Causes

Factors that contribute to the hunger over various states of Bangladesh is lack of resources and education. [7] BMC Public Health defines hunger as "Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways". [2]

According to Asia Times, food waste is a cause; across Bangladesh approximately 5% of food is wasted each year. Food waste is particularly large during Bangladesh's winter wedding season, which produces "tons of food wastage". Families of the bride and groom are expected to produce lavish meals, and the lack of RSVPs means caterers can't easily plan for guest numbers, so much food goes directly into waste bins. [8]

Hunger M hasan ovi.jpg
Hunger

History

Following the war for their liberation in 1971, Bangladesh was faced with a multitude of problems, both physical and economical. Their economy was seriously lacking and they had to deal with trying to fix all of the physical damage that was caused by the fighting. [9] Later on in 1974, Bangladesh was hit by an intense monsoon that wiped out most of the crops for that year. [10] The monsoon, paired with existing issues, like those caused by the war for liberation, created a massively devastating famine. [10]

Facts

  1. Bangladesh has the highest rate of underweight children among all the countries in southern Asia. [11] One of each two children under 5 is detained or stunted chronically, and 14 percent suffer from acute waste. WHO estimates two in three deaths under five are caused by malnutrition.
  2. Of the 50 million people missing food security in Bangladesh, less than half have access to food security network programs [11]
  3. Food insecurity and malnutrition between populations at risk are high. These are influenced by seasonality and the price of available foods. [11]
  4. Food insecurity in Bangladesh is derived from extreme poverty due to under and unemployment, inadequate access to land for cultivation, social exclusion and natural disasters. In these endangered, poor populations, women and children are more affected by undernutrition and malnutrition. [11]
  5. About 24 percent of women has a reduced weight and 13 percent are short of stature, which significantly increases the likelihood that their children are atrophied. [11]
  6. About 25% of children's diets complies with food varieties standards in which a minimum of 4 out of 7 food groups is consumed every day. [11]
  7. Sacrifices in food consumption for the good of children's food, particularly in moments of scarcity, is highly disseminated. In most cases, it is an adult woman who has to make a sacrifice. The disproportionate poverty aimed at women and children comes due to the discrimination and traditions of exclusion, leaving them the most vulnerable. [11]
  8. In the rich families, 26 percent of children under 5 are stunted and 12 percent are wasted. Undernutrition is not just a symptom of poverty. Poverty has decreased considerably since 2010, falling from 49% to around 25% in 2016. However, hunger still persists. [11]
  9. Micronutrient shortcomings lead to "Hidden Hunger`. [11]
  10. Environmental disasters, if they have been ignored could increase food insecurity. Moreover, flooding, rural unemployment, lack of education and training in sustainable agricultural methods caused soil degradation that affects rice production. [11]

Statistics

Hunger in Bangladesh middle and lower class population is growing at a fast rate compared to other south Asian countries and hunger is still an issue. [12] Bangladesh has improved economically but still faces national huge hunger problem with approximately 40 million close to starvation. [13] Global Hunger Index is ranking system that measures hunger globally, regionally, and by country. [14] Bangladesh currently ranks 90 out of 118 countries. [15] Children suffering from chronic hunger are dying every 5 seconds. [15]

Children

Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Project conducted studies vulnerable zones: coastal belt, eastern hills, hoar region, Padma chars, northern chars. In total there were 14,712 children from 6–59 months of aged who suffered from food insecurity. [2] Majority of the children who suffer from hunger live in rural areas making up 94% of the experiment. [2]

Adults

Hunger and malnutrition not only effect the children but also older individuals; a study in Matlab which is located 55 km south east of Dhaka 850 elderly people greater than 60 years of age were part of the survey data. [16] During the duration of the experiment 63 died due to hunger and 11 individuals migrated. [16] The results showed that due to hunger women were more likely to develop chronic illnesses. [16] The chronic illnesses that were developed were tied to the malnourishment they had as children. [16]

Locational data

Seasonal hunger is known as "monga" in some rural areas of Bangladesh, specifically in the northwest. [17] This region, also referred to as the greater Rangpur region, completely relies on a select few major rice crops. [17] The issue with this comes from the fact that this limited number of crops only covers nine months out of the year, leaving the people of this region with an extreme food shortage for the months of September to November. [17] A second, lesser "monga" happens annually a few months before the main and more damaging "monga" in the latter half of each year. [18] The lesser "monga" lasts for roughly a month, occurring from mid-April to mid-March. [18]

Historical data

The population below the minimum level of energy consumption in the diet (also known as the prevalence of the undernourishment) shows the percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to continuously meet the requirements of food energy. The data shown as 5 represents a prevalence of undernourishment less than 5%. [19]

Bangladesh Hunger Statistics
Year% of PopulationAnnual Change
201813.00%−0.50%
201713.50%−0.60%
201614.10%−0.80%
201514.90%0.40%
201414.50%0.30%
201314.20%0.40%
201213.80%−0.10%
201113.90%0.10%
201013.80%−0.10%
200913.90%0.20%
200813.70%−0.30%
200714.00%0.10%
200613.90%−0.40%
200514.30%−0.20%
200414.50%−0.50%
200315.00%−0.20%
200215.20%−0.80%
200116.00%−0.80%

Global Hunger Index

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a means of calculating and tracing hunger and undernutrition at global, regional, and national levels.

Global hunger index The global hunger index is calculated as follows.jpg
Global hunger index

GHI Severity Scale

IndicatorSeverity scale [20]
GHI≥50: extremely alarming

35–49.9: alarming

20–34.9: serious

10–19.9: moderate

≤9.9: low

GHI combines 4 component indicators

  1. the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population;
  2. the proportion of children under the age of five suffering from wasting, a sign of acute undernutrition;
  3. the proportion of children under the age of five suffering from stunting, a sign of chronic undernutrition; and
  4. the mortality rate of children under the age of five. [21]

Bangladesh GHI

In the 2020 GHI, Bangladesh secures 75th position out of 107 countries. Bangladesh scores 20.4, which is, according to severity scale, the level of hunger is "serious".

GHI INDICATOR VALUES FOR DIVISIONS, BANGLADESH [22]
DivisionChild stunting (%)Child wasting (%)Child mortality (%)
Barisal39.917.73.5
Chittagong38.015.65.0
Dhaka33.911.94.1
Khulna28.113.55.6
Rajshahi31.117.34.3
Rangpur36.017.73.9
Sylhet49.612.16.7
Total36.114.34.6

Impact

Food availability can have perception and behavioral consequences. [7] Trials were held in Gaibandha District in northwestern Bangladesh to study a household's food insecurity ranking. [7] Certain domains were established within 6-month period to measure food insecurity. [7]

  1. Security and predictability over food acquisition [7]
  2. Reduction in food quality and/or quantity [7]
  3. Socially acceptable behaviors or strategies to augment resources on credit from shops and borrowing food from relatives. [7]

Results were that 65% of the households were suffering from hunger had a woman as head of the house; 35% men were the head of the household. [7]

Gender bias

In certain house holds, there are gender preferences on feeding their members. [23] In small villages where males are held in a different standards, parents will feed their sons over their daughters. [23] Apart from effects of mother nature, it has also been recorded that the head of the household has a great impact in regards to the food consumption. [24] In Bangladesh women are still discriminated and are seen as inferior. [24] Household where females are the bread winner is correlated to less food on the table. [24] Women make up 32% of the individuals under the poverty line. [24] In some cases if the women in the household are educated it reduces their chance of starvation by 43% [23] In recent years women have mobilized to try reverse this trend. [24] Women in Bangladesh have arranged an organization to fight chronic hunger; a total of 145,000 women. [24] Their goal is to reduce the number of uneducated women and promote self value and show that women are just as capable of providing for their household. [24] Uneducated women are prone to earn a less than the average rate for women. [24] Overall these women are trying to eradicate chronic hunger among their children. [24] During this hard time, the number of children and elders who have passed away has increased by 30%. [5] It wasn't until the United States pressured Bangladesh politicians to help their farmers. [5]

Impact of Climate change on food security

Climate Change Bangladesh Climate Change Bangladesh - Ariful Islam.jpg
Climate Change Bangladesh

Over the past two decades, floods, droughts and hurricanes have increasingly caused major economic losses and livelihood damage in Bangladesh. Agriculture is a major industry that accounts for nearly 20% of GDP and 65% of the labor force, and faces huge risks. [25] Agriculture is a major industry that accounts for nearly 20% of GDP and 65% of the labor force, all are at risk. Adaptation to climate change and its alleviation are the core issues of sustainable development and food security in Bangladesh.Bangladesh's agriculture relies heavily on the specific conditions of the annual floods because they recognize that large-scale floods that occur infrequently can have catastrophic effects. [25] Climate change is expected to reduce the output of rice, Bangladesh’s main crop, and increase the country’s dependence on other crops and imported grains.On the whole, due to climate change, Bangladesh's agricultural GDP is expected to decline by 3.1% per year. These will not only affect the agricultural sector, but also the entire food chain, right down to household consumption. [25]

Bangladesh on SDG 2 (Zero hunger)

Zero Hunger Sustainable Development Goal 02ZeroHunger.svg
Zero Hunger

After the COVID-19 pandemic, poverty and extreme poverty have risen once again, affecting those who had overcome these conditions prior to the pandemic.

The reasons include but are not limited to: unemployment, quarantine, and lockdown. People who live on poverty margins cannot buy food, and have a hard time gaining access to nutritious food. The government must play a pivotal role in this difficult period by providing food or guiding different groups to collect money to guarantee that nobody is hungry in this critical situation. To achieve this intricacy, we must strive for sustainable agriculture. [26] [ unreliable source ]

Action against hunger

What should be done?

According to the World Bank, Bangladesh loses about 1% of its agricultural land annually. This leads to scarcity, as not all land is arable. [26]

  • To take full advantage of global economy, the government should impart social security benefits to the endangered population. This will improve the purchasing power of poorer and stimulating demand, creating vacancies and local economies. Investing in comprehensive development is not just moral but also economically healthy.
  • One third of the 4 billion metric tons of food is produced annually, which costs the world economy of 750 billion dollars. The food is often wasted in rich nations, while food is lost in developing countries due to the lack of storage or incapacity of farmers to sell their crops.
  • Everyone must have access to healthy foods. By building sustainable markets, we must initiate and invest in more sustainable procurement chains. Most of the farmers do not receive the best price when they sell their crops. Due to the lack of transport, they cannot sell the crops directly. Improvement of rural infrastructure, especially roads, storage facilities and electricity will allow the farmers reaching to a broader market.
  • Rice, wheat, corn and soy currently represent 60% of the global calorie consumption. To tackle climate change, food supply and access, the government and NGOs should help farmers to investigate and produce new crops. The variety of crops can provide people with nutrients and an active lifestyle. To achieve this goal, the farmers must be educated in the cultivation of these products and provide them with the necessary tools and knowledge . Likewise, the public should be informed and educated about the nutritional benefits of various foods.
  • Excellent health and nutrition are fundamental to the development of a child, especially for about two years. It needs to be ensured that small children and pregnant women get required nutrition to grow healthily.
  • Most of the nations have conquered hunger by sustainable agriculture. Climate change is one of the most notable factors that contribute to famine. It relates the food production to the food availability; Since production decreases, the price of food increases; Therefore, poverty-stricken people can not buy it and the rate of hunger starts to get up. Climate-smart agriculture can help in reducing hunger by reducing the carbon footprint of agricultural production. Climate-smart strategies and implementations help in reducing not only hunger but also poverty.
  • Individuals may contribute in the fight against hunger, by changing their lifestyles – at home, at work, and in the community – by assisting local farmers or market places and adopting sustainable food choices.
  • Awareness should be created to combat food waste by promoting and encouraging people for balanced eating.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunger</span> Sustained inability to eat sufficient food

In politics, humanitarian aid, and the social sciences, hunger is defined as a condition in which a person does not have the physical or financial capability to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional needs for a sustained period. In the field of hunger relief, the term hunger is used in a sense that goes beyond the common desire for food that all humans experience, also known as an appetite. The most extreme form of hunger, when malnutrition is widespread, and when people have started dying of starvation through lack of access to sufficient, nutritious food, leads to a declaration of famine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security</span> Measure of the availability and accessibility of food

Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. The availability of food for people of any class and state, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food-secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as droughts and floods, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malnutrition</span> Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients

Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. Specifically, it is a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients which adversely affects the body's tissues and form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security in Malawi</span>

Malawi is one of the world's undeveloped countries and is ranked 170 out of 187 countries according to the 2010 Human Development Index. It has about 16 million people, 53% of whom live under the national poverty line and 90% of whom live on less than $2 per day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stunted growth</span> Reduced growth rate in human development

Stunted growth, also known as stunting or linear growth failure, is defined as impaired growth and development manifested by low height-for-age. It is a manifestation of malnutrition (undernutrition) and can be caused by endogenous factors or exogenous factors. Stunting is largely irreversible if occurring in the first 1000 days from conception to two years of age. The international definition of childhood stunting is a child who's height-for-age value is below -2 standard deviations from the median of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Child Growth Standards. Stunted growth is associated with poverty, maternal under-nutrition and poor health, frequent illness, and/or inappropriate feeding practices and care during the early years of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Hunger Index</span> Tool that measures and tracks hunger

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool that attempts to measure and track hunger globally as well as by region and by country, prepared by European NGOs of Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe. The GHI is calculated annually, and its results appear in a report issued in October each year.

Monga is a Bengali term referring to the yearly cyclical phenomenon of poverty and hunger in Bangladesh. It is also called "mora Kartik," which means "months of death and disaster." It refers to two times per year, from September–November and from March–April. These natural phenomena lead to fewer available job opportunities for rural workers, resulting in the workers becoming migrant and moving to towns. Those who cannot migrate can face malnutrition and starvation. The public awareness of Monga has risen with media focus in the 2000s. It was cited in Bangladesh's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, and has been the subject of NGO aid programs.

Despite India's 50% increase in GDP since 2013, more than one third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Among these, half of the children under three years old are underweight.

Gardens for Health International (GHI) is an American-based 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that seeks to provide sustainable agricultural solutions to chronic childhood malnutrition. GHI partners with rural health centers in Rwanda to equip families with the seeds, skills, and support necessary to shift the paradigm of food aid from dependency to prevention and self-sufficiency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security in Ethiopia</span> Overview of food security in Ethiopia

Food security is defined, according to the World Food Summit of 1996, as existing "when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life". This commonly refers to people having "physical and economic access" to food that meets both their nutritional needs and food preferences. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epidemiology of malnutrition</span> Overview of global nutritional deficiencies

There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone and could feed more than that.

The Feed the Future Initiative (FTF) was launched in 2010 by the United States government and the Obama Administration to address global hunger and food insecurity. According to Feed the Future, it is "the U.S. government's global hunger and food security initiative."

Malnutrition is a condition that affects bodily capacities of an individual, including growth, pregnancy, lactation, resistance to illness, and cognitive and physical development. Malnutrition is commonly used in reference to undernourishment, or a condition in which an individual's diet does not include sufficient calories and proteins to sustain physiological needs, but it also includes overnourishment, or the consumption of excess calories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Undernutrition in children</span> Medical condition affecting children

Undernutrition in children, occurs when children do not consume enough calories, protein, or micronutrients to maintain good health. It is common globally and may result in both short and long term irreversible adverse health outcomes. Undernutrition is sometimes used synonymously with malnutrition, however, malnutrition could mean both undernutrition or overnutrition. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, which is about 1 million children. Another estimate, also by WHO, states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security in Mexico</span> Overview of food security in Mexico

Mexico has sought to ensure food security through its history. Yet, despite various efforts, Mexico continues to lack national food and nutrition strategies that secure food security for the people. As a large country of more than 100 million people, planning and executing social policies are complex tasks. Although Mexico has been expanding its food and nutrition programs that have been expected, and to some degree, have contributed to increases in health and nutrition, food security, particularly as it relates to obesity and malnutrition, still remains a relevant public health problem. Although food availability is not the issue, severe deficiencies in the accessibility of food contribute to insecurity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security in Chad</span>

Chad currently suffers from widespread food insecurity. A majority of the population of Chad now suffers some form of malnutrition. 87% of its population lives below the poverty line. Because the country is arid, landlocked, and prone to droughts, many Chadians struggle to meet their daily nutritional needs. While international aid into the country has brought some relief, the situation in Chad remains severe due to broader famine in the Sahel region. The World Food Programme has declared a state of emergency in the region since early 2018, stating that, “...adding to the poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition which already affects [the nations of the Sahel] to varying degrees, drought, failed harvests and the high prices of staple foods have hastened the arrival of this year’s ‘lean season’ – the worst since 2014.” Malnutrition is high, especially among women and children, with a significant majority of all children in Chad suffering from some form of stunted growth or adverse health effects as a result. As such, health in Chad is greatly affected by lack of food. Food insecurity is a symptom of broader instability in Chad, which suffers from political, ethnic, and religious instability. These issues have contributed to long-term food insecurity in Chad.

The state of food security is a heavily scrutinized issue in the United Republic of Tanzania. Agriculture accounts for almost one-third of the nation's GDP. It is an aspect of Tanzania that although obstructed by many internal and external factors, is continually worked on by outside forces and the nation itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 2</span> Global goal to end hunger by 2030

Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to achieve "zero hunger". It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture". SDG 2 highlights the "complex inter-linkages between food security, nutrition, rural transformation and sustainable agriculture". According to the United Nations, there were up to 757 million people facing hunger in 2023 – one out of 11 people in the world, which accounts for slightly less than 10 percent of the world population. One in every nine people goes to bed hungry each night, including 20 million people currently at risk of famine in South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen and Nigeria.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa; a residence for more than 206 million people. Hunger is one of the major issues that affect the citizens. 40% of the citizens live below the International Poverty Line of $1.90 daily, whilst another 25% are vulnerable. Nigeria was ranked second poorest in food affordability globally by the Institute of Development Studies, United Kingdom.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Haque, Md Ahshanul; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Sultana, Sabiha; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed (December 2017). "Factors associated with child hunger among food insecure households in Bangladesh". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 205. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4108-z . PMC   5314696 . PMID   28209154. ProQuest   1873498976.
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  4. ↑ "Nutrition Definition". Archived from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
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  9. ↑ Khandker, Shahidur R.; Mahmud, Wahiduddin (2012). Seasonal Hunger and Public Policies : Evidence from Northwest Bangladesh. World Bank. ISBN   978-0-8213-9553-0. CC BY 3.0 IGO.
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  15. 1 2 "A Closer Look at Hunger and Undernutrition in Bangladesh". Global Hunger Index – Official Website of the Peer-Reviewed Publication. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
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  22. ↑ "A Closer Look at Hunger and Undernutrition in Bangladesh". Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
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  25. 1 2 3 "Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh". 13 July 2010.
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